Читать книгу Clinical Anatomy for Oral Implantology - Louie Al-Faraje - Страница 17

The 12 cranial nerves control motor and sensory functions of the head and neck. Figure 1-10 and Table 1-2 summarize the skull base foramina from which these nerves exit the skull and their functions.

FIG 1-10 The origin of the cranial nerves as seen from an inferior aspect of the brain. n.—nerve.

TABLE 1-2 Exit foramina and functions of the cranial nerves

Nerve	Name	Skull base foramina	Functions
I	Olfactory	Cribriform plate	Sensory for smell
II	Optic	Optic canal	Sensory for vision
III	Oculomotor	Superior orbital fissure	Motor for six eye muscles
IV	Trachlear	Superior orbital fissure	Motor for one eye muscle
V1	Trigeminal/ophthalmic division	Superior orbital fissure	Sensory for lacrimal gland, nearby air sinuses, scalp, forehead, upper eyelid, and nose
V2	Trigeminal/maxillary division	Foramen rotundum	Sensory for parts of the nasal and oral cavities and the skin of the cheek and upper lip
V3	Trigeminal/mandibular division	Foramen ovale	Sensory for the skin over the mandible, lower lip, temporal region, and much of the oral cavityMotor for muscles of mastication as well as the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, mylohyoid muscle, tensor tympani, and tensor veli palatine muscles
VI	Abducens	Superior orbital fissure	Motor for one eye muscle
VII	Facial	Internal auditory meatus	Motor for muscles of facial expression, stapidius, and posterior belly of the digastric muscle; also motor for the lacrimal glands, oral and nasal mucosa, and submandibular and sublingual glandsSensory for the external auditory meatus; lateral pinna; mastoid; mucosa of the pharynx, nose, and palate; as well as sensory for taste for the anterior two-thirds of the tongue via the chorda tympani
VIII	Vestibulocochlear	Internal auditory meatus	Sensory for balance and hearing
IX	Glossopharyngeal	Jugular foramen	Motor for the stylopharyngeus muscle and parotid glandSensory for the posterior external ear, tragus, posterior third of the tongue, soft palate, nasopharynx, tympanic membrane, Eustachian tube, and mastoid region and sensory for taste for the posterior third of the tongue
X	Vagus	Jugular foramen	Motor for the pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, including the palatoglossus muscle; also motor to the smooth muscles and glands of the pharynx, larynx, heart, esophagus, and stomachSensory for the ear, external auditory meatus, external surface of the tympanic membrane, dura of posterior cranial fossa, larynx, lungs, heart, esophagus, and stomach
XI	Spinal accessory	Jugular foramen	Motor for the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
XII	Hypoglossal	Hypoglossal canal	Motor for all intrinsic tongue muscles and all extrinsic tongue muscles except the palatoglossus muscle (innervated by CN X)