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The chromatographic column is the heart of any gas chromatograph. It separates the analytes from the other sample components, and from each other, so the detector can measure them individually.

Figure 1.4 pictures some typical chromatographic columns.

Figure 1.4 Typical Gas Chromatographic Columns.

Source: Ohio Valley Specialty Company, Inc. Reproduced with permission.

The carrier gas carries the injected sample molecules into the column, where they touch the selected stationary phase. It's the contact with the stationary phase that causes separation. The stationary phase delays the sample molecules − some more than others − so different components end up with different transit times through the column. Each component emerges from the column after its own characteristic retention time.