Читать книгу RF/Microwave Engineering and Applications in Energy Systems - Abdullah Eroglu - Страница 4
List of Illustrations
Оглавление1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Vector representation.Figure 1.2 (a) Representation of vectors and for dot product. (b) Repres...Figure 1.3 Unit vector representation in a Cartesian coordinate system.Figure 1.4 Representation of vector in a Cartesian coordinate system.Figure 1.5 Representation of vector in a cylindrical coordinate system.Figure 1.6 Representation of vector in a cylindrical coordinate system.Figure 1.7 Representation of vector in a spherical coordinate system.Figure 1.8 Representation of vector in a spherical coordinate system.Figure 1.9 Illustration of differential length, area, and volume in a Cartes...Figure 1.10 Illustration of differential length, area, and volume in a cylin...Figure 1.11 Illustration of differential length, area, and volume in a spher...Figure 1.12 Vector along the curve.Figure 1.13 Path for line integral Example 1.1.Figure 1.14 Illustration of surface integral.Figure 1.15 Illustration of gradient.Figure 1.16 Illustration of divergence theorem.Figure 1.17 Geometry of Example 1.4.Figure 1.18 Illustration of Stokes' theorem.Figure 1.19 Geometry of Example 1.5.Figure 1.20 Geometry for Problem 1.9.Figure 1.21 Geometry for Problem 1.10.
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Transfer characteristics: (a) passive component; (b) active compo...Figure 2.2 Conductor with uniform cross section.Figure 2.3 Representation of the resistor equivalent model: (a) ideal resist...Figure 2.4 Frequency characteristics of (a) ideal resistor and (b) nonideal ...Figure 2.5 Figure for Example 2.1.Figure 2.6 Resonance frequency plot for Example 2.1.Figure 2.7 (a) Two conductor capacitor. (b) HF model of capacitor.Figure 2.8 Equivalent parallel circuit.Figure 2.9 Plot of Z( f ) versus frequency.Figure 2.10 Flux through each turn.Figure 2.11 HF effects of an RF inductor.Figure 2.12 HF model of an RF air core inductor.Figure 2.13 Equivalent series circuit.Figure 2.14 The HF characteristics of the inductor in Example 2.3.Figure 2.15 (a) Air core inductor. (b) Toroidal inductor.Figure 2.16 HF characteristics' response of air core inductor.Figure 2.17 Quality factor of air core inductor versus frequency.Figure 2.18 (a) Magnetic flux in toroidal magnetic core; (b) geometry of tor...Figure 2.19 (a) Rectangular spiral inductor. (b) Layout of current filaments...Figure 2.20 Toroidal transformer.Figure 2.21 Energy diagram of a semiconductor [5].Figure 2.22 The performance comparison of WBG semiconductors for RF [9].Figure 2.23 Family tree for power devices.Figure 2.24 Typical layer structure of (a) Si BJT and (b) InP/InGaAs HBT tra...Figure 2.25 Simplified structure of FET.Figure 2.26 FOM comparison of planar and trench MOSFET structures.Figure 2.27 Trench MOSFET: (a) Current Crowding in V‐Groove Trench MOSFET, (...Figure 2.28 Die size versus power loss.Figure 2.29 MOSFET structure capacitance illustration.Figure 2.30 Simplest view of MOSFET with intrinsic capacitances.Figure 2.31 HF small signal model for MOSFET transistor.Figure 2.32 HF small signal model for MOSFET transistor with extrinsic param...Figure 2.33 Simplified HF model for MOSFET.Figure 2.34 Incremental MOSFET HF small signal model.Figure 2.35 Conventional LDMOS structure.Figure 2.36 HEMT device structure: (a) open channel; (b) pinch off.Figure 2.37 Comparison of Si LDMOS and GaN HEMT.Figure 2.38 The market share for device technologies.Figure 2.39 Single bead geometry.Figure 2.40 Combined bead geometry.Figure 2.41 Equivalent circuit for the transformer.Figure 2.42 Isolation gate transformer.Figure 2.43 Step down transformer for load pull applications.Figure 2.44 VSWR = 1.5 : 1 autotransformer.Figure 2.45 Constructed 1.5 : 1 autotransformer.Figure 2.46 Measurement results of a 1.5 : 1 autotransformer.Figure 2.47 VSWR = 2 : 1 autotransformer.Figure 2.48 Measurement results of a 2 : 1 autotransformer.Figure 2.49 VSWR = 3 : 1 autotransformer.Figure 2.50 Measurement results of a 3 : 1 autotransformer.Figure 2.51 VSWR = 5 : 1 autotransformer.Figure 2.52 Measurement results of a 5 : 1 autotransformer.Figure 2.53 Problem 2.1.Figure 2.54 Problem 2.2.Figure 2.55 Transfer curve for MOSFET in Problem 2.4.Figure 2.56 Inductive switching circuit.Figure 2.57 IV curves with VGS = 0.1 steps.Figure 2.58 (a) Total gate measurement circuit. (b) Waveforms.Figure 2.59 Gate drive for MOSFET.Figure 2.60 Zero bias MOSFET model.Figure 2.61 Dimension of a toroidal core, T50 material.Figure 2.62 The geometry of a T106 core.Figure 2.63 Design Challenge 2.2.
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Common transmission line structures: (a) coaxial line, (b) two‐wi...Figure 3.2 Short segment of transmission line.Figure 3.3 Finite terminated transmission line.Figure 3.4 Input impedance calculation on the transmission line.Figure 3.5 (a) The geometry of a coaxial cable and (b) commonly used commerc...Figure 3.6 The geometry of a two‐wire transmission line.Figure 3.7 Parallel plate transmission line.Figure 3.8 Lossless transmission line.Figure 3.9 Voltage versus transmission line length.Figure 3.10 Voltage versus transmission length for the example.Figure 3.11 Transmission line configuration for Example 3.5.Figure 3.12 Short circuited transmission line.Figure 3.13 Impedance variation for a short‐circuited transmission line.Figure 3.14 Low frequency equivalent circuit of short‐circuited transmission...Figure 3.15 Open‐circuited transmission line.Figure 3.16 Impedance variation for an open‐circuited transmission line.Figure 3.17 Low frequency equivalent circuit of an open‐circuited transmissi...Figure 3.18 Right‐hand portion of the normalized complex impedance plane.Figure 3.19 Conformal mapping of constant resistances.Figure 3.20 Conformal mapping of constant reactances.Figure 3.21 Combined conformal mapping lead to the display of a Smith chart....Figure 3.22 Smith chart displaying the calculated values and impedances.Figure 3.23 Input impedance display using a Smith chart.Figure 3.24 Admittance, Y, Smith chart.Figure 3.25 ZY Smith chart.Figure 3.26 Adding component using a ZY Smith chart.Figure 3.27 Impedance transformation.Figure 3.28 Impedance transformation using a Smith chart.Figure 3.29 Microstrip line: (a) field lines of microstrip line; (b) geometr...Figure 3.30 Representation of equivalent microstrip circuit.Figure 3.31 Three‐dimensional view of the microstrip line created in Ansoft ...Figure 3.32 Plot of Z 0 vs frequency.Figure 3.33 S 11 coefficient.Figure 3.34 Z 11 parameter plot illustrating a 90° phase shift.Figure 3.35 Three‐dimensional view of the microstrip line created in Sonnet....Figure 3.36 Plot of Z 0.Figure 3.37 Plot of S11 coefficient.Figure 3.38 Z11 parameter plot illustrating a 90° phase shift.Figure 3.39 Stripline configuration.Figure 3.40 Field distribution for stripline configuration.Figure 3.41 Typical microstrip directional coupler configuration.Figure 3.42 MATLAB GUI for the calculation of the physical parameters of a c...Figure 3.43 Simulation results of a microstrip coupler at 300 MHz.Figure 3.44 Twisted wire configuration.Figure 3.45 Problem 3.4.Figure 3.46 Problem 3.7.Figure 3.47 Problem 3.8.Figure 3.48 Problem 3.9.Figure 3.49 Problem 3.11.Figure 3.50 Problem 3.12.
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Two‐port network representation.Figure 4.2 Circuit for Example 4.1.Figure 4.3 Application of nodal voltage method for Z 11 and Z 21.Figure 4.4 Application of nodal voltage method for Z 11 and Z 22 Figure 4.5 ABCD parameter of cascaded networks.Figure 4.6 Coupling transformer example.Figure 4.7 Conversion of transformer coupling circuit to equivalent circuit....Figure 4.8 Transformer coupling circuit equivalent circuit.Figure 4.9 T network configuration.Figure 4.10 Series connection of two‐port networks.Figure 4.11 Parallel connection of two‐port networks.Figure 4.12 Cascade connection of two‐port networks.Figure 4.13 RF amplifier analysis by network parameters.Figure 4.14 Partition of amplifier circuit for network analysis.Figure 4.15 Illustration of parallel connection between Networks 2 and 3.Figure 4.16 Cascade connection of final circuit.Figure 4.17 Current gain of RF amplifier versus feedback resistor values and...Figure 4.18 Voltage gain of RF amplifier versus feedback resistor values and...Figure 4.19 (a) N network for analysis; (b) network transformation to T netw...Figure 4.20 Small signal MOSFET model.Figure 4.21 The simplified equivalent circuit for the MOSFET small signal mo...Figure 4.22 The network equivalent circuit for the MOSFET small signal model...Figure 4.23 The equivalent circuit for Network 3.Figure 4.24 The equivalent circuit for Network 4.Figure 4.25 Voltage gain and phase responses.Figure 4.26 One‐port network for scattering parameter analysis.Figure 4.27 N‐port network for scattering analysis.Figure 4.28 Two‐port transistor network.Figure 4.29 S parameters for two‐port networks.Figure 4.30 T network configuration.Figure 4.31 Transformer circuit.Figure 4.32 Transformer coupling circuit for S 11 and S 21.Figure 4.33 Transformer coupling circuit for S 22 and S 12.Figure 4.34 Illustration of chain scattering matrix for cascaded networks.Figure 4.35 Implementation of SOLT calibration for network analyzer.Figure 4.36 GCPW for SOLT calibration fixture implementation.Figure 4.37 “Thru” calibration test fixture – top view.Figure 4.38 “Open” calibration test fixture.Figure 4.39 “Load” calibration test fixture.Figure 4.40 “Short” calibration test fixture.Figure 4.41 BFR92 bias simulation test setup.Figure 4.42 Biasing test fixture for BRF92.Figure 4.43 Network analyzer measurement setup of BRF 92.Figure 4.44 Quarter‐wave coplanar waveguide transmission line used for simul...Figure 4.45 Quarter‐wave short circuit simulation.Figure 4.46 Quarter‐wave open circuit simulation.Figure 4.47 S parameters of coplanar waveguide transmission line without stu...Figure 4.48 Quarter‐wave stub attached to input port.Figure 4.49 Quarter‐wave short circuit stub attached at input port.Figure 4.50 Quarter‐wave stub with capacitor attached at input port.Figure 4.51 Quarter‐wave stub attached to both input and output ports.Figure 4.52 Quarter‐wave short circuit stub attached to both input and outpu...Figure 4.53 Quarter‐wave stub with capacitor attached at both input and outp...Figure 4.54 Input return loss comparison (S 11); V CE = 10 V, I C = 5 mA.Figure 4.55 Output return loss comparison (S 22); V CE = 10 V, I C = 5 mA.Figure 4.56 Reverse isolation comparison (S 12); V CE = 10 V, I C = 5 mA.Figure 4.57 Forward gain comparison (S 21); V CE = 10 V, I C = 5 mA.Figure 4.58 Zero biased small signal two‐port network at low frequencies.Figure 4.59 Problem 4.1.Figure 4.60 Problem 4.2.Figure 4.61 Problem 4.3.Figure 4.62 Problem 4.4.Figure 4.63 Problem 4.5.Figure 4.64 Problem 4.6.Figure 4.65 Problem 4.7.Figure 4.66 Problem 4.9.Figure 4.67 Problem 4.10.Figure 4.68 TO‐247 MOSFET package measurement setup.
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Implementation of matching network between t‐line and load.Figure 5.2 Eight possible L matching network sections.Figure 5.3 Generic L matching network sections to represent eight L sections...Figure 5.4 ZY Smith chart as a graphical tool for impedance matching.Figure 5.5 Smith chart solution for Example 5.2.Figure 5.6 Smith chart solution for Example 5.3.Figure 5.7 Input impedance using quarter‐wave transformer.Figure 5.8 Illustration of Example 5.4.Figure 5.9 Single stub matching: (a) parallel; (b) series.Figure 5.10 Illustration of double stub tuner circuit.Figure 5.11 Smith chart solution for double tuner for Example 5.5.Figure 5.12 Matching network between load and transmission line.Figure 5.13 Generic two L matching networks between source and load impedanc...Figure 5.14 Number of possible L matching networks to match source and load ...Figure 5.15 Possible L matching networks to match source and load impedance....Figure 5.16 Node quality factor illustration.Figure 5.17 Q‐factor Smith chart.Figure 5.18 Two possible L‐type matching networks.Figure 5.19 Smith chart solution for Example 5.7.Figure 5.20 General topologies for (a) T network and (b) PI network.Figure 5.21 Dimensions of single stub tuner.Figure 5.22 Ansoft simulation of single sub tuner.Figure 5.23 TRL calculator for electrical length in Ansoft Simulator.Figure 5.24 Single stub tuner prototype.Figure 5.25 Prototype sections: (a) load; (b) shorted stub.Figure 5.26 Measured S11 for the prototype.Figure 5.27 Illustration of the measured tuning frequency.Figure 5.28 Illustration of the matching network for Design Example 5.2.Figure 5.29 Representation of microstrip line.Figure 5.30 The simulated matching network with open stub.Figure 5.31 ADS simulation results with open stub.Figure 5.32 The simulated matching network with short stub.Figure 5.33 ADS simulation results with short stub.Figure 5.34 Microstrip line implementation with open stub.Figure 5.35 ADS simulation results of microstrip line implementation with op...Figure 5.36 Microstrip line implementation with short stub.Figure 5.37 ADS simulation results of microstrip line implementation with sh...Figure 5.38 The layout to be used for EM simulation.Figure 5.39 Microstrip layout for open stub matching network.Figure 5.40 Microstrip layout for short stub matching network.Figure 5.41 EM simulation results of the matching network.Figure 5.42 Co‐simulation circuit for open stub.Figure 5.43 Co‐simulation circuit for short stub.Figure 5.44 Simulation results for the final layout for co‐simulated open st...Figure 5.45 Simulation results for the final layout for co‐simulated short s...Figure 5.46 Problem 5.6.Figure 5.47 Problem 5.7.Figure 5.48 Problem 5.8.Figure 5.49 Problem 5.9.Figure 5.50 Amplifier impedance transformer design.Figure 5.51 Design Challenge 5.1.
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Ideal resonant network response.Figure 6.2 Parallel resonant circuit.Figure 6.3 Parallel resonant network response for an underdamped case.Figure 6.4 Parallel resonant network response for an overdamped case.Figure 6.5 Parallel resonant circuit with a source current.Figure 6.6 Pole‐zero diagram for complex conjugate roots.Figure 6.7 Parallel resonant circuit transfer function characteristics.Figure 6.8 Attenuation profile.Figure 6.9 (a) Series resonant network. (b) Series resonant network response...Figure 6.10 Series resonant network with source voltage.Figure 6.11 Series resonant circuit transfer function characteristics.Figure 6.12 High frequency representation of (a) inductor and (b) capacitor....Figure 6.13 Equivalent series circuit.Figure 6.14 Equivalent parallel circuit.Figure 6.15 LC resonant network with ideal components and source.Figure 6.16 The frequency characteristics of an LC network with source.Figure 6.17 Addition of loss to parallel LC network.Figure 6.18 Attenuation profile of an LC network with loss resistor.Figure 6.19 Quality factor of an LC network with a loss resistor.Figure 6.20 Quality factor of an LC network for different source resistance ...Figure 6.21 Attenuation profile of an LC network for different source resist...Figure 6.22 Loaded LC resonant circuit.Figure 6.23 Equivalent loaded LC resonant circuit at resonance.Figure 6.24 RC series to parallel RC network transformation.Figure 6.25 Series to parallel conversion.Figure 6.26 Attenuation profile for parallel resonant network.Figure 6.27 LC series to parallel RL network transformation.Figure 6.28 LC parallel network using L with series loss transformation.Figure 6.29 LC parallel network using C with series loss transformation.Figure 6.30 Inductively coupled resonators.Figure 6.31 Inductively coupled resonators (a) below resonance and (b) above...Figure 6.32 Capacitively coupled resonators.Figure 6.33 Inductively coupled resonators (a) below resonance and (b) above...Figure 6.34 Inductively coupled resonators.Figure 6.35 Capacitively coupled resonators.Figure 6.36 (a) Attenuation profile for capacitively coupled resonators. (b)...Figure 6.37 LC impedance transformer for inductive load.Figure 6.38 LC impedance transformer for capacitive load.Figure 6.39 Amplifier output load line circuit.Figure 6.40 Capacitive voltage divider.Figure 6.41 Capacitive voltage divider with load resistor.Figure 6.42 Capacitive voltage divider with parallel to series transformatio...Figure 6.43 Tapped equivalent circuit.Figure 6.44 Equivalent tapped‐C circuit representation using transformer.Figure 6.45 Parallel resonant circuit with tapped‐C approach.Figure 6.46 Tapped C and L implementation for amplifiers.Figure 6.47 Attenuation profile for Example 6.5.Figure 6.48 Tapped‐L impedance transformer.Figure 6.49 Tapped‐L impedance transformer with parallel to series transform...Figure 6.50 Tapped‐L equivalent circuit.Figure 6.51 Input network transformation for tapped C transformer.Figure 6.52 Output network transformation for tapped L transformer.Figure 6.53 MATLAB GUI to design tapped C and tapped L impedance transformer...Figure 6.54 Capacitively coupled amplifier circuit.Figure 6.55 Problem 6.3.Figure 6.56 Problem 6.4.Figure 6.57 Problem 6.5.Figure 6.58 Problem 6.6.Figure 6.59 Problem 6.7.Figure 6.60 Problem 6.8.Figure 6.61 Problem 6.9.Figure 6.62 Problem 6.10.
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Directional coupler as a four‐port device.Figure 7.2 Symmetrical two‐line microstrip directional coupler.Figure 7.3 Coupled lines mode representation: (a) even mode; (b) odd mode.Figure 7.4 Three‐line symmetrical microstrip coupler.Figure 7.5 Generation of three‐line coupler from the design parameters of a ...Figure 7.6 Removal of the main line in a three‐line coupler for formulation ...Figure 7.7 MATLAB GUI for a two‐line microstrip directional coupler.Figure 7.8 Simulated microstrip two‐line directional coupler.Figure 7.9 Simulated results for the coupling level for a two‐line symmetric...Figure 7.10 Two‐line multilayer directional coupler.Figure 7.11 Three‐line multilayer directional coupler.Figure 7.12 Four‐port transformer directional coupler.Figure 7.13 Four‐port transformer directional coupler for circuit analysis....Figure 7.14 Six‐port transformer directional coupler.Figure 7.15 Forward mode analysis of six‐port coupler when V 2 = V 3 = V 4 = V 5 Figure 7.16 Reverse mode analysis of six‐port coupler when V 1 = V 3 = V 4 = V 5 Figure 7.17 Multistate reflectometer based on four‐port coupler and attenuat...Figure 7.18 Illustration of imperfect power circle for complex reflection co...Figure 7.19 Illustration of near intersection power circle for complex refle...Figure 7.20 n + 1 port power combiner.Figure 7.21 n + 1 power divider.Figure 7.22 Equivalent Wilkinson power divider circuit [28].Figure 7.23 Quarter wave transmission line connection in the combiner circui...Figure 7.24 N‐way Wilkinson power divider circuit.Figure 7.25 Four‐port network for an N‐way power divider.Figure 7.26 Even‐mode network for an N‐way divider.Figure 7.27 Odd‐mode network for an N‐way divider.Figure 7.28 Simplified even‐mode network for an N‐way divider.Figure 7.29 Simplified odd‐mode network for an N‐way divider.Figure 7.30 Isolation response versus electrical length for an N‐way divider...Figure 7.31 VSWR response versus electrical length for an N‐way divider.Figure 7.32 Insertion loss response versus electrical length for an N‐way di...Figure 7.33 N‐way Wilkinson power divider circuit with different source impe...Figure 7.34 Four‐port network for an N‐way power divider with different sour...Figure 7.35 Even‐mode network for an N‐way divider with different source imp...Figure 7.36 Odd‐mode network for an N‐way divider with different source impe...Figure 7.37 Isolation response versus electrical length for an N‐way divider...Figure 7.38 Isolation response versus electrical length for an N‐way divider...Figure 7.39 Input VSWR response versus electrical length for an N‐way divide...Figure 7.40 Input VSWR response versus electrical length for an N‐way divide...Figure 7.41 Output VSWR response versus electrical length for an N‐way divid...Figure 7.42 Output VSWR response versus electrical length for an N‐way divid...Figure 7.43 Insertion loss response versus electrical length for an N‐way di...Figure 7.44 Insertion loss response versus electrical length for an N‐way di...Figure 7.45 Simulated eight‐way balanced divider.Figure 7.46 Isolation versus frequency for an eight‐way divider when θ ...Figure 7.47 Isolation versus frequency for an eight‐way divider when θ ...Figure 7.48 Insertion Loss versus frequency for an eight‐way divider when θ...Figure 7.49 Insertion Loss versus frequency for an eight‐way divider when θ...Figure 7.50 The input and output VSWR versus frequency when for θ = 90°...Figure 7.51 The input and output VSWR versus frequency when for θ = 70°...Figure 7.52 Simulated eight‐way unbalanced divider.Figure 7.53 Isolation versus frequency for eight‐way unbalanced divider when...Figure 7.54 Isolation versus frequency for eight‐way unbalanced divider when...Figure 7.55 Insertion loss versus frequency for eight‐way unbalanced divider...Figure 7.56 Insertion loss versus frequency for eight‐way unbalanced divider...Figure 7.57 The input and output VSWR versus frequency when for θ = 90°...Figure 7.58 The input and output VSWR versus frequency when for θ = 70°...Figure 7.59 MATLAB GUI output for an eight‐way balanced divider when θ ...Figure 7.60 MATLAB GUI output for an eight‐way unbalanced divider when θ...Figure 7.61 N‐way combiner circuit.Figure 7.62 Distributed to lumped conversion.Figure 7.63 Transformation from (a) a π network to (b) an L network.Figure 7.64 (a) Two‐line microstrip coupler design for 15 dB coupling using ...Figure 7.65 Simulation results of a two‐line microstrip coupler at 300 MHz f...Figure 7.66 Three‐line microstrip coupler with 2D view.Figure 7.67 Simulation results of a three‐line microstrip coupler at 300 MHz...Figure 7.68 The prototype of a three‐line directional coupler using TMM10 ma...Figure 7.69 Measurement results for three‐line coupler at 300 MHz for coupli...Figure 7.70 MATLAB GUI for transformer coupler design.Figure 7.71 Frequency domain circuit simulator using S parameters.Figure 7.72 Simulated coupling level for a transformer coupler in frequency ...Figure 7.73 Simulated isolation level for a transformer coupler in frequency...Figure 7.74 Simulated directivity level for a transformer coupler in frequen...Figure 7.75 Time domain simulation for a transformer coupler.Figure 7.76 Simulated coupling and isolation levels for a transformer couple...Figure 7.77 Simulated directivity level for a transformer coupler in time do...Figure 7.78 Macros used in PSpice for coupling, isolation, and directivity s...Figure 7.79 Constructed transformer coupler for 27.12 MHz operation.Figure 7.80 Semirigid coax cable used in transformer coupler.Figure 7.81 Measured coupling of a constructed transformer coupler.Figure 7.82 Measured isolation of a constructed transformer coupler.Figure 7.83 Measured input impedance of a constructed transformer coupler.Figure 7.84 Measured isolation and coupling of a constructed transformer cou...Figure 7.85 Measured directivity of a constructed transformer coupler.Figure 7.86 MATLAB GUI output for a three‐way unbalanced combiner when θ...Figure 7.87 Spiral inductor layout.Figure 7.88 Simplified equivalent circuit for spiral inductor without loss f...Figure 7.89 Spiral inductor model is inserted into an L network.Figure 7.90 (a) One‐port measurement network and (b) its impedance plot for ...Figure 7.91 Final form of the lumped‐element distribution circuit with spira...Figure 7.92 Simulation results for the insertion loss between each distribut...Figure 7.93 Simulation results for the isolation between each distribution p...Figure 7.94 Simulated three‐way combiner in planar form using L network topo...Figure 7.95 Simulation results for a three‐way combiner in planar form using...Figure 7.96 Current and near‐field distribution for a three‐way combiner.Figure 7.97 Co‐simulation of a three‐way combiner.Figure 7.98 Simulated planar combining circuitry for a three‐way combiner.Figure 7.99 Spiral inductor that is simulated with method‐of‐moment‐based el...Figure 7.100 Simulated spiral inductor inductance versus frequency.Figure 7.101 Simulated spiral inductor quality factor versus frequency.Figure 7.102 Input VSWR versus frequency for three‐way microstrip combiner....Figure 7.103 Three‐way combiner implemented in planar form using L network t...Figure 7.104 Measurement results for insertion loss of a three‐way combiner ...Figure 7.105 Measurement results for insertion loss of three‐way combiner in...Figure 7.106 Measured combiner port impedance versus frequency.Figure 7.107 Spiral inductor on alumina substrate.Figure 7.108 Measured inductance value of spiral inductor versus frequency....Figure 7.109 Measured insertion loss of spiral inductor versus frequency.Figure 7.110 MATLAB GUI output for a three‐way unbalanced combiner when θ...Figure 7.111 Problem 7.4.Figure 7.112 Problem 7.7.Figure 7.113 Problem 7.9.Figure 7.114 Power divider antenna feeder system.
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Ideal filter characteristics.Figure 8.2 Filter design block diagram.Figure 8.3 Attenuation profiles of a low pass filter.Figure 8.4 Two‐port network representation.Figure 8.5 Transfer function analysis circuits: (a) low pass filter; (b) hig...Figure 8.6 Transfer function analysis circuits: (a) bandpass filter; (b) ban...Figure 8.7 Network analysis of (a) low pass filter and (b) high pass filter....Figure 8.8 Insertion loss for low pass filter when C = 8 pF, R = 100 Ω, and Figure 8.9 Low pass filter simulation when C = 8 pF, R = 100 Ω, and Z o = 50 ...Figure 8.10 Simulated insertion loss for low pass filter when C = 8 pF, R = ...Figure 8.11 Insertion loss for high pass filter when L = 5 nH, R = 5 Ω, and Figure 8.12 Network analysis of (a) bandpass filter and (b) bandstop filter....Figure 8.13 Insertion loss for bandpass filter when L = 6 nH, C = 1 pF, R = ...Figure 8.14 Insertion loss for bandstop filter when L = 2 nH, C = 3 pF, R = ...Figure 8.15 Return loss for bandstop filter when L = 2 nH, C = 3 pF, R = 300...Figure 8.16 Two element low pass prototype circuit.Figure 8.17 Low pass prototype ladder networks (a) 1st element shunt C and (...Figure 8.18 Attenuation curves for binomial filter response for low pass pro...Figure 8.19 Fourth‐order normalized LPF for binomial response.Figure 8.20 Final LPF with binomial response.Figure 8.21 MATLAB results for fourth‐order LPF with binomial response.Figure 8.22 Simulated fourth‐order LPF.Figure 8.23 Simulation results for fourth‐order LPF.Figure 8.24 Attenuation curves for Chebyshev filter response for 0.01 dB rip...Figure 8.25 Attenuation curves for Chebyshev filter response for 0.1 dB ripp...Figure 8.26 Attenuation curves for Chebyshev filter response for 0.5 dB ripp...Figure 8.27 Attenuation curves for Chebyshev filter response for 1 dB ripple...Figure 8.28 Attenuation curves for Chebyshev filter response for 3 dB ripple...Figure 8.29 Fifth‐order normalized LPF for Chebyshev response.Figure 8.30 Final LPF with Chebyshev response.Figure 8.31 Passband ripple response for fifth‐order LPF with Chebyshev filt...Figure 8.32 Attenuation response for fifth‐order LPF with Chebyshev filter r...Figure 8.33 Simulated fifth‐order LPF.Figure 8.34 Simulation results for fifth‐order LPF.Figure 8.35 Input impedance of fifth‐order LPF.Figure 8.36 LPF component to HPF component transformation.Figure 8.37 LPF Prototype circuit to HPF transformation.Figure 8.38 Final HPF filter.Figure 8.39 Attenuation response for fifth‐order HPF.Figure 8.40 Simulated fifth‐order HPF.Figure 8.41 Simulation results for fifth‐order LPF.Figure 8.42 LPF component to BPF component transformation.Figure 8.43 LPF prototype circuit to BPF transformation.Figure 8.44 Attenuation response for four‐section BPF.Figure 8.45 Simulated four‐section BPF.Figure 8.46 Simulation results for four‐section BPF.Figure 8.47 LPF component to BSF component transformation.Figure 8.48 Transmission line model.Figure 8.49 T network equivalent circuit.Figure 8.50 T network representation with transmission lines.Figure 8.51 (a) High impedance transformation of T network; (b) low impedanc...Figure 8.52 Three‐section SIR bandpass filter.Figure 8.53 Triple band bandpass filter using SIR bandpass filters.Figure 8.54 Coupling schemes: (a) improved coupling scheme; (b) conventional...Figure 8.55 Equivalent circuit of parallel coupled lines.Figure 8.56 General setup for implementation of a microstrip edge‐coupled ba...Figure 8.57 Low pass prototype circuit for bandpass filter.Figure 8.58 Bandpass filter with final lumped element component values.Figure 8.59 Bandpass filter simulation results with Ansoft Designer.Figure 8.60 Bandpass filter simulation results with MATLAB.Figure 8.61 Simulated edge‐coupled microstrip circuit with Sonnet.Figure 8.62 Edge‐coupled bandpass filter simulation results with Sonnet.Figure 8.63 End‐coupled microstrip bandpass filter.Figure 8.64 Capacitive‐gap equivalent circuit.Figure 8.65 Layout of microstrip gap for Sonnet simulation.Figure 8.66 Low pass filter prototype.Figure 8.67 Equivalent circuit bandpass filter.Figure 8.68 Equivalent bandpass filter schematic.Figure 8.69 Insertion loss of the equivalent bandpass filter.Figure 8.70 Cg vs. gap length from simulation.Figure 8.71 Cp vs. gap length from simulation.Figure 8.72 Simulation of end‐coupled microstrip bandpass filter.Figure 8.73 Simulation results for end‐coupled microstrip bandpass filter us...Figure 8.74 (a) Typical tapped combline filter; (b) tapped combline equivale...Figure 8.75 Microstrip layout of circuit.Figure 8.76 Transmission line equivalent circuit.Figure 8.77 Network representation of circuit: (a) the two sets of coupled l...Figure 8.78 General coupled line case where the lines are excited from a com...Figure 8.79 Overall excitation circuit for even‐ and odd‐mode analysis.Figure 8.80 Even‐mode excitation circuit.Figure 8.81 Odd‐mode excitation circuit.Figure 8.82 CRLH TLs: (a) unit cell RH TL; (b) unit cell left‐handed transmi...Figure 8.83 Seventh‐order normalized LPF for Chebyshev response.Figure 8.84 Attenuation response of seventh‐order Chebyshev LPF.Figure 8.85 Simulated seventh‐order Chebyshev LPF.Figure 8.86 Simulation result for seventh‐order Chebyshev LPF with 0.5 dB ri...Figure 8.87 Attenuation profile for step impedance filter.Figure 8.88 Simulated step impedance LPF structure.Figure 8.89 Simulation results for step impedance LPF structure with Sonnet....Figure 8.90 Step impedance filter is implemented.Figure 8.91 Measured results for step impedance filter.Figure 8.92 Layout of the triple band bandpass filter.Figure 8.93 The constructed triple band tri‐section bandpass filter using SI...Figure 8.94 Measured and simulation results for insertion loss and return lo...Figure 8.95 Filter performance in the first frequency band.Figure 8.96 Filter performance in the second frequency band.Figure 8.97 Filter performance in the third frequency band.Figure 8.98 Coupling effect between SIR bandpass filters on insertion loss u...Figure 8.99 Effect of coupling in the first frequency band for tri‐section t...Figure 8.100 Effect of coupling in the second frequency band for tri‐section...Figure 8.101 Effect of coupling in the third frequency band for tri‐section ...Figure 8.102 Coupling effect between SIR bandpass filters for return loss up...Figure 8.103 MATLAB GUI to calculate design parameters.Figure 8.104 Dual band bandpass filter using CRLH TLs.Figure 8.105 PCB layout.Figure 8.106 Filter prototype.Figure 8.107 Sixty‐mil FR4 bandpass, S21 (red line), S11 (blue line).Figure 8.108 One‐mil Pyralux bandpass, S21 (red line), S11 (blue line).Figure 8.109 Measurement setup for filter response.Figure 8.110 Sixty‐mil FR4 bandpass insertion loss.Figure 8.111 Design Challenge 8.1.
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Geometry of the rectangular waveguide.Figure 9.2 Geometry of the rectangular waveguide filled with transversely ma...Figure 9.3 Frequency response of the propagation constant for TE mn modes.Figure 9.4 Permeability parameters versus magnetic field intensity for vario...Figure 9.5 Permeability parameters versus magnetic field intensity for vario...Figure 9.6 Permeability parameters versus magnetic field intensity for vario...Figure 9.7 Frequency response of the propagation constant for TE mn modes for...Figure 9.8 Frequency response of the propagation constant for TE mn modes for...Figure 9.9 Frequency response of the propagation constant for TM mn modes for...Figure 9.10 Frequency response of the propagation constant for TE mn modes fo...Figure 9.11 Frequency response of the propagation constant for TM mn modes fo...Figure 9.12 Geometry of cylindrical waveguide.Figure 9.13 Nonreciprocal phase shifter.Figure 9.14 Two‐slab nonreciprocal phase shifter.Figure 9.15 Dimensions of rectangular waveguide.Figure 9.16 Propagation vs. frequency from theoretical equations.Figure 9.17 Wavelength vs frequency from theoretical equations.Figure 9.18 Simulated rectangular waveguide and E field.Figure 9.19 Propagation vs. frequency from Ansoft HFSS.Figure 9.20 Wavelength vs. frequency from Ansoft HFSS.Figure 9.21 Hollow rectangular waveguide.Figure 9.22 Cross sections of derivative hollow guides.Figure 9.23 Base coaxial structure that will be used as a filter.Figure 9.24 E field plots for coaxial structure with septum.Figure 9.25 (a) Simulated coaxial filter with both ends open. (b) Simulation...Figure 9.26 (a) Simulated final coaxial filter configuration. (b) Simulation...Figure 9.27 Constructed filter geometry: (a) side view; (b) end view.Figure 9.28 (a) S parameter measurement set‐up. (b) Measured result for the ...Figure 9.29 Experimental setup.Figure 9.30 Problem 9.2.
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 RF PA as a three‐port network.Figure 10.2 Measured gain variation versus frequency for a switched‐mode RF ...Figure 10.3 Multistage RF amplifiers.Figure 10.4 RF system with coupler and attenuation pads.Figure 10.5 Typical closed loop control for an RF power amplifier for linear...Figure 10.6 Linear curve for an RF amplifier.Figure 10.7 Experimental setup for linearity adjustment of RF power amplifie...Figure 10.8 1 dB compression point for amplifiers.Figure 10.9 PA amplifier output response.Figure 10.10 Power gain for linear operation.Figure 10.11 Illustration of IMD frequencies and products.Figure 10.12 Simplified IMD measurement setup.Figure 10.13 Illustration of the relation between fundamental components and...Figure 10.14 Second‐order nonlinear amplifier output response which has comp...Figure 10.15 Third‐order nonlinear amplifier output response which has compo...Figure 10.16 Nonlinear amplifier response which has second‐ and third‐order ...Figure 10.17 BJT circuit with only DC source.Figure 10.18 i c and v CE curve for DC bias.Figure 10.19 BJT circuit with DC and AC sources.Figure 10.20 i c and v CE curve with DC and AC sources.Figure 10.21 Fixed bias BJT circuit.Figure 10.22 Stable bias circuit.Figure 10.23 Simplified stable bias circuit.Figure 10.24 Self‐bias circuit.Figure 10.25 Emitter bias circuit.Figure 10.26 (a) Bias circuit with temperature compensating diodes. (b) Acti...Figure 10.27 Bias circuit using linear regulator.Figure 10.28 (a) Stable bias circuit. (b) Self‐bias circuit. (c) Source bias...Figure 10.29 Generalized two‐port network.Figure 10.30 Integration of amplifier circuit.Figure 10.31 General two‐port amplifier network.Figure 10.32 Small signal amplifier design method illustration.Figure 10.33 Smith chart illustrating output stability regions.Figure 10.34 Smith chart illustrating input stability regions.Figure 10.35 Unconditional stability: (a) Γ L plane; (b) Γ s plane.Figure 10.36 Stability circles for Example 10.8.Figure 10.37 Two‐port network for stabilization.Figure 10.38 Stabilization network by adding series resistance.Figure 10.39 Stabilization network by adding shunt conductance.Figure 10.40 Stabilization with series resistor at the load.Figure 10.41 Stabilization with shunt conductance at the load.Figure 10.42 Unilateral amplifier design.Figure 10.43 Drawing constant gain circles.Figure 10.44 (a) ATF‐54143 die model provided by Avago [4] (b) DC biasing ci...Figure 10.45 ATF‐54143 die model provided by Avago.Figure 10.46 I d vs V ds provided by the manufacturer, Avago [4]Figure 10.47 ATF‐54143 I d vs V gs and I d vs V ds obtained from ADS.Figure 10.48 Input and output stability circles at 915 MHz.Figure 10.49 Input matching circuit.Figure 10.50 Output matching circuit.Figure 10.51 Constant gain circles at the input.Figure 10.52 Constant gain circles at the output.Figure 10.53 Simulation of the final circuit with ADS.Figure 10.54 ADS simulation results of the final circuit with ADS.Figure 10.55 The prototype of the low noise amplifier build and tested.Figure 10.56 Problem 10.1.Figure 10.57 Problem 10.3.Figure 10.58 Problem 10.4.Figure 10.59 Problem 10.5.Figure 10.60 Problem 10.6.Figure 10.61 Problem 10.7.
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Several antenna types.Figure 11.2 Illustration of field regions.Figure 11.3 Radiation patterns: (a) polar plot; (b) rectangular plot.Figure 11.4 Illustration of HPBW.Figure 11.5 Equivalent circuits: (a) transmitter antenna; (b) receiver anten...Figure 11.6 Illustration for Friis relation.Figure 11.7 Illustration of Friis relation for radar cross section.Figure 11.8 Power pattern for Example 11.1.Figure 11.9 Hertzian dipole located at the origin.Figure 11.10 Input and output for the case of finite wire antenna.Figure 11.11 Half‐wave dipole geometry.Figure 11.12 Excitation port of half‐wave dipole.Figure 11.13 S 11 dB from HFSS.Figure 11.14 Real and imaginary parts of Z parameter from HFSS.Figure 11.15 Two‐dimensional radiation pattern result from HFSS.Figure 11.16 Three‐dimensional polar plot of E along the half‐wave dipole an...Figure 11.17 Geometry of microstrip antennas.Figure 11.18 Microstrip patch antenna shapes [2].Figure 11.19 Microstrip feeding method illustration: (a) microstrip line fee...Figure 11.20 Microstrip feed line.Figure 11.21 Proximity coupled feed.Figure 11.22 Rectangular patch and its transmission model equivalent.Figure 11.23 Inset feed point distance (y 0).Figure 11.24 Layout of dual band slot loaded antenna layout.Figure 11.25 Simulated return loss for dual band antenna.Figure 11.26 Gain (dBi) in 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz.Figure 11.27 Two‐dimensional radiation pattern 900 MHz/1.8 GHz (Phi = 0° and...Figure 11.28 Prototype antenna built and measured.Figure 11.29 Radiation plot by MATLAB.Figure 11.30 Three‐dimensional layout of the half dipole antenna by HFSS.Figure 11.31 Antenna parameters from HFSS.Figure 11.32 VSWR response of half dipole antenna.Figure 11.33 S 11 of the half‐wave dipole.Figure 11.34 Two‐dimensional radiation plot at f = 146 MHz.Figure 11.35 Dipole antenna construction.Figure 11.36 Close‐up view of dipole antenna connections.Figure 11.37 Measured S 11 reflection coefficient magnitude.Figure 11.38 Measured phase of S 11 reflection coefficient.Figure 11.39 Measured radiation pattern.
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Basic diagram of RFID system.Figure 12.2 Electronic product code.Figure 12.3 Example of IMD and communication system.Figure 12.4 Layout of the meandered antenna.Figure 12.5 Dual linear meandered antenna for dual band operation.Figure 12.6 Final layout of the dual band antenna.Figure 12.7 Return loss for dual band antenna.Figure 12.8 Meander antenna layout.Figure 12.9 Modeling of meander line T network.Figure 12.10 T network model of meander line antenna.Figure 12.11 (a) T network ABCD matrix two‐port model. (b) T network represe...Figure 12.12 Final cascaded system.Figure 12.13 T network circuit of antenna prototype modeled in ADS.Figure 12.14 S 11 parameter simulation result using ADS.Figure 12.15 Top and side views of antenna prototype in skin‐mimicking box....Figure 12.16 S 11 parameter values from HFSS for the antenna in free space a...Figure 12.17 Two‐dimensional polar plot of gain for implantable antenna in s...Figure 12.18 Two‐dimensional polar plot comparison of gain for implantable a...Figure 12.19 Two‐dimensional polar plot of gain for implantable antenna in s...Figure 12.20 Skin‐mimicking at f = 2.5441 GHz, free space at f = 2.5998 GHz....Figure 12.21 Three‐dimensional polar plot of gain at f = 0.4493 GHz in skin‐...Figure 12.22 Three‐dimensional polar plot of gain at f = 2.5451 GHz in skin‐...Figure 12.23 (a) Antenna patch and substrate‐top layer. (b) Superstrate.Figure 12.24 Comparison of S 11 parameter values without and with superstrate...
13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Sources of energy harvesting [1].Figure 13.2 Standard HVAC system without control electronics.Figure 13.3 System overview of radiofrequency energy harvesting system.Figure 13.4 Impedance matching network implementation for antennaFigure 13.5 Two‐section dual band transformer.Figure 13.6 Positive clamper circuit.Figure 13.7 Peak detector circuit.Figure 13.8 Single stage cascaded rectifier.Figure 13.9 Single stage Villard voltage doubler.Figure 13.10 Efficiency of rectifier versus number of stages.Figure 13.11 Diode connected PMOS transistor with internal threshold cancell...Figure 13.12 Voltage multiplier with external threshold voltage cancellation...Figure 13.13 Self V th cancellation with CMOS rectifier circuit.Figure 13.14 Wireless sensors and antennas implementation for HVAC systems [...Figure 13.15 RF–DC rectifier based on Dickson's topology.Figure 13.16 (a) Three stages rectifier. (b) Five stages rectifier output in...Figure 13.17 Transient analysis of three stages rectifier output voltage.Figure 13.18 Self‐resonant transformer‐based DC–DC boost converter circuit s...Figure 13.19 Booster output voltage from transient simulation.Figure 13.20 Switch mode DC–DC boost converter using N channel MOSFET.Figure 13.21 (a) Top and (b) bottom view of the rectifier.Figure 13.22 RF–DC rectifier output voltage.Figure 13.23 Self‐resonant transformer‐based DC–DC boost converter output vo...Figure 13.24 Output voltage of the self‐resonant transformer based booster w...Figure 13.25 Block diagram of the RFEH output measurement.Figure 13.26 Energy harvester test setup.Figure 13.27 Signals at the input of the rectifier at 900 MHz: (a) RF power ...Figure 13.28 Signals at the input of the rectifier at 2.4 GHz: (a) RF power ...Figure 13.29 Final measured output voltage of the RFEH by DMM.Figure 13.30 Proposed dual band meander antenna design for 900 MHz and 2.4 G...Figure 13.31 Initial simulation results for dual band meander antenna.Figure 13.32 (a) Meander sections. (b) T network model for a meander section...Figure 13.33 T network model of the square bend join.Figure 13.34 Complete T network model of the antenna design.Figure 13.35 Physical dimension calculation for the layout (a) Top view (b) ...Figure 13.36 Return loss of the T network model.Figure 13.37 Impedance variation over the desired frequency range of 900 MHz...Figure 13.38 Two‐dimensional directivity plot showing the maximum directivit...Figure 13.39 Final layout for the simulated dual band meander antenna in HFS...Figure 13.40 Simulation results of the final dual band energy harvester ante...Figure 13.41 Simulation results after all dimensions are parametrized and ch...Figure 13.42 (a) Simulated gain. (b) Simulated directivity.Figure 13.43 KiCAD EDA layout of the antenna design.Figure 13.44 (a) Front side of the PCB layout. (b) Back side of the PCB desi...Figure 13.45 (a) Bantam PCB milling tool used to fabricate the antenna. (b) ...Figure 13.46 Measurement setup for dual band energy harvester antenna.Figure 13.47 Measurement results for return loss for energy harvester antenn...Figure 13.48 Comparison of measurement and simulated results.Figure 13.49 Typical HVAC ECM enclosure.Figure 13.50 Antenna location for ECM.Figure 13.51 (a) F antenna HFSS model. (b) inverted F antenna HFSS model.Figure 13.52 Comparison of measurement and simulation results for inverted F...Figure 13.53 Comparison of measurement and simulation results for F antenna....Figure 13.54 (a) ECM cover with dielectric encapsulation for interface conne...
