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Оглавление1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Overall wavelength range of the spectrum of EMR (domain to which ...Figure 1.2 Transmission range of a few transparent ceramics and glasses show...Figure 1.3 Evolution of transparency during ceramic history (a) clay pitcher...Figure 1.4 First translucent, all-crystalline ceramic: imaging and microstru...Figure 1.5 Lamp (high pressure Na vapor) including vapors, envelope made of ...Figure 1.6 Nd:YAG rod-shaped ceramic gain media for solid-state lasers. Top:...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Schematic illustration of a spatial slice (temporal snapshot imag...Figure 2.2 Demonstration of constructive and destructive interference cases ...Figure 2.3 Various light polarization forms: (a) linearly polarized and (b) ...Figure 2.4 Graphic representation of the refraction process.Figure 2.5 Dependence of optical lens focal length on the value of refractio...Figure 2.6 Wavelength dependence (“dispersion”) of the refractive index n(λ...Figure 2.7 Relationship between refraction index and dispersion for optical ...Figure 2.8 Deleterious effect of chromatic aberration.Figure 2.9 Plot of the partial dispersion ratio θ g,F against refractive...Figure 2.10 Plot of partial dispersion against Abbé number ν d . Two exam...Figure 2.11 Light reflectance vs. incidence angle of its S and P polarizatio...Figure 2.12 Use of total reflection, at the core/cladding interface, for kee...Figure 2.13 The refraction index ellipsoid and graphic determination of the ...Figure 2.14 Cross section of the refractive index ellipsoid of a uniaxial cr...Figure 2.15 Schematic demonstration of light scattering by randomly disperse...Figure 2.16 Scattering form factor as function of the dimensionless u scatte...Figure 2.17 Relative scattering intensity as function of scattering angle in...Figure 2.18 Effect of pore size/λ ratio on scattering intensity. (a) Th...Figure 2.19 Measured in-line transmission of single and polycrystalline Mg–A...Figure 2.20 In-line transmittance as a function of wavelength for polycrysta...Figure 2.21 Changes of transmission, for high density, variable grain size, ...Figure 2.22 Scattering parameters dependence on grain size. (a) Scattering i...Figure 2.23 Energy scheme of a Cr 4+ ion calculated par Racah constants o...Figure 2.24 Ni2+ cation's 3F ground-state level splitting by the spin/or...Figure 2.25 Correlation map (Terms scheme) demonstrating changes in the symm...Figure 2.26 Absorption curve and electronic levels scheme (deduced from spec...Figure 2.27 A Tanabe–Sugano diagram providing the energy separations between...Figure 2.28 Illustrated schematic scheme of the vibrational energy in a mult...Figure 2.29 Energy scheme of vibrational levels belonging to two different e...Figure 2.30 Squared vibrational wave functions describing the normal coordin...Figure 2.31 Correlation map for the 3H ground Term of an nf2 configuration f...Figure 2.32 Energy scheme of Nd3+ ions of 4f3 configuration residing in ...Figure 2.33 Absorption spectrum of Fe3+ in disordered hosts (an aqueous ...Figure 2.34 Effective fluorescence lifetime of an excited, doubly ionized co...Figure 2.35 Schematic illustration of a J = 2 state splittin...Figure 2.36 Schematic demonstration of possible resonance absorption peaks i...Figure 2.37 Energy levels considering the splitting of the states of a D 3 (u...Figure 2.38 Schematic energy level scheme related to an electron spin resona...Figure 2.39 Computer-generated spectrum of absorbed radio frequency power de...Figure 2.40 Electronic spectrum of a spinel containing 0.1% TiO2, subjected ...Figure 2.41 Electron paramagnetic resonance signal (RT) of the specimen rele...Figure 2.42 The transmission spectra generated by the Cu species present in ...Figure 2.43 Cu 2p X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy signal in Zn-phosphate gl...Figure 2.44 EPR signal of Cu2+, located in various Zn-phosphate glasses....Figure 2.45 Optical spectrum of Cu accommodated (as Cu2+ in two coordina...Figure 2.46 Optical spectrum generated by Cu accommodated in a YAG host, whi...Figure 2.47 Cu0 nanometric clusters in P-Zn red glass (STEM image).Figure 2.48 Electronic states scheme of Er3+ cation.Figure 2.49 Electronic states of Yb3+ cation.Figure 2.50 Spectra produced by Nd3+ and Er3+, respectively, located...Figure 2.51 Energy schemes describing the classification of solid materials ...Figure 2.52 Fermi–Dirac distribution function (occupancy of electronic state...Figure 2.53 Schematic illustration of a Morse potential, and its related har...Figure 2.54 Temporal snapshots of the atomic base normal mode states for dif...Figure 2.55 Graphic representation of acoustic vibration modes: (b) transver...Figure 2.56 Schematic illustration of transverse and longitudinal dispersion...Figure 2.57 Schematic illustration of optical transverse and longitudinal di...Figure 2.58 First Brillouin zone image of a face-centered cubic crystal (als...Figure 2.59 Phonon dispersion curves in GaAs along major symmetry directions...Figure 2.60 Calculated optical front surface reflectance of a dielectric cry...Figure 2.61 Semi-logarithmic plot of room temperature absorption coefficient...Figure 2.62 Black body radiation spectra at different temperatures. The spec...Figure 2.63 Complementary colors at opposing positions of a color wheel (giv...Figure 2.64 Transmission spectra of oxide ceramics with different coloring a...Figure 2.65 CIE 1931 Standard Observer. Virtual color matching functions.Figure 2.66 CIE 1931 color space chromaticity diagram. The outer curve is th...Figure 2.67 a-b plane with L-scale of the CIE-Lab color space diagram. In th...Figure 2.68 In-line transmission spectra of polished MgAl2O4 spinel discs: T...Figure 2.69 Position of color of the transparent spinel discs of Table 2.8 i...Figure 2.70 Position of transparent spinel samples in CIE-Lab color space fo...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Pores average size, size distribution, morphology, and characteri...Figure 3.2 Monosized (∼1 μm), spherical amorphous silica particles arranged ...Figure 3.3 Silica glass parts fabricated by fast MW heating of compacts like...Figure 3.4 Yttria monosized spherical particles synthesized by wet chemistry...Figure 3.5 Selected, by centrifugation, fraction of Yb:SrF2 powder. (a) Coar...Figure 3.6 Discs resulting from hot pressing of (a) the coarse and (b) the f...Figure 3.7 Morphology of YAG powder prepared by spray-coprecipitation (state...Figure 3.8 Commercial spinel (MgAl2O4) powders with different particle sizes...Figure 3.9 Cryo-HRSEM micrographs of an aqueous suspension with 60% solid lo...Figure 3.10 Imaging of granules formed by various procedures (at ICSI, Haifa...Figure 3.11 Green density (as a function of compaction pressure) and microst...Figure 3.12 Schematic of surfactant molecules contact to particles surface (...Figure 3.13 Hydraulic pressure distribution across the cast and the mold in ...Figure 3.14 Cast porosity level as a function of particles size, shape, and ...Figure 3.15 Large (10 × 10 cm2) plate formed by slip-casting (AS + HIP). (a)...Figure 3.16 Photo of alumina ceramic disc formed by slip-casting under magne...Figure 3.17 Degree of orientation achieved, in the green-specimen from which...Figure 3.18 Transmission spectra of alumina discs, slip-casted under magneti...Figure 3.19 Schematic presentation of the mechanism by which an external mag...Figure 3.20 Schematic description of the slip-casting under magnetic field. ...Figure 3.21 Pore size of green cakes formed by centrifugal deposition (initi...Figure 3.22 Agglomerates of particles, present in the green bodies and the i...Figure 3.23 Voids system pattern and distribution, in the microstructure of ...Figure 3.24 The void space distribution, at the start of the last stage of s...Figure 3.25 The pores coalescence process that may occur, as a result of mas...Figure 3.26 Pore coordination (by grains) number (N) in sintering ceramics. ...Figure 3.27 Equilibrium shape of a pore, during ceramics sintering, surround...Figure 3.28 Matter transport paths (ionic diffusion mechanism) as a function...Figure 3.29 Dependence of pore-boundary interaction on microstructural featu...Figure 3.30 Plot of the effective pressure divided by the applied pressure v...Figure 3.31 Pressure application configuration with indication of the type o...Figure 3.32 Applicator of an MW (2.45 GHz) sintering system (large L/λ ...Figure 3.33 Schematic of CVD reactor.Figure 3.34 Corning ware (opaque bowl) in both finished state (left) and ini...Figure 3.35 Rate, as a function of temperature (within the t g –t f range) leve...Figure 3.36 Free energy, as a function of composition and the ensuing phase ...Figure 3.37 Examples of phase separated glasses that may lead to glass-ceram...Figure 3.38 Transmission spectrum of typical soda-lime silicate glass. Band ...Figure 3.39 Transparent (moderately) ceramics fabricated by full glass cryst...Figure 3.40 Processing routes one can base on a sol–gel approach and types o...Figure 3.41 Bulk sol–gel transparent (nanometers pore containing gamma alumi...Figure 3.42 Pore size distribution curves of alumina xerogel fired, for 24 h...Figure 3.43 Massive shrinkage during sintering of xerogels (gel prepared fro...Figure 3.44 Transformation of polycrystalline ceramic to single crystal part...Figure 3.45 Demonstration of solid-state single-crystal formation I the case...Figure 3.46 Lasing efficiency of Nd:YAG ceramic compared with that of solid-...Figure 3.47 Spherical shape individual YAG single-crystals prepared by the s...Figure 3.48 Transmission spectrum of thin (0.8 mm) plates of BMT and distort...Figure 3.49 Ion beam preparation of ceramic granules (IKTS Dresden). (a) Ful...Figure 3.50 Schematics of green ceramic bodies of identical green density. (...Figure 3.51 Preparation of sections through highly porous Al2O3 bodies prepa...Figure 3.54 Pore size distributions of green bodies prepared by slip-casting...Figure 3.52 Pore size distribution of green bodies formed by, respectively, ...Figure 3.53 Green microstructures of bodies made (a) by gel-casting and (b) ...Figure 3.55 Setup of laser tomography system used for scattering defects loc...Figure 3.56 Image of scattering defects topography in a single-crystal YAG (...Figure 3.57 Different visual evaluation of 0.06 mm thin translucent organic ...Figure 3.58 Effect of specimen thickness on the scattering loses. (a) Scatte...Figure 3.59 Chemical composition of grain-boundaries. (a) Map of Eu distribu...Figure 3.60 HRTEM image of a grain boundary in transparent spinel. (a) Undop...Figure 3.61 Segregation of Y3+ (1000 ppm of dopant) at the grain boundar...Figure 3.62 Nd penetration depth as a function of the plane type in alumina ...Figure 3.63 Distribution of Ce3+ over a YAG grain. (a) According to conf...Figure 3.64 Reflection spectra of TiO2 sintered in air (shows Ti3+ absor...Figure 3.65 Optical transmission curve of a Zr doped YAG and its EPR signal....Figure 3.66 Influences of (a) grain sizes and (b) of testing load on the Vic...Figure 3.67 The influence of grain size on the indentation size effect (the ...Figure 3.68 Increasing grain size of Al2O3 ceramics promotes pull-out of gra...Figure 3.69 Improved performance of transparent spinel ceramic (MgAl2O4; by ...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Phase diagram of the Al2O3–MgO system.Figure 4.2 Spinel (MgAl2O4) lattice. (1) oxide anions. (2) Al3+ cation. ...Figure 4.3 Morphology, size, and clustering pattern of three different spine...Figure 4.4 Pore size distribution of green bodies derived from SN1–SN3 powde...Figure 4.5 Particles (agglomerates) size distribution of SN1 and SN2 materia...Figure 4.6 Sintering curves of SN1–3 powders.Figure 4.7 Opaque white spots (regions not fully densified) frequently seen ...Figure 4.8 Transmission spectra of some spinel discs with different amounts ...Figure 4.9 Imaging of some transparent, medium size, spinel discs fabricated...Figure 4.10 Large transparent spinel windows fabricated by AS + HIP and HPin...Figure 4.11 HPing schedule when MgF2 is used as a sintering aid (see transmi...Figure 4.12 Large disc, produced by pressing followed by sinter/HIP at the N...Figure 4.13 Average and maximal grain size, as a function of sintering tempe...Figure 4.14 Microstructural patterns of transparent spinel ceramics fabricat...Figure 4.15 Carbon penetration into dense spinel. (a) Poorly sintered (white...Figure 4.16 Spectral effects of carbon penetration in spinel during HIPing. ...Figure 4.17 Transmission curves of spinel discs (t = 3 mm) fabricated by sin...Figure 4.18 Bidimensional scatter function of spinel plates. IF – instrument...Figure 4.19 EPR signal of minute Fe3+ impurity present in spinel.Figure 4.20 Electronic spectra of sintered/HIPed spinel doped with TiO2. (a)...Figure 4.21 Optical spectra of sulfur-containing materials. (1) Reflection c...Figure 4.22 Transmission spectra of T-gahnite ceramics. (a) First transparen...Figure 4.23 Phase diagram of the AlN–Al2O3 pseudo binary system.Figure 4.24 AlON (Al8(Al15Vac.)O27N5) lattice model; projection along the [1...Figure 4.25 Shrinkage during dilatometric heating of two AlON powders.Figure 4.26 Diffraction patterns produced by translucent AlON specimens. (a)...Figure 4.27 Microstructure of dense AlON (polished and etched surface).Figure 4.28 Microstructure of dense AlON ( fracture surface).Figure 4.29 Transmission curves of commercial (Surmet) plate (2) and specime...Figure 4.30 Imaging of an edge-on impact between a steel ball and an AlON pl...Figure 4.31 Lattice structure of corundum (α-Al2O3); oxide ions in red.Figure 4.32 Microstructure of dense alumina ceramics (derived from highly si...Figure 4.33 Effect of residual pores content (a function of green body sinte...Figure 4.34 Characteristics of transparent alumina parts fabricated by the t...Figure 4.35 Characteristics of translucent alumina discs fabricated by PECS....Figure 4.36 Transmission spectrum of hot pressed MgO ceramics as a function ...Figure 4.37 Transmittance of MgO ceramics densified at low temperature by PE...Figure 4.38 Characteristics of MgO powder and dense ceramics used in fabrica...Figure 4.39 (a) Imaging and (b) transmission spectra of translucent CaO cera...Figure 4.40 Phase diagram of the Y2O3–Al2O3 binary system.Figure 4.41 Fragment of garnet lattice and examples of T-YAG-based parts. (a...Figure 4.42 Morphology and basic particle size of YAG powder prepared by the...Figure 4.43 Shrinkage, during reaction-preceded sintering of YAG derived fro...Figure 4.44 Imaging and microstructure of YAG disc fabricated by sinter(air)...Figure 4.45 Transmission curves of undoped YAG discs fabricated at ICSI, Hai...Figure 4.46 Transmission spectra of Ce3+ containing YAG and the impurity...Figure 4.48 Electronic spectra generated by Y2+ (a d1-type ion) formed i...Figure 4.47 Energy level diagram of Ce3+ in YAG assuming that its cubic ...Figure 4.49 Thermal conductivity of two garnets (single crystal state): YAG ...Figure 4.50 Optical spectrum of Yb-doped garnets: YAG (1) and LuAG (2) ceram...Figure 4.51 Transmission spectra of TAG ceramics, fabricated by vacuum sinte...Figure 4.52 Imaging and transmission spectra of some TGG ceramics, as a func...Figure 4.53 Images of Y2O3 lattice. (a) Structure (cubic) stable at RT. 1 Ox...Figure 4.54 Sintered Y2O3 ceramic exhibiting some transparency (central regi...Figure 4.55 Microstructure of sintered Y2O3 ceramics. (a) Pure yttria showin...Figure 4.56 Transmission curve of transparent yttria ceramic (YTTRALOX) comp...Figure 4.57 Microstructure and transmission spectra of thoria-doped yttria c...Figure 4.58 Transmission spectrum of Nd-doped yttria (thoria) transparent ce...Figure 4.59 Lasing efficiency of specimen shown in Figure 4.58 (poor efficie...Figure 4.60 Effect of doping on the grain boundary mobility (Mb), at various...Figure 4.61 Dopants segregation at the GBs of yttria ceramics without amorph...Figure 4.62 Thermal conductivity variation, as a function of their Yb3+ ...Figure 4.63 Transmission spectrum of Yb-doped Scandia transparent ceramic....Figure 4.64 RT, emission spectra of Yb, and Nd co-doped scandia ceramic host...Figure 4.65 Imaging and transmission spectra of two 10 mol% Yb containing lu...Figure 4.66 Unit cells of various zirconia polymorphs (states the oxide assu...Figure 4.67 Mechanism of crack arresting, operating in TZP ceramics of fine ...Figure 4.68 Dark field image of overaged PSZ-type zirconia ceramic showing t...Figure 4.69 TEM images of yttria-stabilized, superfine powder synthesized by...Figure 4.70 Stabilized zirconia powders, based on microspherical particles, ...Figure 4.71 The basic grains of the particles of Figure 4.67 (SEM on thermal...Figure 4.72 Sintering curves of zirconia green bodies formed by various proc...Figure 4.73 Transparent tiles of tetragonal ZrO2 (+3 mol% Y2O3) ceramic made...Figure 4.74 Microstructure of transparent cubic zirconia parts fabricated by...Figure 4.75 Optical spectrum of cubic (stabilized with 8 mol% yttria) zircon...Figure 4.76 Imaging of transparent plates, made of cubic zirconia, having va...Figure 4.77 XRD patterns of monoclinic zirconia powder compacts as a functio...Figure 4.78 Imaging of monoclinic zirconia discs (t = 0.35 mm) as a function...Figure 4.79 Transmission spectra of as-grown zirconia single crystal and the...Figure 4.80 Transmission spectra of cubic and tetragonal zirconia ceramics d...Figure 4.81 Calculated transmission curves of sintered cubic ceramics with t...Figure 4.82 Imaging of CaF2 lattice. (1) Ca, (2) F.Figure 4.83 Imaging of transparent CaF2 ceramic disc and its absorption spec...Figure 4.84 HAADF-STEM image of Yb segregation at the grain boundaries of a ...Figure 4.85 Transmission spectrum (MIR range) of transparent CaF2 ceramics....Figure 4.86 Microstructure and imaging of Er-doped CaF2. (a) Microstructure ...Figure 4.87 ZnS lattice. (1) Zn, (2) S.Figure 4.88 Transmission spectra of different grades of ZnS ceramics.Figure 4.89 Transmission spectra of two grades of ZnSe ceramic.Figure 4.90 Absorption spectra of some Cr2+-doped ZnSe ceramics. (A) Pol...Figure 4.91 The unit cell of BaTiO3.Figure 4.92 Phase diagram of the pseudo-ternary system PbTiO3–PbZrO3–La2O3....Figure 4.93 Imaging and transmission spectrum of PLZT thin plate fabricated ...Figure 4.94 Schematic of hot pressing system used for fabrication of transpa...Figure 4.95 Microstructure of PLZT ceramic (SEM on plasma etched surface)....Figure 4.96 The Δ n as a function of external electrical field strength ...Figure 4.97 The value of the R eff coefficient as a function of temperature f...Figure 4.98 Transmission window, in the NIR range, of ferroelectric lead-fre...Figure 4.99 Imaging and optical spectra of lead-free translucent ceramics de...Figure 4.100 Projections along the c-axis of α- and β-quartz lattices. (a) α...Figure 4.101 Transmission of grade Zerodur transparent glass-ceramic (Schott...Figure 4.102 The glass-forming regions of the SiO2–Li2O3–Al2O3 system. Q = q...Figure 4.103 XRD pattern of transparent glass-ceramic derived from the SiO2–...Figure 4.104 Microstructure of phase-separated binary aluminosilicate glass ...Figure 4.105 Transmission spectra of a float glass plate and that of doped a...Figure 4.106 Imaging of the LaF3 nanocrystallites developed in a FOG-type gl...Figure 4.107 Fluorescence and lasing gain spectra of Nd3+-doped FOG-type...Figure 4.108 Effect of mother glass composition on the habitus of crystals p...Figure 4.109 Dependence of transmittance of glass-ceramics and glass/crystal...Figure 4.110 Imaging and transmission spectra of transparent ceramics fabric...Figure 4.111 Imaging of ceramics, produced by full ceramming of glasses havi...Figure 4.112 Transmission spectrum (t = 0.9 mm) of transparent ferroelectric...Figure 4.113 Variation of the dielectric constant, as a function of temperat...Figure 4.114 Hysteresis loops (the polarization vs. field strength curve) as...Figure 4.115 Characteristics of mother glass and transparent ferroelectric g...Figure 4.116 Transmission spectrum of TeO2-based glass.Figure 4.117 Second harmonic signal generated by stress, induced by expansio...Figure 4.118 Transparent (IR range) glass-ceramic based on a chalcogenide mo...Figure 4.119 Electron density spatial distribution in chemical bonds connect...Figure 4.120 Imaging (b-panel) and lattice model of five shell basic particl...Figure 4.121 Phase diagram of carbon showing a region of stability of diamon...Figure 4.122 Bonding scheme and atom coordination pattern in diamond lattice...Figure 4.123 Transmission of diamond thin plates; CVD bulk diamond and type ...Figure 4.124 Industrial scale dc arc jet-type diamond deposition reactor in ...Figure 4.125 Imaging of the as-deposited surface of polycrystalline diamond ...Figure 4.126 Comparison of GaP transmission spectrum with those of competito...Figure 4.127 Bulk GaP plate produced by CVD; bottom piece is in as-deposited...Figure 4.128 Transmission spectrum of thin cubic SiC freestanding, polycryst...Figure 4.129 Small transparent Si3N4 ceramic disc and its transmission spect...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Imaging and thermal mapping of a 400 W metal-halide lamp with PCA...Figure 5.2 Various small, armor piercing, projectiles (medium-to-high threat...Figure 5.3 Schematic presentation of the way a copper shaped-charge forms....Figure 5.4 Imaging of the core of a 7.62 mm FFV AP round before impact (left...Figure 5.5 (a) Schematic of an impact in which the armor thickness is large ...Figure 5.6 The main wave types that form consecutive to the impacting of a c...Figure 5.7 Schematic of the main stages of the penetration process; small ar...Figure 5.8 Cracks system generated in an alumina target by a 6.35 mm steel b...Figure 5.9 Comminution zone, developing in the armor tile, under the nose (f...Figure 5.10 Schematic of the setup used in a depth of penetration (DoP) type...Figure 5.11 (a) Schematic and (b) imaging of an edge-on impact (EOI) test by...Figure 5.12 Ballistic cinematography of the impact, on B4C/Al plate, of a st...Figure 5.13 Dependence of the cracking pattern on the nature of the target. ...Figure 5.14 High speed photography of EOI event (a, TiB2 plate) and simulati...Figure 5.15 Flash X-ray cinematography of impact of 7.62 mm AP projectile (s...Figure 5.16 Options for structured ceramic top layers on glass backing. (a) ...Figure 5.17 Mosaic of transparent Mg–Al spinel tiles with sub-micrometer mic...Figure 5.18 Ceramic Mg–Al spinel tiles (refractive index n = 1.72) with poli...Figure 5.19 Imaging of a transparent spinel (4 mm)/glass (46 mm)/polycarbona...Figure 5.20 Multilayer transparent laminate (2 mm thin sub-μm transparent AlFigure 5.21 Imaging of armor windows of the all-glass type (panel (a): bulle...Figure 5.22 Imaging and ballistic testing of transparent corundum single cry...Figure 5.23 Crater and cracks produced by the impact (at 540 m/s) of a 2.3 m...Figure 5.24 Pattern of the fracture system produced, on a spinel dome, by it...Figure 5.25 IR sensors protective dome made from alumina.Figure 5.26 IR sensors protective dome made of spinel ceramic.Figure 5.27 Very large cryo-vacuum chamber window, made of transparent ZnSe-...Figure 5.28 Polished polycrystalline diamond dome fabricated by CVD (t = 1 m...Figure 5.29 Radome (transparent to MW range radiation) made of cordierite cr...Figure 5.30 Grand Canyon Skywalk imaging. (a) Laminated glass floor.(b) ...Figure 5.31 Composite windows made of fully-transparent colored tiles (each ...Figure 5.32 Cubic zirconia single crystal, ground and polished as a brillian...Figure 5.33 (a) Purple, (b) multi-color, and (c) tree-tone cubic zirconia si...Figure 5.34 Single-crystalline colored Al2O3 gemstones: (a) Red r...Figure 5.35 Sintered polycrystalline gemstones made of different ceramics. B...Figure 5.36 Polycrystalline sintered Al2O3 gemstone ceramics covering the ci...Figure 5.37 “Mysterium” watch by Krieger, made in Switzerland, with transluc...Figure 5.38 The Abbe diagram showing the relationship between the refraction...Figure 5.39 Tuning anomalous dispersion (partial dispersion ratio θ g,F ...Figure 5.40 Small size ceramic zirconia lens fabricated at Fraunhofer, IKTS-...Figure 5.41 Porous near-green preforms (viz presintered at around 1000 °C), ...Figure 5.42 Pores size distribution in presintered zirconia preform.Figure 5.43 Dental products made of translucent ceramics. (a) Translucent al...Figure 5.44 Preforms and tooth parts made of translucent glass-ceramic.Figure 5.45 Operational configurations, hysteresis loops, and profiles of th...Figure 5.46 Electrooptic characteristics of PLZT slotted plate (6/95/3 compo...Figure 5.47 Anti-glare goggles based on PLZT plates kept under electric fiel...Figure 5.48 Vidicon type night-vision device the sensitive element of which ...Figure 5.49 Schematic illustration of radiative transitions between energy s...Figure 5.50 Energy schemes of amplifying media termed “Three-state system” (...Figure 5.51 Energy levels scheme of Nd3+ cations hosted by c-type site o...Figure 5.52 Schematic representation of a basic laser system layout.Figure 5.53 Comparison between the frequency profile of a fluorescence and l...Figure 5.54 Output frequency tuning by the aid of a triangular prism.Figure 5.55 Typical energy levels scheme of a material able to act as passiv...Figure 5.56 Reduction of pulse fluence by its travel through a passive switc...Figure 5.57 Theoretical bulk optical transmission of a saturable absorber as...Figure 5.58 Theoretical bulk optical transmission of a fast saturable absorb...Figure 5.59 Fresnel reflection corrected optical transmission of a 1.43 mm t...Figure 5.60 Examples of TEM profiles in the case of beams of cylindrical rad...Figure 5.61 Fundamental parameters describing the propagation contour of a s...Figure 5.62 Schematic representation of a laser system designed so as to sel...Figure 5.63 Output vs. input pump energy of an Nd : YAG laser un...Figure 5.64 Resonances fitting within the gain band-width of a laser.Figure 5.65 A laser system configuration (ThinZag design of Textron) allowin...Figure 5.66 Schematic of laser system design that includes a virtual point s...Figure 5.67 Lasing efficiency curves of some lasers based on rod shaped gain...Figure 5.68 Upconversion intensity at 410 nm (squares), 550 nm (circles), an...Figure 5.69 Ceramic YAG transparent fiber.Figure 5.70 Nd:YAG planar wave guide based laser-amplifier. (a) Schematic of...Figure 5.71 Radial distribution of temperature values in an Nd3+ doped Y...Figure 5.72 Cracking and breaking of Nd:YAG gain media as a result of therma...Figure 5.73 Radial variation of tensile stress level in YAG rod.Figure 5.74 Results of TRS related Weibull analysis for the case of as-recei...Figure 5.75 Results of thermal shock resistance data Weibull analysis.Figure 5.76 Transmission spectrum profile of ceramic Nd:YAG disc fabricated ...Figure 5.77 Fluorescence intensity of Nd:YSAG ceramic (x = 0.3–2.0) and Nd:Y...Figure 5.78 Concentration profile, along a line passing over a GB, in the ca...Figure 5.79 Lu2O3 doped with 10% Yb2O3 specimens fabricated by HP + HIP: ima...Figure 5.80 Slope efficiency and transmission spectrum of heavily Yb doped t...Figure 5.81 Absorption and emission spectra of Yb3+ located in a transpa...Figure 5.82 Variation with temperature of the broad Yb3+ emission spectr...Figure 5.83 Transmission spectrum of YAG doped with Er3+.Figure 5.84 (a) Lasing efficiency and (b) emission peak position of Ho3+ Figure 5.85 Nd:YAG ceramic laser based car engine igniter; (a) the gain medi...Figure 5.86 Nd:YAG ceramic based laser ignitor for breech mounted howitzer....Figure 5.87 Schematic of the system (includes 192 Nd:glass plates generated ...Figure 5.88 Lasing frequencies for which the specified TM+ cations may f...Figure 5.89 Co2+: spinel ceramic's transmission spectrum.Figure 5.90 Absorption spectrum of Co2+: spinel ceramic with highlightin...Figure 5.91 Imaging of different optical quality Co2+: spinel ceramic sp...Figure 5.92 Detailed calculated electronic level scheme of Co2+ located ...Figure 5.93 Plot of the absorption vs. incoming laser beam fluence (λ =...Figure 5.94 Schematic of the electronic energy levels of Cr4+ and Cr3+...Figure 5.95 Absorption spectra of Cr,Ca:YAG crystal subjected to oxidizing a...Figure 5.96 Effect of temperature on the spectrum of Cr4+ in the case th...Figure 5.97 Set up of system used for Q-switched (Cr4+ based passive abs...Figure 5.98 Lasing short pulse produced by the system depicted in Figure 5.9...Figure 5.99 Transmission spectrum of V3+ doped YAG fabricated at ICSI-Ha...Figure 5.100 IR absorption band of Cr2+ located in a ZnSe single crystal...Figure 5.101 IR absorption spectral envelope of Fe2+ located in ZnSe sin...Figure 5.102 Optical spectra of Cr2+ and Fe2+ hosted by chalcogenide...Figure 5.103 Schematic of SSLSs of various structure. (a) White light is pro...Figure 5.104 Spectral composition of light emitted by various illumination s...Figure 5.105 Emission spectrum of white light (cool = high CCT) providing SS...Figure 5.106 Emission spectrum of TC (YAG) type phosphor in which the Ce3+...Figure 5.107 Emission (red line) and excitation (black line) spectra of tran...Figure 5.108 Emission spectra of Eu3+ in various transparent oxide ceram...Figure 5.109 Schematic of the Ce3+ cation electronic levels energy as a ...Figure 5.110 The view, along [001] direction, of a Si and Mg doped YAG latti...Figure 5.111 The position, on the CIE diagram, of Ce doped MYAS and YAMS typ...Figure 5.112 Schematic of the setup of a luggage inspection device based on ...Figure 5.113 Schematic of the scintillation process.Figure 5.114 Imaging and transmission spectrum of Li doped Ce:YAG ceramic us...Figure 5.115 Excitation and emission spectra of Li, Ce doped YAG ceramic....
