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COMMENTS AND ABBREVIATIONS

i. In Islam the dates are not given as A.D., Anno Domini, means “The year of our Lord”. We prefer A.C. – Anno Christum, Christ^(s) being accepted as Messenger of God rather than the Lord.

ii. S. = It is considered meritorious and obligatory for a Muslim to pronounce a reverential Salām whenever the name of a Messenger of God is uttered or written. ‘S’ stands for ‘peace be upon him’, in Arabic Ṣallal-Lāhu ʿalayhi wa Sallam.

iii. A.H. = Anno Hijrae, i.e. the year of migration when the Holy Prophet Muḥammad^(s) had to migrate from Makka to Madina in 622 A.C. This date has been established as the first year of the Islamic era.

iv. Ḥadīth (plural: Aḥādīth), i.e. words and deeds (Sunnah) of the Holy Prophet Muḥammad^(s).

v. References = In the Ḥadīth and other references at the end of each chapter, the name of the book has been printed in italics.

The Qur’ānic references have been given in the text after the quotation. The first figure stands for chapter and the second for verse. In some English translations the numbers of verses may be different. In that case, please look for the verse one or two numbers above or below. In this book verse numbers have been taken from the English translation by A.Yusuf Ali; 1938; Sh.Muhammad Ashraf, Kashmiri Bazar, Lahore, Pakistan.

vi. The references to the Old and New Testaments are from The Bible (Authorised Version), University Press, Oxford, 1955.

vii. ‘Muslim’ means one who submits to God. Believers in Islam prefer to be called ‘Muslims’ and not ‘Muḥammadans’, nor to be known by any other names or spellings.