Читать книгу Cosmos – Great Deceiver - Aleksandr Khorev - Страница 6

We talked about straight lines and found out, firstly, that some lines are associated with movement – these are vectors and, secondly, that there is something difficult to measure, but a very important property of the object being measured, things, phenomena also associated with movement – this is what are the functions of a given object, thing, phenomenon, what is its essence. We also came to the conclusion that to assess this essence, one more component is necessarily needed – this is an observer. Energy is directly connected with the essence of the object, with the movement. It is energy in the form of a pulse that gives an initial impetus to movement. And, finally, time is also directly connected with these two phenomena, because movement from one point to another occurs over time.

Now we talk about time.

It would seem that what time is? It is a certain value independent of a person that is not paid special attention in everyday life. The main thing is not to be late somewhere. Previously, at least the wall clock was ticking, recalling that certain changes were taking place in our lives, independent of us. From time to time we suddenly discovered that we were older, that something had changed around us. Everything seems to be the same as before, but suddenly we find that certain changes have occurred.

But it turns out time is not as simple as we think about it. Many paradoxes are associated with it, and these are paradoxes of a cosmic scale. For example, such a paradox. It turns out that precisely in space, time is measured not in hours, as on Earth, but in the same values in which length, width and height are usually measured – in kilometers.

Another paradox of time.

In our ordinary life, “yesterday” cannot be seen, but it turns out to be possible in space. We are looking into the sky now, this very minute, and we see cosmic objects as they were yesterday, the day before, several years ago, depending on the distance to them. For example, the closest star to us, Alpha Centauri, is located so far from us that the light from it comes to us for 4 years. If it suddenly goes out, then for us it will shine for another four years. In space, you can see any day, any year in the past, it is enough to point the telescope at stars located at an appropriate distance from the observer.

But let’s start with simple things, as time is connected with movement. What is characteristic of movement is the starting point, the beginning of the movement and the ending point, which is located at some distance from the beginning of the movement. To overcome this distance between two points takes some time. In this case, time is directly related to the distance. Therefore, space is not only length, width and height, but necessarily time, because space is necessarily movement. Energy is also directly connected with movement except time.

Everything moves in the Universe, starting with the expansion of the Universe itself and ending with the movement of photons or the speed of light. But what is interesting: if the speed light is measured and is itself a standard for measurement, then the expansion of the Universe is more difficult to fix.

I will clarify here: I believe the Universe is a sphere formed as a result of the Big Bang, in contrast to the point of view that our Universe is flat, like a blanket. So, the Universe is constantly expanding. Expansion occurs not only along the radius from the Big Bang epicenter, but also along the perimeter of the energy impulse, since it spreads in all directions. It is as if the balloon is inflated, and the distance between the flowers painted on it increases.

It is believed that all objects of the Universe: stars, galaxies, nebulae are located on a thin film of the energy impulse formed as a result of the initial Big Bang. These space objects are flowers on the surface of the expanding ball. The similarity with the inflatable ball also increases because, as in the ball, the void inside and outside and all objects of the Universe are located only on the surface of the energy impulse, and inside and outside the void. I will try to depict this in the picture.

I suppose that inside and outside the sphere is not just emptiness, but there is nothing at all from the point of view of physical space. All spatial geometry of the Universe is enclosed in this energy impulse. Outside the surface of the sphere of the Universe, space turns into time literally. Here the design of our physical world changes in the most unusual way.

Why then do we not see this emptiness, but see the stars everywhere: at the top, at the bottom, and at the center? Something like this:

This is precisely one of the paradoxes of time, which directly connects time with space.

I repeat once again – the Universe is just the perimeter of the expanding energy impulse, and all space objects are on its surface.

What is characteristic of these space objects? They are all located at the same distance from the epicenter of the Big Bang and, therefore, they all have the same time. Of course, they rotate, change position relative to each other. But, since the Universe is huge in itself, all these fluctuations of space objects do not play a big role in terms of a common and uniform time for the Universe. The Universe is continuously expanding along the radius but all space objects are moving away from the epicenter at the same speed, therefore time in the whole Universe is the same.

But the paradox is that, being in the same present time, these space objects in this present time do not see each other. Although they have the same time, however, they are at different distances from each other around the perimeter of the energy impulse. Let’s call it the present time distance. Some of them are closer to each other, others farther. There are very remote objects. The observer at each of them in the present tense sees only himself. Any other space object that seems to be in the same present tense, he sees only when the light from this object reaches the observer. And what is very important: the impact of one space object on another occurs only when the energy impulse of this object reaches another object. It is the same speed of light. That is, it turns out that one space object, being in the same time with another space object, learns about its existence only in the past tense. Since space objects are located at different distances from each other, then the time spent by light to overcome this distance will be different. And these cosmic objects in the night sky will line up in front of the observer in accordance with the distance to the observer on the surface of the sphere of our Universe. The farther the distance around the perimeter of the energy pulse, on which all space objects, the longer the light goes to the observer, the more distant past tense the observer sees them. The most distant objects can be correlated in time with a moment close to the Big Bang. And on the surface of the sphere of our Universe it will be the farthest located space objects from the observer. It turns out that we see the most distant stellar objects as they were more than 13 billion years ago and we will know what they are now only after the next 13 or more billions of years.

Another question arises, but will the observer see those cosmic objects that are beyond the horizon of the sphere, because the Universe is still a sphere, not a flat blanket, but the light moves in a straight line?

Since the physical world is arranged so that the observer sees only light, and the instruments register only the electromagnetic radiation of the source, it turns out that the observer sees the world around him only in the past tense. And in the present tense is only the observer himself. Of course, what is at arm’s length is conditionally considered to be real, but here the starry sky is exactly the past time.

It turns out that the present is just a point, and this point is an observer. Generally speaking, the surface of our Universe is completely the real time sphere, but it consists of many separate points of conditional observers or receivers of electromagnetic radiation. How can one not recall the mathematical definition of a straight line, that this is just a collection of points.

In general, geometrically, space is some kind of construction where the space around the perimeter of the energy impulse, with the same time, is not the same for each space object separately. That is, the real present time exists only in the space object itself, and the space around it exists exclusively in the past tense.

Moreover, due to the fact that the Universe is continuously expanding, the stages of this past time are located at different distances from the epicenter along the radius of the expansion of the Universe. That is, for each period of time there is a mark on the radius, a kind of temporary shelf. And the observer, seeing space objects at different distances from himself, sees them at different levels of the expansion of the Universe, on different shelves of the bookcase, depending on their distance from the observer along the perimeter of the pulse. That is why all space objects for the observer not located on a thin film of the perimeter of the energy pulse, but scattered across the sky. Instead of a spherical film of the perimeter of the energy pulse, the observer sees some space completely filled with stars all the way to the center. And in this space one can observe all the stages of the development of the Universe.

There is a paradoxical situation. We cannot see the real energy impulse that our Universe is.

But these paradoxes of time does not end. Another paradox of time is that these stages appear to the observer at the same time, as if in the present tense “here and now.” They appear before the observer at the same time, starting almost from the moment of the Big Bang and the formation of the first stars and galaxies, and ending with nearby space objects. Moreover, all these types of past tense, starting from the most distant and ending with the closest, look as if it is a real present. Reality for the observer is not the reality of the cosmos. Cosmic space with a single objective time does not exist for the observer. But he sees at the same time all the stages of the development of the Universe, and time is also as if absent because the observer sees all the past of the Universe at the same time.

Now directly about the time.

What is characteristic of time. We know that time is divided into present, past and future.

In the present tense the action takes place now. In the past tense, the action has already happened, and in the future – the action has yet to occur. From the point of view of the observer, the past and the future are not real events, but information about past or supposed events, that is, there is no event, there is only information that it was or will be. Well, the present is different from the past and the future in that the event is actually happening at this moment in our physical world. No matter how short the event is, it still takes some time.

I somehow wondered how long the present really lasts before becoming the past. It turned out that the past is here, near. There was only now, but already became the past. I tried to define a time frame for the present. I tried to draw a scale on which, on the one hand, I postponed the future, and on the other, the past. Both the future and the past on the scale could be continued indefinitely, but the present between them lasted only a moment. I called it the “moment of the present.” Moreover, it was impossible to determine the time frame of the present. I even turned to the microworld and found out, for example, that some elementary particles live their turbulent life from birth to death in 10^—27, that is, in 0.0000000000000000000000001 seconds. But you can add a few more zeros to this short present and still not catch it. As far as one can continue the future and the past, one can infinitely shorten the present. The result was a strange thing: the future does not exist, because it has not happened yet, the past does not exist, because it has already happened, and there is no present, because – because … Mathematically, the “moment of the present” can be described as:

Т₁ – Т₀, where Т₁ is the time of the end of the event, and Т₀ is the beginning of the event. Question:

How long is the “moment of the event”, how long is the present?

Where does the future end and the present begin, where does the present end and the past begin?

It seems that there is no present time at all. I had to pretty much break my head in an attempt to catch the present. Thinking over this paradox, I asked myself: “But how do I feel the present, because I feel it?” The answer was no less paradoxical: “I always feel the present!” Compared with the real physical world, where there is no present, it turns out that in my soul, past tense is stored in the form of memories, future tense – in the form assumptions, and the present time always reigns. And that which lasts always, does not actually move, but that which does not move does not have time, and that which does not have time does not have space either. That is, in my soul there is neither time nor space, there is always only one present. I called this state “here and now” as opposed to the “moment of the present”. The result is that the future and the past belong to the external physical world, and the present is an affiliation of the spiritual world. In this, the present is akin to an energy impulse. It turns out that the present does not fit in with either the future or the past. If we again take the time scale with the plus “future” and minus “past”, then for the present just zero is left – the absence of an event. Plus is the intended action, minus is the past action, zero is the absence of action. It turns out a paradox: there is no action at all. At first, it is supposed to be about to be, and then – it has already happened, but at the moment it does not exist either. You can rephrase the phrase “The future will never come” and say: “The present will never come”. But the real physical world around us is changing, it exists! Well, and events that seem to occur right in front of our eyes here and now at arm’s length?.. Let’s say we look through a microscope like microbes are crawling. But microbes also have a certain distance, and in order to cover this distance, information is in the form of photons of light at a speed of 300 thousand kilometers per second. should also spend some time. Of course, not billions of years, but fractions of a second, but for as long as the information went before the observer’s eye, the situation of microbes also changed, and some of them also no longer exist, because they have a short life.

Could the present be absent in the real physical world?

And what then is our physical world in which there are not events themselves, but only information about them, only a shadow of events; events in which the “moment of the present” happened once in the past?

We live in a world of shadows, in a world filled not with events, but with information about events!

Here we come to such an interesting phenomenon full of paradoxes as the past tense. The past time can be divided into the near and far. It would seem that the past is what was and therefore we cannot see it in the present. But the paradox is that we don’t see the present, but we see only the past. We, our soul, are in the present tense, but we cannot see what we are part of. Near us is the near past. The event just happened. We are separated from him by centimeters or meters. Oddly enough, but the past tense is the distance as well. By the time we are separated from the nearest past seconds and minutes.

And the distant past is better studied by looking at the stars, because the past that is closest to us still gives away to the present. In fact, there is almost no distance to the nearest past to us and, accordingly, time. Another thing stars. That’s the past so the past. Thousands and millions of years and distances are appropriate. The distant past will be measured in light years. But if the near past time can be considered almost present, then the cosmic past time is really the past time, and it is directly related to the speed of light. The speed of light is known to be 300 thousand kilometers per second. So what happened at a distance of 300 thousand kilometers from us, behind the present time by 1 second. Just at this distance from us is the moon. Let’s try to portray it.

The circle is our Universe or the perimeter of a constantly expanding energy impulse after the Big bang, on which our Earth, Moon, Sun, all stars and galaxies are located, in short, all the matter of space. All space objects located along this perimeter have the same time – the real present time. But the paradox is that space objects do not see each other in the present time in which they are located. One object begins to see another object only when the light from it reaches another object, and this takes time. As the signal goes from one object to another, the location of the source object changes, because the Universe is constantly expanding. The observer sees the space object in the same place and position as he was when he sent a signal to the observer.

The moon is very close to the present. It is only 1 second behind the present. But this is still not real. The moon is no longer in the place where it was a second ago. This is the past that was present a moment ago.

The sun, we see behind the present by 8 minutes. That is what we see was real 8 minutes ago. But it is also almost present

The closest star of Alpha Centauri we now see in the place where she was more than four years ago. And so on.

Information moves away from us at the speed of light only in the opposite direction and deeper into the past. Thus, if our Universe is a sphere in which the real present is around the perimeter, then information about all space objects in this sphere is provided to the observer late for a second every 300 thousand kilometers and forms an arc dating back to the Big Bang and nearly 14 billion years in time. The observer does not see the real Universe, but sees just this arc of past tense. The speed of light gives the observer information about the past of our Universe, about its development right up to its birth. Only the nearest space objects more or less coincide with their real location, but from a certain distance they are no longer cosmic objects, but phantoms that are not present in reality at the place where we see them, or maybe even no longer exist.

The deeper into space, the farther into the past. The distances to the stars can mark the epochs of the earth. Say you can find the stars from which the light comes to us from the era of ancient Rome. That is, imagine this star, we see what it was in the era of ancient Rome. And even further you can reach the era of dinosaurs. In general, we can outline the mental circles in space, corresponding to different Earth epochs until the appearance Earth itself and even the solar system. But these circles outlined by us mean that the Universe was smaller.

If we assume that with the help of more and more advanced telescopes, we can see the entire sphere of the energy impulse, that is, our Universe, then the most distant cosmic objects will be located on this sphere literally behind us. And the Big Bang will be located behind us, that is, the remains of the Big Bang after 14 billion years. But it is impossible to turn back. We will always see only the beginning of the process. Drawing circles, outlining the epoch, we thereby outline the perimeter of the Universe of that time.

The dashed line indicates what the earth observer sees in the sky. I called this visible part of the sky a space-time spiral. It demonstrates a decrease in the size of the Universe up to the Big Bang.