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Scientific and technological progress has a long history and passed in its historical development several stages: The Babylonian and Ancient Egyptian culture, the culture of Ancient China and Ancient India, the Ancient Greek culture, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, the Great Scientific Discoveries of the 19th century, the Scientific and Technological Revolution of the 20th century and finally the 21st century, which opens a new era in the history of mankind, the Era of Harmony.

Although each of the mentioned stages has its own specifics, at the same time, every stage necessarily includes the content of the preceding stages. This is called the continuity in the development of science.

It was during the ancient period, a number of the fundamental discoveries in mathematics were made. They exerted a determining influence on the development of the material and spiritual culture. We do not always realize their importance in the development of mathematics, science, and education. To the category of such discoveries, first of all, we must attribute the Babylonian numeral system with the base 60 and the Babylonian positional principle of number representation, which is the foundation of the, decimal, binary, ternary, and other positional numeral systems. We must add to this list the trigonometry and the Euclidean geometry, the incommensurable segments and the theory of irrationality, the golden section and Platonic solids, the elementary number theory and the mathematical theory of measurement, and so on.

The continuity can be realized in various forms. One of the essential forms of its expression are the fundamental scientific ideas, which permeate all stages of the scientific and technological progress and influence various areas of science, art, philosophy, and technology. The idea of Harmony, connected with the golden section, belongs to the category of such fundamental ideas.

According to B.G. Kuznetsov, the researcher of Albert Einstein’s creativity, the great physicist piously believed that science, physics in particular, always had its eternal fundamental goal “to find in the labyrinth of the observed facts the objective harmony”. The deep faith of the outstanding physicist in the existence of the universal laws of the Harmony is evidenced by another well-known Einstein’s statement: “The religiousness of the scientist consists in the enthusiastic admiration for the laws of the Harmony” (the quote is taken from the book Meta-language of Living Nature [1], written by the outstanding Russian architect Joseph Shevelev, known for his research in the field of Harmony and the golden section [1–3]).