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1.2. SOIL AS AN INDEPENDENT BODY
ОглавлениеAs a discipline in its own right, soil science emerged and flowered during the second half of the nineteenth century when a few researchers proposed the idea of soil as an independent entity (Brevik & Cerdà, 2016). This radical idea was presaged by Friedrich Albert Fallou (1862), who argued that soil was distinct from the underlying geology, and who also coined the term pedology. Arguably, Eugene Woldemar Hilgard recognized the independent nature of soil in his Report on the Geology and Agriculture of Mississippi published in 1860 (Jenny, 1961b). But it is undeniably the case that modern soil science was born in the early 1880s when Dokuchaev published his Russian Chernozem in 1883.
Table 1.1 Soil models with selected examples.
Source. Partly inspired by discussion in Hoosbeek and Bryant (1992) and discussion and tables in Minasny et al. (2008).
| Subject of Model | Type of Model | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Qualitative | Quantitative | ||
| Conceptual | Statistical and Empirical | Deterministic | |
| Soil as an independent system | |||
| System drivers (state factors) | Dokuchaev (1899) Zakharov (1927) Shaw (1930) Jenny’s (1941) CLORPT equation Wilde (1946) Stephens (1947) Major (1951) Lin (2011) | Climofunctions, biofunctions, topofunctions, lithofunctions, chronofunctions (Jenny 1946, 1958, 1980) Yaalon (1975) Birkeland (1999) | Kline (1973) Huggett’s (1991, 1995) BRASH equation Phillips (1993a, 1993b, 1998) |
| Energy as a system driver | Runge (1973) Lin (2011) | Volobuyev (1963) Rasmussen et al. (2005) Rasmussen and Tabor (2007) Rasmussen et al. (2015) Shepard et al. (2017) | Regan (1977) Quijano and Lin (2014) |
| Soil as a spatial system | |||
| 1D soil profile | Simonson (1959, 1968) Runge (1973) Johnson and Watson‐Stenger (1987) | Parton et al. (1987) | Kline (1973) Salvador‐Blanes et al. (2007) Finke and Hutson (2008) |
| 2D hillslope | Milne (1935a, 1935b) Ruhe and Walker (1968) Conacher and Dalrymple (1977) | Huggett (1976) Brown et al. (2004) Grealish and Fitzpatrick (2014) Brillante et al. (2017) | Heimsath et al. (1997) Minsany and McBratney (1999) Yoo et al. (2007) Wackett et al. (2018) |
| 3D landscape | Ruhe and Walker (1968) Huggett (1975) | McBratney et al.’s (2003) SCORPAN equation Shepard et al. (2017) Iticha and Takele (2018) | Ahnert (1967) Huggett (1975) Sommer (2006) Vanwalleghem et al. (2013) |
| Soil as an interdependent system | |||
| Ecosphere | Vernadsky (1926, 1929, 1998) Cole (1958) | Huggett (1991, 1995, 1997) Phillips (1993b) | |
| Critical zone | National Research Council (2001) Chorover et al. (2007) | Banwart et al. (2017) | Banwart et al. (2017) |
| Biopedology | Darwin (1881) Johnson (1990) Johnson et al. (2005a) Johnson and Schaetzl (2015) | Peacock and Fant (2002) Johnson et al. (2005b) | Saco and Moreno‐de las Heras (2013) Gabet et al. (2014) |
| Geopedology and topopedology | Zinck et al. (2016) | Brillante et al. (2017) | Temme and Vanwalleghem (2016) Willgoose (2018) |
| Hydropedology | Lin (2003) | Pereira et al. (2018) | Ma et al. (2017) |
| Anthropopedology | Yaalon and Yaron (1966) Amundson and Jenny (1991) | Barton et al. (2016) Leguédois et al. (2016) |
Note. The boundaries between the three types of model are often blurred, with some actual models having characteristics of more than one type; the terms geopedology and so on are explained in Figure 1.2.
