Читать книгу Hydrogeology, Chemical Weathering, and Soil Formation - Allen Hunt - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 The soil system.Figure 1.2 Terrestrial spheres and their interaction as envisioned by Sante ...Figure 1.3 A schema for the terrestrial spheres: their interactions and exte...Figure 1.4 Research areas straddling the pedosphere and individual component...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Changes in climate, organisms, and atmospheric chemistry importan...Figure 2.2 Changes in climate, organisms, and atmospheric chemistry importan...Figure 2.3 Geologic timescale for the Mesozoic in association with relative ...Figure 2.4 Changes in climate, organisms, and atmospheric chemistry importan...Figure 2.5 Changes in climate, organisms, and atmospheric chemistry importan...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Plot of data compiled by Gentine et al. (2012) for ET/P as a func...Figure 3.2 Dependence of net primary productivity, NPP, on precipitation, P,...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Ecological categories of earthworms. (a) Epigeic species, Lumbric...Figure 4.2 Two different root systems. (a) Well‐branched roots of Lolium sp....Figure 4.3 Surface‐casts of anecic earthworms. (a) Different colors of struc...Figure 4.4 Burrows of anecic earthworms. (a) Burrow openings of anecic earth...Figure 4.5 Tree uprooted following a wind event two years ago. Soil (Cambiso...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Weathering intensity should increase from fresh bedrock towards t...Figure 5.2 Study site at Rocky Hill, in the Wairarapa region of New Zealand....Figure 5.3 Concentrations of Zr (left side) are relatively uniform with dept...Figure 5.4 In (a), weathering of bedrock should enrich Ti and Zr in saprolit...Figure 5.5 The fraction of tephra calculated using equation (4) (Ferrier et ...Figure 5.6 Tunable parameters in the mixing model (a) include the chemical d...Figure 5.7 Predicted Zr (purple) and Ti (orange) concentrations from best‐fi...Figure 5.8 Summary of the landscape history of Rocky Hill over the last 27 k...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Structural elements of clay minerals.Figure 6.2 Alpine investigation areas with data used. 1 = Schmadri, 2 = Glet...Figure 6.3 X‐ray diffractograms of ethylene glycol solvated clay samples fro...Figure 6.4 (a) μSi–μK diagram showing the normal water‐rock interaction path...Figure 6.5 Altitudinal sequence with soils, vegetation, climate, and element...Figure 6.6 Content of smectitic minerals as function of climate (amount of p...Figure 6.7 XRD patterns of ethylene glycol (EG)‐solvated soil clays from the...Figure 6.8 XRD‐diffractograms of the d(060) peak region separating trioctahe...Figure 6.9 Relating principles of the percolation theory with (a) soil thick...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Soil profile developed in a weathering volcanic debris deposit in...Figure 7.2 (a) and (b) Close‐up images of weathering clasts within a volcanic...Figure 7.3 Map illustrating the geographic extent of a representative sampli...Figure 7.4 (a) Rind thickness on basaltic andesite clasts as a function of bu...Figure 7.5 Weathering reactions at the clast scale occur at the core‐rind in...Figure 7.6 Cut slab of an oriented sampled clast spanning from the unweather...Figure 7.7 (a) Section of a weathering clast, the Qt2 unit of the Costa Rica ...Figure 7.8 (a) SEM backscatter image of a thin section spanning the core‐rind...Figure 7.9 Elemental mass transfer τ_Ti,Ca values for Costa Rica basalts...Figure 7.10 Representative photomicrograph across the core‐rind boundary of ...Figure 7.11 Residual values plotted as a function of distance from the visua...Figure 7.12 Plot of elemental mass transfer τ_I,j for Ca and Mg and tota...Figure 7.13 EDS SEM map of the core‐rind boundary of the clast shown in Figu...Figure 7.14 EDS image of a plagioclase phenocryst dissolving at the core‐rin...Figure 7.15 Rind formation rates and riverine solute fluxes from Guadeloupe ...Figure 7.16 Rind formation rates for andesitic and basaltic composition clas...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Counted coverage of soil‐forming processes (terminology of Bockhe...Figure 8.2 Spatial and temporal scales of model components (italic text, dot...Figure 8.3 Simulated evolution of soil properties over time (abscissa) and d...Figure 8.4 Simulated soil natural capital and Ecosystem Services over MIS 5e...Figure 8.5 Simulated climate and vegetation over MIS 5e by LOVECLIM, downsca...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Topics covered in this chapter with the range of spatial scales, ...Figure 9.2 Soil‐landslide feedback loop.Figure 9.3 Left: landslides in the basaltic rocks of the South African Drake...Figure 9.4 Left: looking vertically down at a landslide scarp in the Collazo...Figure 9.5 An example of landslide susceptibility maps for the Collazone reg...

10 Chapter 10aFigure 10A.1 Mechanical processes in soils. Consequences of stress strain an...Figure 10A.2 Interaction of stress strain and pore water pressure changes (t...Figure 10A.3 Stress distribution in soils as a function of increasing contac...Figure 10A.4 (a) Effect of shear deformation due to wheeling (rubber belt) o...Figure 10A.5 Analyses of site‐specific soil strength and stress‐induced chan...Figure 10A.6 Consequences of mechanical stress application on changes of eco...Figure 10A.7 Root growth and depth in soils: effects on availability and acc...Figure 10A.8 Effect of shear deformation on pore space dynamics and water fl...Figure 10A.9 Stress and strain effects on hydraulic propertiesFigure 10A.10 Coupled mechanical and hydraulic properties and processesFigure 10A.11 Redox potential values as function of applied mechanical stres...Figure 10A.12 Multidisciplinary effects of soil deformation on soil properti...

11 Chapter 10bFigure 10B.1 Types of soil carbon sequestration.Figure 10B.2 Mechanisms of protection of soil organic carbon against microbi...

12 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 The McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV), Antarctica.Figure 11.2 Streams (a) Priscu Stream, emerging from melt of the LaCroix Gla...Figure 11.3 Alkalinity and pH in two MDV streams over a daily hydrograph.Figure 11.4 Dissolved Si in Von Guerard hyporheic zone relative to streamwat...Figure 11.5 Chemostasis of silica, calcium, potassium, and bicarbonate in De...Figure 11.6 Stream channel erosion on Crescent Stream. Solute concentrations...

13 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Shaded relief map of the Southeastern United States showing the ...Figure 12.2 Conceptual landscape model of carbon and nutrient flux processes...Figure 12.3 Conceptual model of carbon and nutrient cycling in Lake Lanier, ...Figure 12.4 Calhoun Critical Zone Observatory location, watersheds, and samp...Figure 12.5 Lake (orange) and tributary (blue) sampling locations for Lake L...Figure 12.6 Calhoun CZO total phosphorus relationships with total dissolved ...Figure 12.7 Calhoun CZO total phosphorus and nitrogen relationships with tot...Figure 12.8 Lake Lanier tributary relationships between nutrients (total pho...Figure 12.9 Lake Lanier within‐lake relationships between nutrients (total p...

14 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Critical zone architecture reflects the integrated effects of we...Figure 13.2 Swath map of the east side of the Colorado Front Range in vicini...Figure 13.3 Shaded relief DEM of Gordon Gulch, showing the smaller upper bas...Figure 13.4 Top: Variation over a year of the average daily shortwave insola...Figure 13.5 Modeled solar radiation integrated over each day of the year to ...Figure 13.6 Seismic refraction profiles in Gordon Gulch. The four longest se...Figure 13.7 Mineralogy of soil pits in Gordon Gulch. Error bars show vertica...Figure 13.8 Elemental analyses from X‐ray fluorescence for samples from soil...Figure 13.9 Bulk density of mobile regolith from soil pits and of bedrock fr...Figure 13.10 Brazilian tensile test results in outcrop and saprolite (mobile...

15 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 The dependence of weathering rate reactions on flow velocity in ...Figure 14.2 Scaling diagram of relationships limiting the growth of fertiliz...Figure 14.3 Extension of depth predictions for soils to chemical weathering ...