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Indo-European peoples
The formation of the Celtic community
Customs and culture of the Celtic peoples
Shortly in Scots Gaelic
Shortly in Welsh
References
Indo-European languages – one of the largest language families in the world, which includes the following groups: Hitto-Luwian, or Anatolian; Indo-Aryan, or Indian; Iranian Armenian Phrygian; Greek Thracian; Albanian; Illyrian; Venetian Italian Romance Celtic German baltic; Slavic Tocharian. Presented on all inhabited continents of the Earth, the number of speakers exceeds 2.5 billion. According to the views of modern linguists, it is part of the macro-family of Nostratic languages, the Indo-European language, according to the hypothesis of the Danish scientist H. Pedersen, developed by V.M. Illich-Svitych and S.A. Starostin, is included in the nostratic (from the Latin word noster) macro-family of languages, among which he is especially close to the Kartvelian languages (Georgian, Mingrelian, Chan, Svan), which, like him, have an ablaut (alternating vowels in the same morpheme). Danish linguist X. Pedersen at one time put forward a hypothesis about the genetic connection of the languages of several largest families, which were considered unrelated. Scientific studies have shown the validity of combining Indo-European, Semitic, Hamitic, Uralic, Altai and some languages into a large nostratic macro-family of languages. This macrofamily has developed in the Upper Paleolithic on the territory of South-West Asia and its adjacent areas. During the retreat of the last Wurm glaciation and climatic warming in the Mesolithic, the Nostratic tribes settled throughout the vast territory of Asia and Europe; they pushed aside and partially assimilated the tribes that had lived there before. In this historical process, the Nostratic tribes formed a number of isolated areas where the formation of special language families began. The largest of them, the Indo-European language community, began to form on the territory of the Southern Urals, and then in the “Great Steppe” – from Altai to the Black Sea.
Indo-European areas of Kentum (blue) and Satem (red). The estimated initial area of satelliteisation is shown in bright red. Kentum-satem division is called isogloss in the Indo-European language family, related to the evolution of three rows of dorsal consonants reconstructed for the Pra-Indo-European language (PIE), * k-W (labio-velar), * k (velar), and * k; (chamber). The terms are derived from words meaning the numeral “hundred” in the representative languages of each group (Latin centum and Avestan satem).
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Ancient authors BC called the Urals – Lycos, (which in Greek means “wolf”), Ptolemy – II century AD – Daiks, Zemarha – 568 – Daikh, Ibn Fadlan – 921—922 – Jaih, al -Idrisi – 1154 – Ruza, Russian Annals – 1229 – Yaik, Willem Rubruk – 1253 – Yagak, N. and M. Polo – 1265 – Yagat, Ibn Battuta – 1333 Ulusu, Map of Muscovy S. Herberstein 1549 – Yaik, K.Kh. Jalairi – 1592 – Yaik, “The book for the large drawing” – 1627 – Yaik, Russian sources – XVII – XVIII – Zapolnaya river, Decree of Catherine II on the renaming of the river – 1775 – Urals. The name Yaik and Daiks, Daikh, Yagak and others in tune with it have been found for about 2 thousand years. It is easy to notice that the name of the Daitya River is very similar to the above! Perhaps the name of the river dates back to the Iranian-Slavic and means “giving”. Arias (Aryans) – the name of the peoples belonging to the Indo-Europeans (primarily Indo-Iranians). Aryan race – a term used in racist concepts to refer to the “higher” racial type – blond Aryans, the founders of great civilizations. The ethnonym Aryan many millennia ago meant “plowman”, and then became the name of the ruling people in ancient India. It is possible that there is a connection between the word “Aryans” and the common, in its fundamental basis, word for all the Baltic Slavic peoples, meaning this initial concept. The Latin word aries means ram, aries. Close to it is the Greek counterpart. Based on the mythology of the Vedic hymns composed by the Aryans, it can be concluded that “the country of the temperate zone, similar in climate to central Russia, was the original homeland of their ancestral tribe, a country alien to the tropics and the frosts of the lands closest to the pole …». The Aryans closely adjoined or even constituted a closely related community with the Proto-Baltic Slavic tribes. One of the main scientific confirmations of this fact is the striking similarity of Sanskrit of the Vedic Aryans with Slavic, especially East Slavic languages – in terms of the main lexical fund, grammatical structure, the role of formants and many other particularities.
Found in 1993 in Altai, the mummy of the “Princess of Ukok”, as scientists have found, also belongs to the Caucasians. It is believed that this is one of the most significant archaeological discoveries of the late XX century. According to the beliefs of the indigenous population of Altai, she guarded the so-called pharynx of the earth – the entrance to the underground kingdom. As for the nationality of the “Princess of Ukok,” disputes are still ongoing. DNA analysis showed that the girl belonged to the Caucasian race, anthropologists also claim that the “Princess of Ukok” “had South Caucasian features, and her clothes are of Indo-European, not Turkic origin.” As follows from the data of interdisciplinary research, the “princess” died at the age of about 25 years old, she belonged to the middle strata of the Pazyryk society and lived about 2.5 thousand years ago. Which proves the migration of Indo-European peoples not only to the west (Europe) and the south (Hindustan), but also to the east. It is known that a large group of Caucasoid tribes “di” lived in modern western China until the 5th century, and then assimilated with the Chinese. In South Siberia, in the 1st millennium BC and the 1st millennium BC, the European people “Dinlins” wandered, then mixed with the Kyrgyz, these are the so-called Yenisei Kirghiz.
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