Читать книгу Using Japanese Slang - Anne Kasschau - Страница 8

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Stupidity and Drunkenness

(baka, yopparai)

Baka-Related

Baka (stupid) is a good word with which to start our book. It is literally a four-letter word, and is probably the first—and perhaps only—Japanese swear word that most foreigners learn. Kenkyusha's Japanese-English Dictionary fills several columns with translations and explanations of this word, one of which is the quaintly Victorian-sounding old socks. In reality, however, when spoken in tones of disgust or anger, it has the impact of goddamn you bastard, or you son of a bitch.

In 1993, a TV program aired by the Asahi Broadcasting Company in Osaka examined the nationwide usage of baka and its synonym ahō, and was quite a hit. A book based on the reporter's investigation was subsequently published, receiving even more attention. According to this voluminous work by Osamu Matsumoto, Zenkoku Ahō Baka Bunpu-ko (The Nationwide Distribution of Ahō and Baka), words related to stupidity and idiocy are roughly classified into the baka group in eastern Japan (including Tokyo), Kyushu, and far Western Japan; and the ahō group in Nagoya and the Kansai region (including Osaka and Kyoto). There are also many colloquial synonyms in dialect, such as honji-nashi in the Tohoku and dara in the Hokuriku and San-in regions. These are still in use in local conversation. Among them, though, baka and ahō or ahō are the two major swear words in Japan, with baka being the older of the two.

According to Matsumoto, both baka and ahō derive from ancient Chinese, and even standard Japanese dictionaries offer mistaken etymologies. This is the extent to which even famous linguistic scholars disagree about the origins of words.

Baka, manuke (stupid ass) omae no kāchan (your mother) debeso (literally, protruding navel), is a typical taunt of children in the Tokyo region. Let's examine the usage of baka first.

Bakka, baka ne, or baka da ne, when spoken in tones of sympathy, convey that exact sentiment—what a mess you've got yourself into, you poor thing. O-baka-san, used to refer to a person, has similar connotations. O-in this case is a prefix showing affection and-san is a suffix for respect. The inverted form of baka (kaba) is also used affectionately.

On a somewhat stronger level is baka yarō, rarely used by women, which might best be translated as up your ass. Yarō means fellow or guy. (Roll the "r" shamelessly for added effect). The impact of this word on the Japanese can be illustrated by the fact that, in 1953, the Diet was forced to dissolve because then-Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida used it during a main session of the House of Representatives. Baka tare has the same meaning and impact, and is used mainly in Kansai.

Kusobaka is very strong and is only used by men. The kuso in this expression means shit, and the word should only be used under the most extreme circumstances. Kuso can also be added to babā and jijii, which are derogatory terms for old woman and old man respectively, to create kusobabā and kusojijii. These words are used to refer to a really disgusting old person.

Women as well as men, however, are allowed to use bakarashii or bakakusai when they feel that something is absurd or silly. Sonna bakarashii for bakakusai) koto wa dekimasen means I can't do something that silly. Rashii is a suffix meaning look like, seem, or appear, as in onnarashii (womanly) or kawairashii (lovely, charming). Kusai means to smell bad. So bakakusai has the connotation of something just reeking of stupidity. Bakamitai (mitai also means to look like or appear like) is very similar. These two terms are frequently used in ordinary conversation.

Baka-bakashii, an emphatic form of bakarashii, is a popular opening phrase in rakugo, Japanese traditional comic storytelling. A typical opening line is maido bakabakashii hanashi deshite, meaning this is a stupid story, as always.

When one adds ni suru to baka, the meaning becomes to make a fool of. If, for example, you feel someone is making a fool of you, you might say baka ni suru na (don't make a fool of me). Kobaka ni suru, on the other hand, means to look with disdain upon someone. Ko-is a prefix meaning small or little.

Similar irony is present in the expression usu-baka. Usui actually means thin or weak (as in weak tea or a weak drink), which can then be further interpreted as somewhat or slightly. When used with baka, however, the meaning becomes quite the opposite—a great fool, a real ninny. Usura-baka is a much stronger word, as is 6-baka, o-being written with the Japanese character for big.

Usui-and ko-, incidentally, may be used as prefixes with other words to obtain similar effects. Usugitanai or kogitanai, for example, (kitanai means dirty, shabby, or squalid) have connotations of extremely dirty, shabby, or squalid.

Baka used as a prefix, as in bakashōjiki, bakateinei, or bakawarai, adds the meaning of excessively. So these words, respectively, mean honest to a fault, excessively polite, and horse laugh. Nowadays when prices are high, the word bakayasu (yasu meaning inexpensive, from the word yasui) is also popular for something that seems absurdly cheap.

Adding ni to baka turns it into an adverb meaning awfully or terribly. Thus, kyō wa baka ni samui ne means it's awfully cold today, isn't it? The Japanese also use the expression bakayōki (yōki is weather) for odd weather. Baka ni tsukeru kusuri wa nai (tsukeru is to put on or apply, and kusuri is medicine) means there's no cure for a fool.

Bakauke and its verb form bakauke suru (ukeru being to appeal to the public) means an unexpectedly big hit. Baka no hitotsu oboe is a common Japanese saying that can be translated as a fool always uses the one thing he knows. In other words, baka shika shiranai to baka ni sareru (if stupid is the only word you know, people will think you're the stupid one).

Here are some other synonyms for baka that you should know so people won't think you're stupid.

Ahō, or more commonly ahō (fool, ass, or simpleton), is used all over Japan, but it's particularly popular in Kansai, where its softer sound is more acceptable to the local ear than the explosive-sounding baka. One can say sonna ahō na instead of sonna baka na to mean that's ridiculous. Ahokusai or ahokusa can be used in place of bakakusai to mean very smelly. You cannot, however, use the prefixes ko-or usu-in front of ahō.

Ahojikara replaces bakajikara (chikara is physical strength or power; euphonically changed to jikara) to mean excessively strong. This expression is used in the common phrase kajiba no bakajikara (unusual strength shown in an emergency such as a fire). You can replace bakajikara with kuso jikara.

Ahō has two variations, namely ahodara and ahondara. They are both compound words made from ahō and tara, and are more emphatic than ahō.

Antonyms for baka and ahō also show regional variations. Tokyoites say rikō mono (clever person), while Osaka people use kashikoi and kashikoi hito. When praising a child, Tokyoites will say o-rikō-san or ii ko ne, while people from Osaka say kashikoi ne or ēkoya.

There are a number of other near synonyms for baka that can be used when referring to perceived mental defects or personality shortcomings. Their usage is not as broad as baka or ahō, as they are usually descriptive of a particular, rather than a general, condition.

Saitei, for example, means the lowest, meanest, stupidest. Saitei-na yatsu (or yarō) can be translated as he's an asshole. The term can also be applied to inanimate objects, so that saitei-na koto becomes what shit or what crap.

Teinō, on the other hand, means a half-wit or bone-head, and can only be used when referring to a person, as in kare wa teinō da or mattaku teinō-na yatsu da (he's a total dimwit).

Nōtarin is a simpleton or jerk (nō is brain, and tarin is short for tarinai, which means lacking or insufficient). This is never used as an adjective, and only in connection with a person, as in aitsu wa nōtarin da (he's a jerk). Hakuchi (idiot) is used likewise, but is regarded as discriminatory. Use with care.

Manuke is another synonym for baka. The kanji for ma can also be pronounced aida, and here means a pause between rhythms or actions in Japanese music or dance. Nuke comes from the verb nukeru (to miss or lack). Manuke (without modulation), then, signifies a person who somehow lacks a normal sense of what he's doing, a half-wit or dunce. This word can be used both as a noun and an adjective. Thus, kare wa manuke or manuke-na yatsu or, in a slight variation, kare wa nukete iru, are all common expressions to mean he's out of it.

Hema and doji are close synonyms of manuke. Both can be translated as blunder, bungle, or mess. Doji is an abbreviated form of doshikujiri, from the verb shikujiru (to make a mistake or fail), with the emphatic prefix do-.

Hema is thought to derive from beta (incompetent) and manuke; hecho is its slang variation. Thus, when a person makes a careless blunder, like walking through a puddle instead of around it, you might say hema, manuke or baka, doji. Used as verbs (hema o shita or doji o funda), they can be translated as he goofed.

In English, people are sometimes called stupid jerks. They are in Japanese as well, using the expression tonma. The ma in tonma, which is both a noun and adjective meaning nincompoop, ass, or dimwit, is written with the Chinese character for ass or horse. Tonma da kara muri wa nai, then, means he's such a dunce, I'm not surprised he did something so stupid.

Ton-chiki and ton-chin-kan are two humorous synonyms for tonma. Ton-chiki (dope) can be used only when referring to a person, while ton-chin-kan (absurd, incoherent, or irrelevant) can be applied to people or things. The ton in the latter word comes from ton-tenkan, the sound made by blacksmiths when they hammer in concert with each other. The chin sound signifies being out of sync with others; thus, ton-chin-kan acquired its sense of discordance. Both of these terms can be used by women as well as men.

Noroma comes from noroi, meaning slow or tardy, and it is used to describe someone who is dull or muddleheaded. Again, it can be used as a noun or adjective as in noroma-na hito or aitsu wa baka de noroma (he's a stupid blockhead). Noro-noro suru na (or noro-noro shinai de when used by women) means don't be slow.

Guzu-guzu is an onomatopoetic expression that is a close synonym. It has the added implication not only of slow, but irresolute. Thus guzu-guzu suru na (or shinai de) means stop your dilly-dallying. The guzu from guzuguzu can also be used in place of noroma. Kare wa guzu da means he's a laggard. For emphasis one can say guzu de noroma. Or to be more slangy, use guzura instead of guzu.

Otanchin and anpontan are near synonyms for baka, manuke, and tonma, but their sounds give them a more humorous and colloquial slant. Both of them can be used simply by themselves or in a phrase such as ano otanchin (that boob). For greater effect and emphasis, pronounce it ottanchin.

Otanko-nasu and boke-nasu are similar to otanchin, but have stronger meanings. Nasu means eggplant. Boke here comes from hbkeru or bokeru, which mean to become senile or absent-minded. Literal translations aside, the image should be clear. Grammatically these two words are used in the same way as otanchin and, when used by a woman, should be followed by ne or yo.

Another word that makes use of the explosive "b" sound (as in baka) is bon-kura (blockhead). It comes from yakuza (gangster) language. Bon is the tray on which the mobsters gamble with dice, and kura comes from kurai, meaning dark or without knowledge. The implication therefore is a gambler who knows little about gambling—despite its being his own occupation. In this way, the expression came to mean a useless person.

Dekunobo is a similar word, a very expressive one, meaning blockhead, dummy or dolt, a person who just doesn't react. Deku is a wooden doll or puppet, and bo is an affectionate term for a man. Ano hito wa dekunobo, then, refers to a man who's a dummy or useless.

Pa is really the ultimate put-down. Used in conjunction with a simultaneous upward thrusting, opening gesture of the palm of the hand by the side of the speaker's head, it means a complete dud, a zero, a nothing.

Dame, meaning no good, is probably a word many students of Japanese are already familiar with. But let's look at some of its colloquial applications. A long-running Japanese comic strip was entitled Dame Oyaji (oyaji means father), and the protagonist (if we can call him that) was a helpless, hapless father. Perhaps because of this connection, it's more fashionable and sophisticated to say dame oyaji than the conventional and grammatical dame-na oyaji. The same can be said for dame otoko (man) or dame onna (woman).

Dame has its origins in the Japanese board game of go, in which players compete to secure spaces which then count as their territory. In most cases, useless spaces (muda-na me) will remain in the border areas when the game is over. These spaces are called dame. Aside from this rather specialized use of the word, dame nowadays is applied to anything that is useless, no good, or impossible. Dame-na musuko is an oft-heard lament when parents describe a no-good (or perceived as no-good) son. Deki ga warui ko is similar, meaning an unaccomplished child, while deki sokonai is even worse, literally a failure.

Kono tokei (this watch) wa dame desu means this watch doesn't run or, depending on the context, this watch won't do. Naitemo (even if you cry) dame da means it's useless to cry. When a Japanese mother says simply dame to her child, it means don't do that or, more emphatically, stop it. If you reply dame (desu) when you're asked to do something, it means that you are unable to help out, or simply, no. This can sound a bit abrupt in Japanese, however. A more common and more polite response would be muzukashii (desu), muzukashii being an ordinary word for difficult.

Gūtara is similar to dame in meaning good-for-nothing. Gūtara oyaji can be used almost interchangeably with dame oyaji, and conjures up the image of Dagwood from the comic strip Blondie, relentlessly sleeping on the sofa while the lawnmower languishes in the garage.

Ikare ponchi, now archaic, 13 similar to dame otoko/ onna. The verb ikareru means to become useless or touched in the head. It can be used similarly to dame as in kono tokei wa ikarete iru (this watch doesn't work). Ponchi comes from bonchi (a young boy in Kansai dialect), and ikare is a shortened form of ikareta, the past tense of ikareru. The word became popular after World War II, when traditional Japanese ways of thinking were changing drastically, and many young people became ikare ponchi in their confusion as to how to adjust to the new (dis)order.

Ikareta is still used and by itself means dame in the sense of someone having a hole in his head or being really off his rocker. It can also be used to mean enchanted with as in kare wa kanojo ni ikareteru (he's crazy about her), acting like a hoodlum as in aitsu wa ikareteru (he's acting like a thug), and to be an idiot as in kare wa ikareteru (he's a moron).

Now, we'd like to introduce some terms that sound like the male names Yotarō, Santarō, Fūtarō, and Tōshirō, but actually connote further meanings. The use of names to imply something else is common in many languages. A John, in English, for example, is used to mean the toilet as well as a prostitute's customer. A cuppa joe is a cup of coffee. And a lulu is an astounding person or thing.

One term derived from a name comes from Japan's sports world. Dozaemon is a synonym for the victim of a drowning. It seems that in the Edo era there was an enormously fat sumo wrestler by the name of Dozaemon Naruse, whose swollen body and vast white expanse of stomach reminded people of a drowned person. Although most Japanese today don't know the origin of this term, they use it more frequently than the legal term dekishisha (deki is drowned, shi is death, and sha is person). There are, incidentally, four ways of talking about drowning in Japanese: dozaemon ni naru, oboreru, dekishi suru, and suishi suru.

Yotarō sounds like an ordinary man's name, but it has taken on another meaning over time. Yotarō is a favorite character in rakugo, traditional comic storytelling. In classic rakugo, Yotarō always appears as an innocently simple fool, his sole purpose being to cause great amusement among the audience. Thus the word yotarō has come to be a near synonym for a young baka manuke (blockhead or dunce). The shortened form yota is used to mean stupidity, or a useless person or thing.

Yota banashi (hanashi is story, changed euphonically to banashi) and yota-mono are derivatives of yotarō. The former can be translated as nonsense or unreliable talk, and the latter as hoodlum or gangster. Thus yota banashi shinai de means don't talk nonsense, yota o tobasu (tobasu means let fly) means to talk nonsense, and kare wa yotamon(o) da means he's a hoodlum. Yotamon and yotako are variations of yota-mono, the latter being a derogatory word for yakuza and other rough characters.

Yotaru and yotatte iru are derivative verbs meaning to act like a hoodlum. Yakuza and gurentai, however, are more up-to-date words for gangsters than yotamono. This will be discussed in more detail later.

Santarō also sounds like an ordinary name. San is three, and, literally translated, santarō means third son. But it's understood in a broader sense as a half-wit. This is because it's said in Japan that the first and third sons tend to be rather foolish, while the second son, more often than not, is the clever one. Thus o-baka santarō means a dunderhead or a real horse's ass.

Fūtarō (fu being an alternative pronunciation of the character for kaze, or wind) means an insignificant person, someone who just blows in the wind and disappears as effortlessly as a spring breeze. Contemporary variations of this word, such as pūtarō, will be explained in the chapter on young people's language.

Tōshirō used to be a very common man's name in Japan. It is used now, however, with the sense of amateur or non-professional. Tōshirō derives from the word shirōto (amateur), which is used particularly in connection with the arts and professions. The two kanji with which shirōto is written are those for simple and person. When written with a different character, shiro means white and carries implications of pure and innocent. Shiro's opposite kuro, on the other hand, also can be written with several different kanji. These bear connotations of black, accomplishment, or mystery, depending on the character used.

Several word plays take advantage of these homonyms. Diametrically opposite to shirōto is kurōto (kuro is black), which means a person who is accomplished, particularly in the arts and crafts, a professional, prostitute, or bar hostess. When a defendant is found not guilty, for example, he or she is called shiro, while kuro is used for someone found guilty. Aitsu wa shiro da to omou, then, means I think that guy is innocent.

The reason that shirōto became tōshirō is really quite simple. The Japanese, particularly gangsters and entertainers, have a habit of inverting words to create a secret language. Gangsters, for example, refer to women (onna) as naon. And hiikō is often used instead of kōhii (coffee). You can use tōshirō or tōshirō as in aitsu wa honto ni tōshirō da (he really doesn't know what he's doing). And when you add the emphatic prefix do-, it becomes the even more contemptuous doshirōto, ne (you're a real amateur).

Yoppara-Related

Nonbei is another word that sounds like a name, but it means a habitual drinker or drunkard. It comes from the verb nomu (to drink) and the suffix-bei, which in the past was commonly attached to men's names. Nonbei can be used when speaking of either men or women, however. Nomisuke is a synonym (-suke is also a suffix sometimes attached to Japanese men's names). Ō-zakenomi (sake is Japanese rice wine and o-means big) is a boozer, and uwabami (python) is a heavy drinker. Nondakure is a constant drunk, sometimes a bum, while sakebitari is to indulge in drinking. The bitari here comes from the verb hitaru with a euphonic change, meaning to be soaked or immersed in.

In the fall of 1993, some shocking news (shocking for Japan, that is) was reported by Kurihama National Hospital. Japanese under 20 are legally prohibited from drinking; nevertheless, it was found that 14% of high school students (age 15 to 18) consume alcohol one or more times a week.

There are various reasons for this. Unlike in Europe and North America, there are vending machines nationwide in Japan where alcohol can be easily purchased by those underage without any ID check, though the machines are expected to be closed down at 11 P.M.

As of 1990, the number of alcohol vending machines reached 200,000 (one per 600 persons), 70% of them selling beer. The Ministry of Health and Welfare has asked retailers to exercise restraint in this matter, but the Ministry of Finance is not too enthusiastic about it since the machines are a lucrative source of tax revenue. Recently there has been serious criticism of this state of affairs, and plans to remove alcohol and cigarette vending machines have been carried out at the local level.

Sake is sometimes called kichigai mizu (literally, crazy water), and is thought to paralyze a part of the brain and create a condition of stupidity. Shirafu (literally, white face) means sober. This is because the Japanese characteristically become very red in the face when they drink.

Horo-yoi means tipsy. Here how means a little, and yoi means to become drunk. Ippai kigen can also be translated as tipsy, with ippai meaning one glass and kigen meaning humor or mood.

Yopparai is used when tipsiness passes into drunkenness. It is similar to nonbei, but more colloquial. Also, while nonbei describes a habitual drinker, yopparai can describe someone who occasionally gets drunk. It comes from the verb yopparau, meaning to get very drunk or sloshed, which, in turn, is derived from the verb you. You has three interpretations: to get drunk, to get sea-sick, and to be fascinated by music, etc. If you call someone yopparai in an angry tone, it's equivalent to saying you goddam drunk, get out of here.

Jogō is a tippler. It can be used in compounds, such as warai-jogō (a happy drunk), naki-jogō (a maudlin drinker), and okori-jogō (a mean drunk).

Geko is a bad or weak drinker. It can also mean a teetotaler. It is always used by itself, never in compounds.

Strong drinkers are generally called hidari-tō (literally, left-handed party). Hidari comes from the word for left, as in left-handed, and implies people who want to continue drinking so badly that they will drink with their left hand, while using their right to eat simultaneously.

Geko are thought of so contempuously that they are called ama-tō (lovers of sweets). Ama comes from amai mono (sweets), and tō means party or faction. Ama-tō are often regarded as buchōhō (impolite, awkward, or unccomplished). An antonym for ama-tō is kara-tō (literally, hot and dry), which is also used to refer to a drinker.

Japanese people often inquire as to whether their guests can drink or not by asking ikeru kuchi desu ka? (ikeru means literally to be able to go, but can also mean to be nice or good). When one says kono sake wa ikeru, it means the sake is not bad, with the connotation that it's actually good. Ikenai-kuchi is similar to geko and buchōhō.

One reason why most of the so-called geko don't drink is that Japanese people tend to get red (akaku naru) in the face when they drink. Thus, akaku naru kara nomanai is a favorite excuse for declining a drink, used especially by young women.

The onomatopoeic expressions hebereke and berobero both mean to be in a state of dead drunkenness. Kare wa hebereke da or hebereke ni yotte iru, then, mean he's dead drunk. The expression watashi wa anata ni yotte iru literally means I'm drunk over you, or I'm in love with you.

Ō-tora (big tiger) is a violent or roaring drunk. Ōtora are often found sleeping it off in the torabako (tiger box) at local police stations all over Japan.

Yoitsubureru (tsubureru is to be crushed or destroyed) is almost identical to its English equivalent, smashed. Waru-yoi (bad drunk) is used when someone gets sick from drinking. This often happens in Japan, especially around the end of the year. It's a regrettable fact that, in the evening, it's usually wise to watch where you're stepping in certain areas of the city or on train platforms. Futsukayoi (literally, to be drunk for two days) is the Japanese word for a hangover. Aru-chū, which is a derogatory abbreviation for arukōru chūdoku (literally, alcohol poisoning) is used to refer to an alcoholic.

Hashigo (ladder) or hashigo-zake is a good way to become an aru-chū. (Zake here is a euphonic change of sake, which in addition to meaning Japanese rice wine is also a generic term for any alcoholic beverage). These terms refer to pub-crawling or bar-hopping. And when one has been bar-hopping long enough, one's gait becomes chidoh-ashi. Chidori is a plover, which is a long-legged water bird, and ashi is a foot or leg. Plovers walk rather clumsily, zigzagging along like a drunk, and this, obviously, is the origin of this term.

Nomi-ya is a general term for a drinking house. Traditionally, drinking in Japan involves eating as well. Typical locations for drinking in Japan are yakitoh-ya (restaurants serving skewered grilled chicken), oden-ya (restaurants serving oden or Japanese stew), and sushi-ya (sushi restaurants). The least expensive and most popular, though, are the biya horu (beer halls), and ippai-nomi-ya or izaka-ya (drinking houses or pubs). In beer halls a large variety of items is served, from little plates of hors d'oeuvres to full meals. In izaka-ya, customers can get a large variety of o-kazu (side dishes) to accompany beer, sake, whiskey, shōchōū (a cheap liquor made from potatoes, rice, or wheat), and other alcoholic beverages. Restaurant/bars called robata-yaki (literally, fireside grill) are also very popular. These establishments serve food that is grilled right in front of the customers.

Cheap drinking houses often hang red lanterns at the entrance; thus, they are collectively called aka chochin (red lanterns). After having a few drinks and some snacks at such an establishment, a nomisuke might hashigo on his chidori-ashi to a bā, sunakku, or karaoke-bā (bar, small night club, and karaoke bar, respectively).

Speaking of food and drink, although sakana is now used to mean fish, the word actually originates from sake no na, na being literally edible grass or vegetables. Later it came to be a general term for food to enjoy while drinking sake. The redundant sake no sakana has now come to mean the butt of a joke made while drinking. The word sakana by itself can also be used in this context, as in oi, ore o sakana ni shitarō? (you enjoyed making fun of me, didn't you?).