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Notes
Оглавление1 1. Louis Wirth, On Cities and City Life: Selected Papers (Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 1964).
2 2. Headquarters, Department of the Army, ATP 3-06: Urban Operations (December 2017), 1–3.
3 3. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 87.
4 4. Clausewitz, On War, 75.
5 5. Antonio Sampaio, Illicit Order: The Military Logic of Organized Crime and Urban Security in Rio de Janiero (London: IISS, 2019), 8.
6 6. Mike Davis, Planet of the Slums (London: Verso), 1–11.
7 7. Russell Glenn, Combat in Hell: A Consideration of Constrained Urban Warfare (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Arroyo Centre, 1996), 2.
8 8. Ralph Peters, ‘Our soldiers, their cities’, Parameters 26(1) 1996, 43.
9 9. E.g., Gregory Ashworth, War and the City (London: Routledge, 1991); Michael C. Desch, ‘Why MOUT now?’ in Michael C. Desch (ed.), Soldiers in Cities: Military Operations on Urban Terrain (Carlisle PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2001), 1–16; Sean Edwards Mars Unmasked: The Changing Face of Urban Operations (New York: Rand Arroyo Centre, 2000); Paul Hirst, Space and Power (Cambridge: Polity, 2005); Louis DiMarco, Concrete Hell: Urban Warfare from Stalingrad to Iraq (Oxford: Osprey, 2012).
10 10. Gian Gentile, David E. Johnson, Lisa Saum-Manning, Raphael S. Cohen, . . . James L. Doty, III, Reimagining the Character of Urban Operations for the US Army (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Arroyo Centre, 2017), 8–9.
11 11. Michael Evans, ‘Lethal genes: the urban military imperative and Western strategy in the early twenty-first century’, Journal of Strategic Studies 32(4) 2009, 516.
12 12. Michael Evans, City without Joy: Military Operations in the 21st Century (Canberra: Australian Defence College, Occasional Series no. 2, 2007), 14.
13 13. David Kilcullen, Out of the Mountains: The Coming of Age of the Urban Guerrilla (London: Hurst and Company, 2013), 74–6.
14 14. Frank Hoffman, ‘Complex irregular warfare: the next revolution in military affairs’, Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs 50(3) 2006, 395–411.
15 15. See Chapter 3 for an explanation of the rise of urban insurgencies.
16 16. Alec Wahlman, Storming the City (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2015), 1–2.
17 17. Alice Hills, Future Wars in Cities: Rethinking a Liberal Dilemma (London: Frank Cass, 2004), 16–26; Kilcullen, Out of the Mountains, 18–40.
18 18. Saskia Sassen, ‘When the city itself becomes a technology of war’, Theory, Culture and Society 27(6) 2010, 37; Warfare Branch, Headquarters Field Army, Operations in the Urban Environment (Warminster: Land Warfare Centre, 2018), 13.
19 19. Hans Delbrück, History of the Art of War within the Framework of Political History. Vol. 1: Warfare in Antiquity, trans. Walter Renfroe, Jr. (London: Greenwood Press, 1975), 33.
20 20. Delbrück, History of the Art of War.
21 21. Delbrück, History of the Art of War. See also Gordon Craig, ‘Hans Delbrück: military historian’, in Peter Paret (ed.), The Makers of Modern Strategy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986), 333, 336.
22 22. Christopher Duffy, The Fortress in the Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great, 1660–1789, vol. II (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), 292.
23 23. Duffy’s argument is consistent with the debates about the early modern military revolution, a major element of which involved a discussion of the increasing size of European armies after 1500.
24 24. Jeremy Black, Fortifications and Siegecraft (London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2018), 236.
25 25. Clausewitz, On War, Book Six, chs 10 and 11, ‘Fortresses’ and ‘Fortresses – continued’, and Book Seven, ch. 17, ‘Attack on fortresses’.
26 26. E.g., Karl Haltiner, ‘The definite end of the mass army in Western Europe?’ Armed Forces and Society 25(1) 1998, 7–36.
27 27. Relative to the size of the Israel population, the IDF has, in fact, shrunk by about half in the same era.
28 28. Matt Matthews, We Were Caught Unprepared: The 2006 Hezbollah–Israel War (Ft Leavenworth, KS: US Army Combined Arms Centre, Combat Studies Institute, 2008), 50; David Johnson, Hard Fighting: Israel in Lebanon and Gaza (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Arroyo Centre, 2011), 69.
29 29. S. L. A. Marshall, ‘Notes on urban warfare’, Army Material Systems Analysis Agency, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, April 1973, 8–11.
30 30. S. J. Lewis, ‘The battle of Stalingrad’, in William Robertson (ed.), Block by Block: The Challenges of Urban Operations (Ft Leavenworth, KS: US ACGS College Press, 2003), 30.
31 31. David Glantz, with Jonathan House, The Stalingrad Trilogy, Volume 2: Armageddon in Stalingrad: September–November 1942 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2009).
32 32. Lewis, ‘The battle of Stalingrad’, 31.
33 33. Glantz, The Stalingrad Trilogy, 33, 719–20; Antony Beevor, Stalingrad (London: Penguin 1999), 433–5.
34 34. Glantz, The Stalingrad Trilogy, 609; Beevor, Stalingrad, 242–3; Lewis, ‘The battle of Stalingrad’.
35 35. Beevor, Stalingrad, 435–7.
36 36. Alexander McKee, Caen: Anvil of Victory (London: Souvenir, 1984), 247.
37 37. John Mearsheimer, ‘Maneuvre, mobile defence and the NATO central front’, International Security 6(3) 1982, 116, 118; also John Mearsheimer, ‘Why the Soviets can’t win quickly in Central Europe’, International Security 7(1) 1982, 33.
38 38. E.g., Army Field Manual, vol. IV, part 5, Fighting in Built-up Areas (1983), 1–2.
39 39. Headquarters, Department of the Army, Field Manual 90-10: Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1979), 1-1.
40 40. Christopher R. Gabel, ‘“Knock ’em all down”: the reduction of Aachen, October 1944’, in Robertson (ed.), Block by Block, 60–90.
41 41. Kevin Benson, ‘Manila, 1945’, in John Antal and Bradley Gericke (eds), City Fights: Selected Histories of Urban Combat from World War II to Vietnam (New York: Ballantine, 2003), 230–50.
42 42. Rick Andres, Craig Wills and Thomas Griffith, ‘Winning the allies: the strategic value of the Afghan Model’, International Security 30(3) 2005/6, 124–60; Steven Biddle, ‘Allies, airpower and modern warfare: the Afghan model in Afghanistan and Iraq’, International Security 30(3) 2005/6, 161–76.
43 43. Andrew Cordesman, The Iraq War: Strategy, Tactics and Military Lessons (London: Praeger, 2003), 16, 130; Kenneth Estes, Marine Corps Operations in Iraq 2003–2006 (Quantico, VA: USMC History Division).
44 44. Cordesman, The Iraq War, 44.
45 45. Cordesman, The Iraq War, 46–7.
46 46. Walter L. Perry, Richard E. Darilek, Laurinda L. Rohn and Jerry M. Sollinger (eds), Decisive War, Elusive Peace (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Arroyo Centre), 205.
47 47. Perry et al., Decisive War, Elusive Peace, 205.
48 48. Perry et al., Decisive War, Elusive Peace, 86.
49 49. Perry et al., Decisive War, Elusive Peace, 90–3.
50 50. Perry et al., Decisive War, Elusive Peace, 205–6.
51 51. Stephen Biddle, ‘Speed kills: reassessing the role of speed, precision and situation awareness in the fall of Saddam’, Journal of Strategic Studies 30(1) 2007, 27.
52 52. Biddle, ‘Speed kills’, 29.
53 53. Perry et al., Decisive War, Elusive Peace, 65, 67–78; Gregory Fontenot, E. J. Degen and David Tohn, On Point: The US Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom (Ft Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2004), 89; Gary Livingston, An-Nasiriyah: The Fight for the Bridges (Open Library: Caisson Press, 2017); Ray Smith and Bing West, The March Up (London: Pimlico, 2003), 31–48; Rod Andrew, Jr., US Marines in Battle: An-Nasiriyah, 23 March – 2 April 2003 (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014).
54 54. Tim Pritchard, Ambush Alley (Novato, CA: Presidio, 2007), 341.
55 55. http://www.geonames.org/IQ/largest-cities-in-iraq.html.
56 56. Michael Dewar, War in the Streets (London: BCA, 1992), 81–4.
57 57. Anthony Cordesman and Abraham Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume IV: The Gulf War (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996), 116, 118.
58 58. Fontenot et al., On Point, 100.
59 59. Kevin Wood, The Mother of All Battles (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2008).
60 60. Fontenot et al., On Point, 2.
62 62. Amos Fox, ‘“Cyborgs at Little Stalingrad”: a brief history of the battles of the Donetsk airport, 26 May 2014 to 21 January 2015’, May 2019: https://www.ausa.org/sites/default/files/publications/LWP-125-Cyborgs-at-Little-Stalingrad-A-Brief-History-of-the-Battle-of-the-Donetsk-Airport.pdf, 10.
63 63. Paul Quinn-Judge, ‘Ukraine’s meat grinder is back in business’, Foreign Policy, 12 April 2016: http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/12/ukraines-meat-grinder-is-back-in-business/.
