Читать книгу VCSEL Industry - Babu Dayal Padullaparthi - Страница 36

A first large market for VCSELs with large‐scale production had begun in 1995 [40]. Around 1999, the Internet spread rapidly worldwide. The dramatic growth of data centers created communication networks that support the Internet, including long‐distance optical fiber networks and local area networks (LANs). Metaphorically, the artery of the blood vessel is the long‐distance line, and the LAN is a capillary. VCSEL was adopted as a light source for LANs operating at 1 Gbit/s and running Fiber Channel and Ethernet protocols.

The protocols were further standardized (10G; IEEE802.3ae in 2002, 100G; IEEE802.3ba in 2011) for the optical fiber communication that constitutes the LAN of the Internet. In 2020, high speed VCSELs and the pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) scheme have been developed for 400 Gbit/s high‐speed Ethernet. Information flows through the capillaries of companies and universities. Details on VCSELs in data communications will be covered in Chapter 4.

In addition to applications in data centers owned and operated by IT companies, national organizations and universities began to include optical interconnects in computing architectures. For the supercomputer TSUBAME 3.0 by Tokyo Institute of Technology more than 16 000 VCSELs were included in the system. More than 300 000 VCSELs are used in IBM’s top supercomputer. In the world’s fastest (2019 and 2020) supercomputer Fugaku of RIKEN of Japan, it was reported that the numbers of VCSEL chips used was 640 000.

 https://www.r‐ccs.riken.jp/en/fugaku/project/outline.

 https://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/SUPER/primehpc‐fx1000‐hard‐en.pdf.