Fundamental Philosophy, Vol. I (of 2)
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Balmes Jaime Luciano. Fundamental Philosophy, Vol. I (of 2)
INTRODUCTION
BOOK FIRST. ON CERTAINTY
CHAPTER I. IMPORTANCE AND UTILITY OF THE QUESTION OF CERTAINTY
CHAPTER II. TRUE STATE OF THE QUESTION
CHAPTER III. CERTAINTY OF THE HUMAN RACE, AND PHILOSOPHICAL CERTAINTY
CHAPTER IV. EXISTENCE OF TRANSCENDENTAL SCIENCE IN THE ABSOLUTE INTELLECTUAL ORDER
CHAPTER V. TRANSCENDENTAL SCIENCE IN THE HUMAN INTELLECTUAL ORDER CANNOT EMANATE FROM THE SENSES
CHAPTER VI. TRANSCENDENTAL SCIENCE. – INSUFFICIENCY OF REAL TRUTHS
CHAPTER VII. THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE ME CANNOT PRODUCE TRANSCENDENTAL SCIENCE
CHAPTER VIII. UNIVERSAL IDENTITY
CHAPTER IX. UNIVERSAL IDENTITY, – CONTINUED
CHAPTER X. PROBLEM OF REPRESENTATION: MONADS OF LEIBNITZ
CHAPTER XI. PROBLEM OF REPRESENTATION EXAMINED
CHAPTER XII. IMMEDIATE INTELLIGIBILITY
CHAPTER XIII. REPRESENTATION OF CAUSALITY AND IDEALITY
CHAPTER XIV. IMPOSSIBILITY OF FINDING THE FIRST PRINCIPLE IN THE IDEAL ORDER
CHAPTER XV. THE INDISPENSABLE CONDITION OF ALL HUMAN KNOWLEDGE. – MEANS OF PERCEIVING TRUTH
CHAPTER XVI. CONFUSION OF IDEAS IN DISPUTES ON THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE
CHAPTER XVII. THOUGHT AND EXISTENCE. – DESCARTES' PRINCIPLE
CHAPTER XVIII. THE PRINCIPLE OF DESCARTES, CONTINUED. – HIS METHOD
CHAPTER XIX. VALUE OF THE PRINCIPLE. I THINK: ITS – ANALYSIS
CHAPTER XX. TRUE SENSE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF CONTRADICTION. – KANT'S OPINION
CHAPTER XXI. DOES THE PRINCIPLE OF CONTRADICTION MERIT THE TITLE OF FUNDAMENTAL; AND IF SO, IN WHAT SENSE?
CHAPTER XXII. THE PRINCIPLE OF EVIDENCE
CHAPTER XXIII. THE CRITERION OF CONSCIOUSNESS
CHAPTER XXIV. THE CRITERION OF EVIDENCE
CHAPTER XXV. THE OBJECTIVE VALUE OF IDEAS
CHAPTER XXVI. CAN ALL COGNITIONS BE REDUCED TO THE PERCEPTION OF IDENTITY?
CHAPTER XXVII. CONTINUATION OF THE SAME SUBJECT
CHAPTER XXVIII. CONTINUATION OF THE SAME SUBJECT
CHAPTER XXIX. ARE THERE TRUE SYNTHETIC JUDGMENTS A PRIORI IN THE SENSE OF KANT?
CHAPTER XXX. VICO'S CRITERION
CHAPTER XXXI. CONTINUATION OF THE SAME SUBJECT
CHAPTER XXXII. THE CRITERION OF COMMON SENSE
CHAPTER XXXIII. ERROR OF LAMENNAIS ON COMMON CONSENT
CHAPTER XXXIV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
BOOK SECOND. ON SENSATION
CHAPTER I. SENSATION IN ITSELF
CHAPTER II. MATTER IS INCAPABLE OF SENSATION
CHAPTER III. SLEEP AND WAKING
CHAPTER IV. RELATION OF SENSATIONS TO AN EXTERNAL WORLD
CHAPTER V. AN IDEALIST HYPOTHESIS
CHAPTER VI. IS THE EXTERNAL AND IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF SENSATIONS A FREE CAUSE?
CHAPTER VII. ANALYSIS OF THE OBJECTIVENESS OF SENSATIONS
CHAPTER VIII. SENSATION OF EXTENSION
CHAPTER IX. OBJECTIVENESS OF THE SENSATION OF EXTENSION
CHAPTER X. FORCE OF TOUCH TO MAKE SENSATIONS OBJECTIVE
CHAPTER XI. INFERIORITY OF TOUCH COMPARED WITH OTHER SENSES
CHAPTER XII. CAN SIGHT ALONE GIVE US THE IDEA OF A SURFACE?
CHAPTER XIII. CHESELDEN'S BLIND MAN
CHAPTER XIV. CAN SIGHT GIVE US THE IDEA OF A SOLID?
CHAPTER XV. SIGHT AND MOTION
CHAPTER XVI. POSSIBILITY OF OTHER SENSES
CHAPTER XVII. EXISTENCE OF NEW SENSES
CHAPTER XVIII. SOLUTION OF LAMENNAIS' OBJECTION
BOOK THIRD. EXTENSION AND SPACE
CHAPTER I. EXTENSION INSEPARABLE FROM THE IDEA OF BODY
CHAPTER II. EXTENSION NOT PERCEPTIBLE AS THE DIRECT AND IMMEDIATE OBJECT OF SENSATIONS
CHAPTER III. SCIENTIFIC FRUITFULNESS OF THE IDEA OF EXTENSION
CHAPTER IV. REALITY OF EXTENSION
CHAPTER V. GEOMETRICAL EXACTNESS REALIZED IN NATURE
CHAPTER VI. REMARKS ON EXTENSION
CHAPTER VII. SPACE. – NOTHING
CHAPTER VIII. DESCARTES AND LEIBNITZ ON SPACE
CHAPTER IX. OPINION OF THOSE WHO ATTRIBUTE TO SPACE A NATURE DISTINCT FROM BODIES
CHAPTER X. OPINION OF THOSE WHO HOLD SPACE TO BE THE IMMENSITY OF GOD
CHAPTER XI. FENELON'S OPINION
CHAPTER XII. WHAT SPACE CONSISTS IN
CHAPTER XIII. NEW DIFFICULTIES
CHAPTER XIV. ANOTHER IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCE
CHAPTER XV. ILLUSION OF FIXED POINTS IN SPACE
CHAPTER XVI. OBSERVATIONS ON KANT'S OPINION
CHAPTER XVII. INABILITY OF KANT'S DOCTRINE TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF THE POSSIBILITY OF EXPERIENCE
CHAPTER XVIII. THE PROBLEM OF SENSIBLE EXPERIENCE
CHAPTER XIX. EXTENSION ABSTRACTED FROM PHENOMENA
CHAPTER XX. ARE THERE ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDES?
CHAPTER XXI. PURE INTELLIGIBILITY OF THE EXTENDED WORLD
CHAPTER XXII. INFINITE DIVISIBILITY
CHAPTER XXIII. UNEXTENDED POINTS
CHAPTER XXIV. A CONJECTURE ON THE TRANSCENDENTAL NOTION OF EXTENSION
CHAPTER XXV. HARMONY OF THE REAL, PHENOMENAL, AND IDEAL ORDERS
CHAPTER XXVI. CHARACTER OF THE RELATIONS OF THE REAL ORDER TO THE PHENOMENAL
CHAPTER XXVII. WHETHER EVERY THING MUST BE IN SOME PLACE
CHAPTER XXVIII. CONTINGENCY OF CORPOREAL RELATIONS
CHAPTER XXIX. SOLUTION OF TWO DIFFICULTIES
CHAPTER XXX. PASSIVE SENSIBILITY
CHAPTER XXXI. POSSIBILITY OF A GREATER SPHERE IN ACTIVE SENSIBILITY
CHAPTER XXXII. POSSIBILITY OF THE PENETRATION OF BODIES
CHAPTER XXXIII. A TRIUMPH OF RELIGION IN THE FIELD OF PHILOSOPHY
CHAPTER XXXIV. CONCLUSION AND SUMMING UP
NOTES TO BOOK FIRST
ON CHAPTER I
ON CHAPTER II
ON CHAPTER III
ON CHAPTER IV
ON CHAPTER V
ON CHAPTER VI
ON CHAPTER VII
ON CHAPTER VIII
ON CHAPTER IX
ON CHAPTER X
ON CHAPTER XI
ON CHAPTER XII
ON CHAPTER XIII
ON CHAPTER XIV
ON CHAPTER XV
ON CHAPTER XVI
ON CHAPTER XVII
ON CHAPTER XVIII
ON CHAPTER XIX
ON CHAPTER XX
ON CHAPTER XXI
ON CHAPTER XXII
ON CHAPTER XXIII
ON CHAPTER XXIV
ON CHAPTER XXV
ON CHAPTERS XXVI., XXVII., AND XXVIII
ON CHAPTERS XXX AND XXXI
ON CHAPTER XXXII
NOTE TO BOOK SECOND
ON CHAPTER II
NOTES TO BOOK THIRD
ON CHAPTER X
ON CHAPTER XVII
ON CHAPTER XIX
Отрывок из книги
1. We should begin the study of philosophy by examining the question of certainty; before raising the edifice, we must lay the foundation.
Ever since there has been philosophy, that is, ever since men first reflected on themselves and the beings around them, they have been engaged with those questions which have for their object the basis of human knowledge, and this shows that on this subject serious difficulties are encountered. Inquirers, however, have not been discouraged by the sterility of philosophical labors; and this shows that in the last term of the investigation an object of high importance is discovered.
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Illumined by this light, objects shine upon the eyes of our mind, whether because they are in communication with it by means unknown to us, or because the representation is given to us directly by God, in the presence of objects.
The conformity of the representation to the thing represented, results from the divine veracity. An infinitely perfect God cannot take pleasure in deceiving his creatures. Such is the theory of Descartes and Malebranche, eminent thinkers, who took no step in the intellectual order, without looking to the Author of all light, and who never wrote a page on which the name of God was not traced.
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