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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

No.		Page
1.	Assyrian Emblems	15
2.	Eagle Emblems	16
3.	Tortoise Totem	18
4.	Wolf Totem	18
5.	The Hawaiian Ensig	30
6.	A Red Cross Knight	35
7.	Colours of 10th Royal Grenadiers, Canada	39
8.	St. George's Jack	41
9.	The Borough Seal of Lyme Regis, 1284	46
10.	Brass in Elsing Church, 1347	49
11.	The Henri Grace à Dieu, 1515	60
12.	St. Andrew's Jack	64
13.	Scotch "Talle Shippe," 16th Century	67
14.	Royal Arms of England, Henry V., 1413, to Elizabeth	71
15.	Royal Arms of James I., 1603	72
16.	Jack of James I., 1606	74
17.	The Sovereign of the Seas, 1637	85
18.	Commonwealth Twenty-Shilling Piece	87
19.	Commonwealth Boat Flag	88
20.	The Naseby. Charles II.	95
21.	Medal of Charles II., 1665	98
22.	Whip-lash Pennant, British Navy	108
23.	Union Jack of Anne, 1707	118
24.	Draft "C," Union Jack, 1707	121
25.	The Red Ensign in "The Margent," 1707	125
26.	Fort Niagara, 1759	128
27.	The Assault at Wolfe's Cove, Quebec, 1759	130
28.	St. Patrick's Jack	141
29.	Labarum of Constantine	142
30.	Harp of Hibernia	143
31.	Seal of Carrickfergus, 1605	148
32.	Royal Arms of Queen Victoria	148
33.	Medal of Queen's First Visit to Ireland	149
34.	The Throne of Queen Victoria in the House of Lords, 1900	150
35.	Arms of the Fitzgeralds	151
36.	Medal of Louis XIV., "Kebeca Liberata," 1690	165
37.	New England Ensign	166
38.	The Louisbourg Medal, 1758	168
39.	The First Union Flag, 1776	174
40.	The Pennsylvania Flag, 1776	176
41.	Arms of the Washington Family	177
42.	Washington's Book-Plate	178
43.	Washington's Seals	179
44.	Fort George and the Port of New York in 1770	187
45.	Royal Arms of George II.	190
46.	The Great Seal of Upper Canada, 1792	195
47.	Upper Canada Penny	198
48.	Draft "C" of Union Jack, 1800	200
49.	Royal Arms of George III., 1801	202
50.	Union Jack of George III., 1801	203
51.	Outline Jack—The Proper Proportions of the Crosses	209
52.	The Union Jack and Shackleton at Farthest South	213
53.	Square Union Jack	219
54.	Oblong Union Jack	220
55.	Flag of a French Caravel, 16th Century	223
56.	The Colonial Jack, 1701	226
57.	Jack of England, 1711	227
58.	Jack in Carolina, 1739	228
59.	The Combat between La Surveillante and the Quebec, 1779	229
60.	Ensign of 7th Royal Fusiliers, 1775	230
61.	"King's Colour," 1781	231
62.	The War Medal, 1793–1814	236
63.	The Service Medal, Canada, 1866–1870	237
64.	The North-West Canada Medal, 1885	240
65.	Flag of the Governor-General of Canada	259
66.	Flag of the Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec	260
67.	Australian Emblems	283
68.	Australian Federation Badge	287
69.	Suggested Canadian Union Ensign	297

COLOURED PLATES.

		Page
Plate I.		Frontispiece
	1. English Jack—St. George's Crosse.
	2. Scottish Jack—St. Andrew's Crosse.
	3. Irish Jack—St. Patrick's Crosse.
Plate II.		22
	1. Germany.
	2. Italy.
	3. Greece.
	4. Hawaii.
Plate III.		76
	1. The Percys' Ensign, 1560.
	2. Union Jack of James I., 1606.
	3. Colonial Union Jack, 1701.
Plate IV.		92
	1. Commonwealth Ensign, 1648.
	2. Cromwell's "Great Union," 1658.
	3. Ensign Red—Charles II., 1660.
Plate V.		118
	1. Union Jack of Anne, 1707.
	2. Red Ensign of Anne, 1707.
	3. Union Jack of George III., 1801.
Plate VI.		174
	1. Grand Union, 1776.
	2. United States, 1777.
	3. United States, 1909.
Plate VII.		218
	1. Present Union Jack upside down.
	2. Jack wrongly made.
	2. Jack wrongly made.
Plate VIII.		272
	1. Red Ensign.
	2. White Ensign.
	3. Blue Ensign.
Plate IX.		280
	1. Canadian Union Ensign.
	2. Australian Union Ensign.
	3. New Zealand Union Ensign.

St. George.

THE UNION JACK.

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"It's only a small bit of bunting, It's only an old coloured rag, Yet thousands have died for its honour And shed their best blood for the flag.

"It's charged with the cross of St. Andrew, Which, of old, Scotland's heroes has led; It carries the cross of St. Patrick, For which Ireland's bravest have bled.

"Joined with these is our old English ensign, St. George's red cross on white field, Round which, from King Richard to Wolseley, Britons conquer or die, but ne'er yield.

"It flutters triumphant o'er ocean, As free as the winds and the waves; And bondsmen from shackles unloosened 'Neath its shadows no longer are slaves.

"It floats over Cypress and Malta, O'er Canada, the Indies, Hong Kong; And Britons, where'er their flag's flying, Claim the rights which to Britons belong.

"We hoist it to show our devotion To our Queen, to our country, and laws; It's the outward and visible emblem Of advancement and Liberty's cause.

"You may say it's an old bit of bunting, You may call it an old coloured rag; But Freedom has made it majestic, And time has ennobled the flag."

—"St. George."

NOTES ON FLAGS.

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NAMES OF PARTS.

Particular names are given to the several parts of a flag.

The part next the flagstaff, or width, Is called the "hoist."

The outer part, or length, is termed the "fly," and also the "field."

These parts are further divided into "quarters," or "cantons": two "next the staff," two "in the fly."

These descriptive terms should be noted, as they will be in constant use in the pages which follow.

USAGE.

A flag at half-mast is a sign of mourning.

A flag reversed is a signal of distress.

The lowering of a flag is a signal of surrender.

The raising of the victors' flag in its place is a signal of capture.

The nationality of a country is shown by its flag.

The nationality of a vessel is made known by the flag she flies at the stern.

To hoist the flag of one nation under that of another nation, on the same flag-staff, is to show it disrespect.

History of the Union Jack
And Flags of the Empire.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER I.

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EMBLEMS AND FLAGS.

There is an instinct in the human race which delights in the flying of flags—a sentiment which appears to be inborn, causing men to become enthusiastic about a significant emblem raised in the air, whether as the insignia of descent, or as a symbol of race, or of nationality; something which, being held aloft before the sight of other men, declares, at a glance, the side to which the bearer belongs, and serves as a rallying point for those who think with him.

The child chortles at a piece of riband waved before him; a boy marches with head erect and martial stride as bearer of the banner at the head of his mimic battalion; the man, at duty's call, rallies to his national standard, and leaving home and all, stakes his life for it in his country's cause; and when the battle of life is closing and steps are homeward bound, the gray-beard, lifting his heart-filled eyes, blesses the day that brings him back within sight of his native flag.

At all ages and in all times has it been the same. The deeper we go into the records of the past the more evidence do we find that man, however varied his race or primitive his condition, however cultured his surroundings or rude his methods, has universally displayed this innate characteristic instinct of delighting and glorifying in some personal or national emblem.

To search for and discover the emblems which they bore thus discloses to us the eras of a people's history, and, therefore, it is that the study of a nation's flag is something more than a mere passing interest, and becomes one of real educational value, meriting our closest investigation, for the study of Flags is really the tracing of History by sight.

In ancient Africa, explorations among the sculptured antiquities on the Nile have brought to light a series of national and religious emblem-standards, which had meaning and use among the Egyptians long before history had a written record. The fans and hieroglyphic standards of the Pharaohs are the index to their dynasties.

The Israelites, at the time of the Exodus, had their distinctive emblems, and in the Book of Numbers (ch. ii. 2), it is related how Moses directed that in their journeyings, "Every man of the children of Israel shall pitch by his own standard, with the ensign of their father's house."

So it came that to every Jewish child, in all the subsequent centuries, the emblem on the standard of his tribe recalled the history and the trials of his ancestors and fortified his faith in the God of their Deliverance.

From the lost cities of Nineveh have been unearthed the ensign of the great Assyrian race, the "Twin Bull" (1), sign of their imperial might, and the records of their warriors are thus identified.

1. Assyrian Emblems.

In Europe in later times there were few parts of the continent which did not become acquainted with the metal ensigns of the great Roman Empire. The formidable Legions of their armies, issuing from the centre of the realm, carried the Imperial Eagle at their head, and setting it in triumph over many a subjugated state, established its supremacy among the peoples as a sign of the all-conquering power of their mighty Empire. To this eagle of the Roman legions may be traced back the crop of eagle emblems (2), which are borne by so many of the nationalities of Europe at the present day. The golden eagle of the French battalions, the black eagle of Prussia, the white eagle of Poland, and the double-headed eagles of Austria and Russia, whose two heads typify claim to sovereignty over both the ancient Eastern and Western sections of the Roman Empire, are all descendants from the Imperial Eagle of ancient Rome.