Читать книгу Statistics and Probability with Applications for Engineers and Scientists Using MINITAB, R and JMP - Bhisham C. Gupta, Irwin Guttman - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1.1 Operation of the sewage treatment plant: (a) standard mode of ope...Figure 1.1.2 Original version of the screening unit (a) detailed diagram and (...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.2.1 Classifications of statistical data.Figure 2.4.1 Dot plot for the data on defective motors received in 20 differen...Figure 2.4.2 Pie chart for the data in Table 2.4.1 using MINITAB.Figure 2.4.3 Bar chart for annual revenues of five companies for the year 2011...Figure 2.4.4 Bar graph for the data in Example 2.4.4.Figure 2.4.5 Frequency histogram for survival time of parts under extraneous o...Figure 2.4.6 Relative frequency histogram for survival time of parts under ext...Figure 2.4.7 Frequency polygon for survival time of parts under extraneous ope...Figure 2.4.8 Typical frequency distribution curve.Figure 2.4.9 Three typical types of frequency distribution curves.Figure 2.4.10 The cumulative frequency histogram for the data in Example 2.4.5...Figure 2.4.11 Ogive curve using MINITAB for the data in Example 2.4.5.Figure 2.4.12 Line graph for the data on lawn mowers in Example 2.4.6.Figure 2.4.13 Stem‐and‐leaf plot for the data in Example 2.4.7 with increment ...Figure 2.4.14 Stem‐and‐leaf plot for the data in Example 2.4.7 with increment ...Figure 2.5.1 Frequency distributions showing the shape and location of measure...Figure 2.5.2 Two frequency distribution curves with equal mean, median, and mo...Figure 2.5.3 Application of the empirical rule.Figure 2.5.4 Distribution of amounts of soft drink contained in bottles.Figure 2.5.5 Dollar value of units of bad production.Figure 2.5.6 Shaded area lies within the intervals: (a) and (b) .Figure 2.7.1 Quartiles and percentiles.Figure 2.8.1 Box‐whisker plot.Figure 2.8.2 Box plot for the data in Example 2.8.1.Figure 2.8.3 MNITAB printout of box plot for the data in Example 2.8.1.Figure 2.8.4 Box plot for the data in Example 2.8.2.Figure 2.9.1 MINITAB printout of scatter plot for the data in Table 2.9.1.

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.2.1 Venn diagram representing events E and .Figure 3.2.2 Venn diagram representing events , and .Figure 3.2.3 Venn diagram representing events , and .Figure 3.4.1 Tree diagram for the experiment in Example 3.3.1Figure 3.6.1 Venn diagram showing events and .Figure 3.6.2Figure 3.6.2 Venn diagram showing mutually exclusive events in S

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1.1 Graphical representation of the discrete probability function in ...Figure 4.1.2 Graph of cumulative distribution function of a discrete random ...Figure 4.3.1 Graph of uniform probability function given in (4.3.1).

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1.1 Graph of the cumulative distribution for a continuous variable.Figure 5.1.2 The probability that the random variable X falls in an interval...Figure 5.4.1 Uniform distribution over the interval .Figure 5.4.2 The probability for the uniform random variable X in .Figure 5.5.1 Graph of the normal p.d.f. given in (5.5.1).Figure 5.5.2 Curves representing the normal density function with different me...Figure 5.5.3 Curves representing the normal density function with different st...Figure 5.5.4 Graph of the normal p.d.f. given by (5.5.1) showing the relatio...Figure 5.5.5 Graph of the normal c.d.f. (5.5.7), showing the relationship betw...Figure 5.7.1 Graph of the binomial probability histogram in Example 5.7.1 and ...Figure 5.8.1 Graph of the cumulative normal distribution function on probabili...Figure 5.8.2 Normal probability plot for the data in Example 5.8.1.Figure 5.8.3 MINITAB normal probability plot for the data in Example 5.8.1.Figure 5.8.4 R normal probability plot for the data in Example 5.8.1.Figure 5.9.1 MINITAB graphs of lognormal density function for , and 1.0, with...Figure 5.9.2 Graphs of exponential density function for , and 2.0.Figure 5.9.3 Probability density function of the gamma distribution for variou...Figure 5.9.4 The p.d.f. of the Weibull distribution for various values of an...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.2.1 Graphical representation of the p.f. in Example 6.2.1.Figure 6.2.2 Graphical representation of the p.d.f. in Example 6.2.6.Figure 6.2.3 Graphical representation of the joint p.d.f. in Example 6.2.8.Figure 6.2.4 Graphical representation of p.d.f. of bivariate normal.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.2.1 Exponential probability distribution of X with mean 1.Figure 7.2.2 Normal probability plots of for selected sample sizes and 100...Figure 7.3.1 Graphs of chi‐square density functions for different degrees of f...Figure 7.3.2 Probability density function of the t‐distribution with degrees...Figure 7.3.3 Probability density function of the ‐distribution showing 0.025 ...Figure 7.3.4 Probability density functions of for various combinations of th...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.2.1 Probability distributions of and .Figure 8.3.1 (a) Statistical and (b) practical interpretation of a confidence ...Figure 8.5.1 Chi‐square distribution for various degrees of freedom.Figure 8.10.1 An etched silicon wafer.

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.2.1 Critical points dividing the sample space of in two regions, th...Figure 9.3.1 The critical region for the left‐sided test with .Figure 9.3.2 Graphical description of the constituents of Example 9.3.1.Figure 9.3.3 Critical region for the right‐sided test with .Figure 9.3.4 Critical region for the two‐sided test with .Figure 9.3.5 Power curves for the test in Example 9.3.2.Figure 9.12.1 Decision regions for the sequential test of Example 9.12.1 showi...Figure 9.12.2 Graph of the two‐sided sequential test of hypothesis for .Figure 9.13.1 SOIC package.

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1.1 Plots of a typical (a) density function, (b) distribution functi...Figure 10.1.2 Graphs of four different hazard rate functions.Figure 10.1.3 Graphs of the hazard function for the gamma distribution at vari...Figure 10.1.4 Hazard rate function for a lognormal distribution with parameter...Figure 10.4.1 Graphical estimation of Weibull parameters.Figure 10.4.2 Maximum Likelihood estimates and 95% CI for lifetime using the W...Figure 10.4.3 Least‐squares estimates and 95% CI for lifetime using the Weibul...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.4.1 (a) Graphical format of the above data with projected lines (low...Figure 11.4.2 Iris versicolor.Figure 11.4.3 Various graphical visualizations for Iris data.Figure 11.4.4 3D scatter plot for Iris variables “Sepal width”, “Sepal length”...Figure 11.4.5 Side‐by‐side boxplots for attribute petal length for three flowe...Figure 11.4.6 Aesthetic scatter plot for attributes “Sepal Width,” “Sepal Leng...Figure 11.5.1 Boxplot of salary data. Note that the “ ” represents an outlier ...Figure 11.6.1 O‐ring failure challenger data with its logistic regression base...Figure 11.6.2 Classification error probability for various cutoff values.Figure 11.6.3 Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for Example 11.6.2...Figure 11.7.1 A decision tree structure.Figure 11.7.2 (a) Recursive partition of the ‐space. (b) Corresponding binary...Figure 11.7.3 Graph of variable C versus Y for data in Table 11.7.1.Figure 11.7.4 Initial tree branches based on Gini index.Figure 11.7.5 Classification tree structure for the Iris data. The vector ar...Figure 11.7.6 Regression tree structure for the first 132 observations selecte...Figure 11.7.7 Observed and predicted “time to progression” values for the test...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.2.1 Network graph for distance matrix in Table 12.2.2.Figure 12.3.1 Single linkage distance between two clusters and .Figure 12.3.2 Dendrogram for US arrests data for six states based on the singl...Figure 12.3.3 MINITAB dendrogram plot for US crime data for six states based o...Figure 12.3.4 Complete linkage distance between two clusters and .Figure 12.3.5 Dendrogram for the US arrests data for six states based on the c...Figure 12.3.6 Average linkage distance between two clusters and .Figure 12.3.7 A generated face structure with six different clusters and their...Figure 12.3.8 (a) A generated face structure with six different clusters (b) W...Figure 12.4.1 R output plot of seven two‐dimensional objects. The cluster cent...Figure 12.4.2 MINITAB cluster output plot of seven two‐dimensional objects.Figure 12.5.1 DBSCAN process for two‐dimensional objects.Figure 12.5.2 DBSCAN‐based clustering results for face clustering data.Figure 12.6.1 BIC values for all five covariance structures in Table 12.6.1 fo...Figure 12.6.2 Estimated clusters based on the covariance structures (a) “VEE” ...

13 Chapter 14Figure 14.4.1 Chart for determining runs above and below the median.

14 Chapter 15Figure 15.2.1 Experimental verification of Charles's law.Figure 15.2.2 Distributions of Y at X having values x and have exactly the s...Figure 15.2.3 Scatter plot of n pairs of measurements , on hardness of certai...Figure 15.2.4 Scatter plot for the data in Example 15.2.2.Figure 15.4.3 MINITAB printout of 95% confidence and prediction bands of regre...Figure 15.4.4 R output of 95% confidence and prediction bands of regression li...Figure 15.5.1 Scatter plot for the data in Table 15.5.1.Figure 15.5.3 MINITAB printout of the confidence and prediction bands of regre...Figure 15.7.1 MINITAB plots of the residuals for the data in Example 15.5.2 on...Figure 15.7.2 Some other typical plots in residual analysis, showing departure...Figure 15.7.3 MINITAB scatter plot for the data in Example 15.7.1.Figure 15.7.5 MINITAB residual plots for the data in Example 15.7.1.Figure 15.7.7 MINITAB plots for residual plots for yield and box plot of resid...Figure 15.7.8Figure 15.7.8 MINITAB plot for fitted quadratic: yield versus pho...Figure 15.8.2 MINITAB residual plots: regression analysis of yield versus cata...Figure 15.8.3 Fitted regression lines for (a) yield versus catalyst and (b) ln...Figure 15.8.5 MINITAB residual plots for the regression analysis of ln(yield) ...Figure 15.8.6 R residual plots for the regression analysis of ln(Yield) versus...

15 Chapter 16Figure 16.2.1 Response function surface plot (a plane) for the fitted regressi...Figure 16.2.2 Response surface plot for the fitted regression model .Figure 16.4.1 Graphical representation of models (16.4.2) and (16.4.3).Figure 16.4.2 MINITAB printout of residual plots for data in Table 16.4.2.Figure 16.7 Desirable residual plot.Figure 16.7 Residual plots: (a) residuals versus fitted values, (b) residuals ...

16 Chapter 17Figure 17.3.1 MINITAB residual analysis graphs.Figure 17.5.1 Plots of responses in (a) experiment I (b) experiment II.

17 Chapter 18Figure 18.3.1 Geometric display of the 2 , 2 , and 2 factorial designs. (a) T...Figure 18.4.1 Ordered effects for the factorial design of Table 18.4.4, plot...Figure 18.5.1 MINITAB printout of the residual plots for the data in Table 18....Figure 18.6.1 Normal probability plot of ordered estimates of effects (Table 1...Figure 18.6.2 MINITAB printout of the normal probability plot of estimates of ...

18 Chapter 19Figure 19.1.1 (a) The surface plot for the fitted model . (b) The surface plo...Figure 19.1.2 (a) The contour plot for the fitted model by setting , 3.15, ...Figure 19.1.3 Illustrative contour plots provided by fitted second‐order model...Figure 19.2.1 The factorial runs pictured at the vertices of the unit cube i...Figure 19.2.2 The factorial design with center points in Example 19.2.5, wit...Figure 19.2.3 Contours of planar response.Figure 19.3.1 Geometry of a CCD that uses a replication with center points...Figure 19.3.2 Contour plots for the fitted response surface model (19.3.5).Figure 19.3.3 Response surface plots for the fitted response surface model (19...Figure 19.3.4 Contour plots for the fitted response surface of Example 19.3.2.Figure 19.3.5 Response surface plots for the fitted response surface of Exampl...Figure 19.3.6 Some second‐order designs.Figure 19.3.7 Central composite design with orthogonal blocking.Figure 19.3.8 Simplex design for fitting a first‐order model.Figure 19.3.9 Hexagon Design in two blocks for fitting a second‐order model.Figure 19.3.10 Contours of crystal purity as a function of temperature and rat...