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Notes on the

Japanese Language

Much of the writing that you see in Japan consists of the language’s famous ideographic characters or kanji (kahn-jee). But virtually all of the bus, subway, train, hotel, restaurant, and shop signs and names you encounter will also be written in the familiar Roman letters of the English language. These Romanized words make the Japanese language surprisingly easy for Westerners to pronounce.

Japanese is based on five vowels and a number of consonants that are combined to create an alphabet of syllables that never change. The result is that there are no “weird” or unexpected spellings or pronunciations of Japanese words, unlike in English and many other languages.

Once you learn how to pronounce the vowels and the vowel-consonant combinations, you know how to pronounce every word in the Japanese language. The five Japanese vowels are represented by the Roman letters A, I, U, E, and O. They are pronounced as follows:

A ah
I ee
U uu as in rue
E eh
O oh

These vowels are “syllables” in themselves and are key elements in the vowel-consonant combinations that make up the rest of the Japanese alphabet. The following charts include all of the syllables in the Japanese language, along with their English phonetic equivalents. Just pronounce the phonetics in standard English and the sounds will come out “in Japanese.”

Primary Syllables

KA KI KU KE KO
kah kee kuu kay koe
SA SHI SU SE SO
sah she sue say so
TA CHI TSU TE TO
tah chee t’sue tay toe
NA NI NU NE NO
nah nee nuu nay no
HA HI HU HE HO
hah hee who hay hoe
MA MI MU ME MO
mah me moo may moe
YA I YU E YO
yah ee yuu eh yoe
RA RI RU RE RO
rah ree rue ray roe
(In Japanese, the letter R sounds a bit like the English letter L and often requires a slight trilling sound. You should also roll the letter R a bit when saying Japanese words.)
GA GI GU GE GO
gah ghee goo gay go
ZA ZI ZU ZE ZO
zah jee zoo zay zoe
DA JI ZU DE DO
dah jee zoo day doe
(Note that ZI and JI sound virtually the same.)
BA BI BU BE BO
bah bee boo bay boe
PA PI PU PE PO
pah pee puu pay poe

Combined Syllables

The following syllables are combinations of some of the ones appearing above. Two syllables are combined into one simply by merging them, and they are pronounced as “one” syllable, not two. Biyu (spelled byu in its combined form), for example, should be run together and sound like the Beau in Beulah.

RYA RYU RYO
re-yah re-yuu re-yoe
MYA MYU MYO
me-yah me-yuu me-yoe
NYA NYU NYO
ne-yah ne-yuu ne-yoe
HYA HYU HYO
he-yah he-yuu he-yoe
CHA CHU CHO
chah chuu choe
SHA SHU SHO
shah shuu show
KYA KYU KYO
q’yah que q’yoe
PYA PYU PYO
p’yah p’yuu p’yoe
BYA BYU BYO
b’yah b’yuu b’yoe
JA JU JO
jah juu joe
GYA GYU GYO
g’yah g’yuu g’yoe

I suggest that you practice saying these syllables for several minutes until you are able to say them smoothly and without hesitation. Soon you will be able to recognize individual syllables in the Japanese words you see and hear. The word arigato (“thank you”), for example, is made up of four syllables: a-ri-ga-to (ah-ree-gah-toe). Don’t forget to trill the ri syllable a bit, as if it were Spanish. (In fact, most of the primary syllables outlined above are pronounced almost exactly the way they would be in Spanish.)

The letters H and G are pronounced hard, as in ho and go. There are no true L or V sounds in Japanese, so they are not on the list of syllables. As these sounds are unfamiliar, Japanese people trying to pronounce English words that include them often say R instead of L and B instead of V.

Long vowels in Japanese syllables are pronounced twice as long as regular vowels and are indicated by a straight line, or macron, placed above them: ā, ī ū, ē, and ō.

Most syllables in Japanese are distinctly pronounced. At times, however, I and U vowel sounds are weak, and the syllable is not clearly pronounced. Thus, desu—the verb “to be”—is pronounced dess and yoroshiku becomes yohrohshh-kuu.

English speakers traveling in Japan should also be aware that more than 20,000 English words have been integrated into the Japanese language. Rendered into Japanese syllables, they are now a fundamental part of daily speech, making the study and use of the Japanese language as a whole that much easier once you get used to the system.

Of course, a Japanized English word may become meaningless to foreign ears if it is used out of context. Bread, for example, is pronounced buredo (boo-ray-doe); milk is pronounced miruku (me-rue-koo).

Again, the secret to using these pronunciation guidelines to communicate in Japanese is to pronounce the English phonetics for each word and sentence as standard English, practicing each sentence until it comes out in a smooth flow.

Etiquette Guide to Japan

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