Читать книгу Happy Mealtimes for Kids - Cathy Glass, Cathy Glass - Страница 7
ОглавлениеWe all accept that a healthy, well-balanced diet is essential for our child’s physical and mental well-being, but what exactly is a well-balanced diet and which foods are best and why? Children need protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and some fat in their diet just as adults do, but they need them in different quantities: more of that later. The best way to make sure your child receives a good diet is to provide a variety of foods, using fresh unprocessed food wherever possible, and limiting foods high in fat and refined sugar. So what exactly does a child need?
A calorie is a unit of energy, and the calories in food provide the fuel our bodies need in order to work. Without them our hearts wouldn’t beat, our legs and arms wouldn’t move and our brains would stop working. The body takes the calories it needs from the food we eat and stores any extra as fat, so that if we eat too many calories we put on weight and if we eat too few we lose weight. A child’s calorie requirement is different to adults’ and depends on their age, size and how active they are. Children who are going through a growth spurt need to increase their calorie intake, and boys usually need more than girls because they have bigger frames. Now follows a general guideline to the number of calories your child will need, but it is general – based on averages. In the first six months a baby will obtain most, if not all, of its calories from milk.
Everything we eat or drink, except water, contains calories. Most packaged food shows the number of calories the food contains on the label. No child should ever be calorie counting; it is the parent’s or carer’s responsibility to ensure their child receives a good diet, which will include sufficient calories for growth and development but not so many that the child becomes obese. Clearly I haven’t the space here to list the calorific content of all foods but here is the amount of calories in some of the foods popular with children.
Height and weight charts have largely been replaced by BMI (Body Mass Index) as a way to calculate the correct weight for a child (and adult). However, the calculators can sometimes be complicated to use and the results difficult to interpret, so now follows a general guideline on what your child should weigh at a given height. Remember the heights are averages, so your child will very likely be slightly above or below.
Protein is another essential requirement in a child’s diet. Protein is the building block of life. Every cell in the human body contains protein, and protein is needed for growth and repair.
Most food that is packaged lists the amount of protein per gram the food contains on the label. If protein is not shown, then the food doesn’t contain any protein. However, although this information may be helpful, if a child is given a well-balanced, varied diet which includes protein at the main meal they will have enough protein for their needs. Protein is found in many foods, even in small amounts in cake and bread. Foods rich in protein should be included daily in a child’s diet and these are:
* meat, poultry, fish, shellfish and eggs
* beans, pulses, nuts, grains and seeds
* milk and milk products
* soya products and vegetable protein foods
Some typical values of protein-rich food are:
The carbohydrates our bodies take from the food we eat are our main source of energy. The more active a child is the more carbohydrate he or she will need. Carbohydrates also have the function of setting protein to work – for growth and repair – which is why the two food groups are eaten together: meat and potatoes, bread and cheese, etc. There are two types of carbohydrate – complex and simple – and the body needs both of them:
Complex carbohydrates are found in fresh and processed foods and are sometimes called starchy foods. Foods providing complex carbohydrates include: bananas, beans, brown rice, chickpeas, lentils, nuts, oats, parsnips, potatoes, root vegetables, sweetcorn, wholegrain cereals, wholemeal bread, wholemeal cereals, wholemeal flour, wholemeal pasta, and are considered ‘good’ carbs. Refined starches are also complex carbohydrates but are not so good because the refining process removes nutrients from the food and concentrates the sugar. They are found in: biscuits, pastries and cakes, pizzas, sugary breakfast cereals, white bread, white flour, white pasta, white rice.
Simple carbohydrates are also known as sugars – natural and refined. Natural sugars are found in fruit and vegetables. Refined sugars are in: biscuits, cakes, pastries, chocolate, honey, jams, jellies, sugar, pizzas, processed foods and sauces, soft drinks, sweets, snack bars.
Children over two should have a diet where approximately half their calories come from carbohydrates, and preferably from ‘good’ sources, so the amount of refined sugar and starch – from cakes and biscuits, etc. – is limited. But there is no need to carb count. If your child is eating a variety of foods in well-balanced meals they will be eating the carbohydrates their body needs.
Fibre is another important component in a healthy, balanced diet and many children don’t eat enough fibre. We obtain fibre from plant-based foods: for example, fruit, vegetables, wholemeal bread and pasta, and some cereals. Not only is fibre good for the digestive system (it prevents constipation), but it is also good for the heart and for blood circulation, and lowers cholesterol and blood sugar levels, so preventing diabetes in later life. Fibre provides bulk to a diet, so any child on a weight-reduction programme would be advised to eat a high-fibre diet, which will make them feel full and therefore control hunger and appetite.
The amount of fibre a child needs in their diet is shown below. It will also be listed on most packaged foods. Fibre in the form of bran can be added to a child’s diet but if a child is eating plenty of natural wholesome foods they should be getting the fibre they need. Problems arise if a child consistently eats a diet high in processed food, which contains little or no fibre.
So that if, for example, a child aged eight has two Shredded Wheat for breakfast, sandwiches made from three or four slices of wholemeal bread and a piece of fruit for lunch, and an evening meal of meat and two veg, they will have had their daily requirement of fibre. However, if the same child skips breakfast or has a couple of biscuits, a white bread sandwich and a packet of crisps for lunch, and pasta and cake for the evening meal, their diet will be lacking in fibre, which causes constipation. A general rule is that if the food is plant based then it will have a high fibre content and should be included in a child’s daily diet.
Fat in children’s (and adults’) diets has had a lot of bad press recently because in the Western world we often eat too much fat. However, fat is an essential component of a well-balanced diet and performs a number of functions:
* Fat is a good source of energy. 1 gram provides 9 calories, which is more than double the calories in protein or carbohydrate.
* Fat transports vitamins A, D, E and K around the body, supplying the body with essential nutrients.
* Fat often makes food taste better.
* Fat is a source of fatty acids (EFAs), which are thought to have a positive effect on the heart and immune system.
* Fat stored in the body protects internal organs as well as being a fuel reserve. Should a child fall sick and not eat properly the body burns the fat for the calories it needs, which is why we can lose weight if we are ill.
Saturated fat is found in lard, butter, hard margarine, cheese, whole milk and anything containing these ingredients, such as cakes, biscuits, pies and chocolate; it is also in the white fat on meat and the skin on poultry. Unsaturated fat comes from vegetable sources and is usually considered a healthier alternative to saturated fat. It is found in sunflower, soya and olive oils, soft margarine and oily fish – for example, mackerel, sardines and salmon. Cod liver oil can be given as a supplement to children and some research suggests it is beneficial to do so.
The amount of fat a child needs is usually considered as a percentage of their daily calorific requirement and it is quite high. See the table below.
Generally vegetables, fruit (apart from avocados), white fish, grains and cereal contain little or no fat. Examples of good sources of fat are listed below.
Remember that fat is an essential part of your child’s diet, but if your child is regularly eating too much fat and you are looking to reduce the amount of fat in his or her diet, then try the following:
* Limit cakes, biscuits and savoury snacks, which are high in fat.
* Trim fat off meat and skin off poultry.
* Grill, poach, steam, bake or microwave rather than fry foods.
* Swap whole milk for semi-skimmed.
* Choose low-fat dairy products.
* Use vegetable oil and low-fat spreads rather than lard, butter or hard margarine.
Vitamins and minerals are needed by the body for growth, repair and staying healthy. They are taken from the food we eat and absorbed by the body. Each vitamin and mineral has a specific role and should be eaten daily, as most vitamins and minerals cannot be stored by the body. For daily requirement, function and foods where the vitamins and minerals are found, see the table below.
Although vitamins and minerals are just as important to the body as calories, and protein, carbohydrates and fat, we only need them in small amounts. As with all nutrients, if your child is eating a well-balanced diet that includes fresh fruit and vegetables they will have the daily intake of vitamins and minerals that are essential for growth, development and maintaining a healthy body and mind.
Notice I haven’t said water, because fluid can be obtained from many different sources including soups, fruit juices, milk, vegetables and fruit – tomatoes, grapes, melons and oranges, for example, are 90 per cent water. It is vital a child has sufficient fluid intake, as much as it is that a child eats. The human body is 63 per cent water and the brain 77 per cent. Drinking regularly, and so keeping the body and brain hydrated, is therefore essential for body and brain to function in a child or adult. By the time a child is saying they are thirsty they are already dehydrated, and even mild dehydration can cause headaches, tiredness, loss of concentration and irritability.
Salt is added to most snacks and processed food and salt is a diuretic: that is, it makes you wee more, which results in dehydration if the lost fluid is not replaced. Children are more prone to dehydration than adults, as a result of diet (such as salty snacks) and activity (fluid is lost in sweat), and because they can forget to drink. Also, the school routine doesn’t always offer enough opportunity for children to drink during the day.
Trials have shown that if children take a bottle of water into school, and are encouraged to drink at regular intervals during the day, there isn’t the dip in concentration and learning that is often experienced in late morning and afternoon. The ideal drink for children is water, but if your child really won’t drink water, then lightly lace it with additive-free squash or fruit juice. Your child should be drinking regularly throughout the day, and apart from the fluid obtained from soups and fruit, etc., he or she should drink 1.5–2 litres a day, or more if they are very active or the weather is hot.
