Читать книгу Between Two Worlds - Cemal Kafadar - Страница 8
ОглавлениеChronology
| 1071 | The Battle of Mantzikert: Seljuks defeat Byzantine army; the first great wave of Turkish migrations into Asia Minor. |
| 1176 | The Battle of Myriokephalon: Seljuks of Rm defeat Byzantine army. |
| 1177 | Dnimendids subdued by the Seljuks of Rm. |
| 1204 | The Fourth Crusade: Latins occupy Constantinople; Lascarids start to rule in Nicaea; Comneni start to rule in Trebizond. |
| 1220–37 | The reign of ‘Al’ üddn Keybd, peak of Seljuk control in Asia Minor. |
| 1221 | Shihb ad-dn 'Umar al-Suhraward brings insignia of futuwwa, sent by the caliph, from Baghdad to Konya. |
| 1220s-30s | Migrations from central Asia and Iran to Asia Minor due to Chingisid conquests; the ancestors of Omn arrive in Anatolia according to some Ottoman sources. |
| 1239– | The Baba' Revolt of the Tiirkmen, led by Baba Ilys and followers, crushed by the Konya government. |
| 1243 | The Battle of Ksedag: Mongol armies defeat Seljuks of Rm and render them into vassals. |
| 1261 | Byzantine capital moves from Nicaea back to Constantinople. |
| 1276– | Baybars leads Mamluk forces into Asia Minor. |
| 1277 | Mongols (Ilkhanids) take direct control of Asia Minor. |
| 1298 | The revolt of Sülemish against Mongol administration in Anatolia; seems to have allowed frontier lords to undertake independent action. |
| 1298– | Likely dates of earliest conquests (Bilecik, Yarhisar, etc.) by Omn. |
| 1301 | The Battle of Bapheus; 'Omn defeats a Byzantine contingent. |
| 1304 | Catalan mercenaries deployed by the Byzantine Empire against Turks (including the Ottomans) in Asia Minor. |
| 1312 | Ulu Cami built in Birgi by Aydinolu Memed. |
| 1324 | The date of the earliest extant Ottoman document accepted as genuine: Orn is referred to as üc'üddn, “Champion of the Faith.” |
| 1326 | Bursa conquered. |
| 1331 | Iznik (Nicaea) conquered. |
| 1331? | The first Ottoman medrese (college) established (in Iznik). |
| ca. 1332 | Ibn Baa travels in Anatolia. |
| 1337 | Raiders from the Karasi and Ottoman principalities separately engaged in Thrace. |
| 1337 | Izmit (Nicomedia) conquered. |
| 1337 | The date on an inscription in Bursa that refers to Orn as gazi; authenticity and meaning controversial. |
| 1341 | The death of Emperor Andronikos III; beginning of civil war in Byzantium. |
| 1344– | Help sought by different factions from the Ottoman, Karasi, and Aydinolu principalities; Orn marries the daughter of John Kantakouzenos; Karasiolu Süleymn marries the daughter of Batatzes. Karasi principality subdued and annexed. |
| 1347 | Kantakouzenos enters Constantinople and declares himself (Co-) emperor. |
| 1348, 1350, 1352 | Kantakouzenos calls on Ottoman forces to be deployed in Thrace on his behalf. |
| 1352 | First Ottoman acquisition in Thrace: Tzympe. |
| 1354 | Kallipolis (Gelibolu) falls to the Ottomans following an earthquake. |
| 1354 | Gregory Palamas, archbishop of Thessaloniki, captured by the Ottomans, spends time in the emirate; his writings constitute important source on cultural life among early Ottomans. |
| 1357 | Prince Süleymn, Orn's son and commander of Thracian conquests according to Ottoman traditions, dies in accident. |
| 1359 or 1361 | Dhidhimoteichon (Dimetoka) conquered (by lbegi). |
| 1362 | Orn dies, and Murd I succeeds him. |
| 1366 | Gelibolu lost to the Ottomans. |
| 1361 or 1369 | Dates suggested for the conquest of Edirne. |
| 1371 | The (Sirpsindii) Battle by the River Maritsa: Serbian forces ambushed (by Murd's forces in one tradition, single-handedly by lbegi in another). |
| 1376 or 1377 | Gelibolu recaptured. |
| 1383– | Suggested as the latest date by which point the imposition of devshirme had been initiated. |
| 1385 or 1386 | Nish conquered; Serbian king reduced to vassalage according to Ottoman tradition. |
| 1389 | The Battle of Kosovo; Ottoman victory over the Serbs, but with many losses; Murd I dies and is succeeded by Byezd I. |
| 1395? | Sermon by the archbishop of Thessaloniki that includes the earliest known reference to the devshirme (which indicates that it had been practiced for some time). |
| 1396 | The Battle of Nicopolis (Nibolu), in which Byezd I defeats crusading army. |
| 1402 | The Battle of Ankara; Timur defeats Byezd I. |
| 1402– | The Interregnum: Ottoman throne contested among brothers who rule over different parts of the realm. |
| 1403 | Süleymn elebi, Byezd's eldest son, signs treaty with the Byzantine emperor ceding land. |
| 1413 | Memed elebi ends up winner of internecine strife; Ottoman realm reunited. |
| 1416 | Civil war due to uprising led by Prince Muaf, a surviving son of Byezd (or a pretender). |
| 1416 | The revolt of Sheikh Bedreddn's followers crushed and Bedreddn executed. |
| 1421– | The accession of Murssd II, followed by rebellions of an uncle and a brother. |
| 1430 | Thessaloniki (Selanik) conquered. |
| 1443 | Army led by Janos Hunyadi descends deep into the Ottoman realm in autumn, is forced to return after the battle by the Zlatitsa Pass, where both sides suffer great losses. |
| 1444 | Murd II abdicates in favor of his son Memed II; crusading army arrives in the Balkans; Murd, asked to lead the Ottoman forces again, triumphs in the Battle of Varna, returns to selfretirement. |
| 1446 | A Janissary revolt culminates in Murd II's return to the throne. |
| 1451 | Murd II dies; Memed II's (second) reign begins. |
| 1453 | Constantinople (Istanbul) conquered. |
| 1456 | Unsuccessful siege of Belgrade. |
| 1461 | Trebizond (Trabzon) conquered; end of Comneni rule. |
Regnal Years of Ottoman Begs and Sultans
| 'Omn | ?–1324? |
| Orn | 1324–62 |
| Murd I | 1362–89 |
| Byezd I (the Thunderbolt) | 1389–1402 |
| Meed I (elebi or Kyritzes) | 1413–21 |
| Murd II | 1421–44 and 1446–51 |
| Memed II (the Conqueror) | 1444–46 and 1451–81 |
| Byezd II | 1481–1512 |
