Читать книгу Textbook for Orthodontic Therapists - Ceri Davies - Страница 2
Table of Contents
Оглавление1 Cover
2 Foreword
4 1 History of Orthodontics 1.1 Orthodontics before the Twenty‐First Century 1.2 Standard Edgewise Appliance 1.3 Begg Appliance 1.4 Preadjusted Edgewise Appliance 1.5 Tip Edge Appliance 1.6 Self‐ligating Appliance 1.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of all Types of Buccal Appliances 1.8 Lingual Appliances
5 2 Patient Assessment 2.1 The Three Planes of Space 2.2 Extra‐Oral Assessment 2.3 Intra‐Oral Assessment
6 3 Classification of Malocclusion 3.1 Angle’s Classification 3.2 British Standards Institute Classification 3.3 Canine Relationship 3.4 Andrew’s Six Keys
7 4 Aetiology of Malocclusion 4.1 Skeletal Factors 4.2 Soft Tissue Factors 4.3 Local Factors 4.4 Habit 4.5 Fraenal Attachments
8 5 Class I Malocclusion 5.1 Definition 5.2 Prevalence 5.3 Aetiology of Class I 5.4 Treatment of Class I
9 6 Class II Div I Malocclusion 6.1 Definition 6.2 Prevalence 6.3 Aetiology of Class II Div I 6.4 Treatment of a Class II Div I
10 7 Class II Div II Malocclusion 7.1 Definition 7.2 Prevalence 7.3 Aetiology of Class II Div II 7.4 Treatment of Class II Div II
11 8 Class III Malocclusion 8.1 Definition 8.2 Prevalence 8.3 Aetiology of Class III 8.4 Treatment
13 10 Hypodontia 10.1 Definition 10.2 Commonly Missing Teeth 10.3 Prevalence of Hypodontia 10.4 Prevalence of Missing Teeth 10.5 Classifying Hypodontia 10.6 Classifying Missing Teeth as a Whole 10.7 Aetiology of Hypodontia 10.8 Medical Conditions Associated with Hypodontia 10.9 Factors Associated with Hypodontia 10.10 Treatment of Hypodontia in Deciduous Teeth 10.11 Treatment of Hypodontia in Permanent Teeth 10.12 Implant Space Required 10.13 Kesling Set‐up
14 11 Supernumeraries 11.1 Definition 11.2 Prevalence of Supernumeraries 11.3 Aetiology of Supernumeraries 11.4 Types of Supernumeraries 11.5 Factors Caused by Supernumerary Teeth 11.6 Clinical Features of Supernumeraries 11.7 Medical Conditions Associated with Supernumeraries 11.8 Management of a Supernumerary 11.9 Types of Supernumeraries
15 12 Impacted Canines 12.1 Definition 12.2 Prevalence of Maxillary Canines 12.3 Prevalence of Congenitally Missing Upper and Lower Canines 12.4 Development of the Maxillary Canine 12.5 Eruption of Upper and Lower Canines 12.6 Aetiology of Impacted Canine 12.7 Clinical Signs of an Impacted Canine 12.8 Radiographic Signs of an Impacted Canine 12.9 Parallax Technique for Radiographic Assessment of a Canine’s Position 12.10 Management of Lingual/Palatal and Buccal Canines 12.11 Dressings for Open Exposure 12.12 Risks of Impacted Canines 12.13 Position of Impacted Canines 12.14 Ankylosis
16 13 Impacted Teeth 13.1 Definition 13.2 Common Impacted Teeth
17 14 Deepbites 14.1 Definition 14.2 Classifying Overbites 14.3 Aetiology of a Deepbite 14.4 Treating Deepbites 14.5 Stability of a Deepbite
18 15 Openbites: Anterior and Posterior 15.1 Definition of an AOB 15.2 Prevalence of AOBs 15.3 Classification of AOBs 15.4 Aetiology of an AOB 15.5 Treatment of an AOB 15.6 Factors That May Make Stability of an AOB Poor 15.7 Definition of a POB 15.8 Facts about POBs 15.9 Aetiology of an POB 15.10 Treatment of POBs
19 16 Crossbites 16.1 Definition 16.2 Types of Crossbites 16.3 Prevalence of Crossbites 16.4 Crossbites That Can Occur 16.5 Aetiology of a Crossbite 16.6 Treatment of Crossbites 16.7 Stability of a Crossbite
20 17 Centreline 17.1 Treatment Options
21 18 Overjets 18.1 Treatment Options
22 19 Bimaxillary Proclination 19.1 Definition 19.2 Aetiology 19.3 Relapse 19.4 Retention
24 21 Tooth Movement 21.1 Biomechanics of Tooth Movement 21.2 Types of Tooth Movement 21.3 Biology of Tooth Movement
25 22 Impressions 22.1 Materials Used for Impression Taking 22.2 Technique for Taking an Impression 22.3 Technique for Disinfecting an Impression
26 23 Study Models 23.1 Production of Study Models 23.2 What Are Study Models Used For? 23.3 Technique for Production of Study Models
27 24 Radiographs 24.1 When Are Radiographs Taken? 24.2 Types of Radiographs 24.3 Why Do We Take Radiographs? 24.4 Panoramic Radiographs 24.5 Upper Standard Occlusal (USO) 24.6 Parallax Technique 24.7 Periapical Radiographs 24.8 Reasons for Taking Radiographs 24.9 Clinical Justification for Taking Radiographs 24.10 General Principles of Radiation
28 25 Cephalometrics 25.1 The Cephalostat 25.2 Why Do We Take Cephalometrics? 25.3 When Do We Take a Cephalometric Radiograph? 25.4 Evaluating a Cephalometric Radiograph 25.5 Eastman Analysis 25.6 ANB Angle 25.7 Wits Analysis and Ballard Conversion 25.8 Vertical Skeletal Pattern 25.9 Angulation of the Incisors 25.10 Prognosis Tracing 25.11 A‐Pogonion Line (Apog) 25.12 Cephalometric Errors
29 26 Removable Appliances 26.1 Indications 26.2 Components 26.3 Active Components 26.4 Retentive Components 26.5 Anchorage 26.6 Baseplate 26.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Removable Appliances 26.8 Stages of Removable Appliances 26.9 Instruments Used on a Removable Appliance 26.10 Fitting of a Removable Appliance
30 27 Functional Appliances 27.1 Timing of Treatment 27.2 Malocclusion Types 27.3 The End Point 27.4 Ten Key Points of Functional Appliances 27.5 Indications for Treatment 27.6 Mode of Action 27.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Functionals 27.8 Types of Functional Appliances 27.9 Designing a Functional Appliance 27.10 Appointments
31 28 Fixed Appliances 28.1 Definition 28.2 Indications for Fixed Appliances 28.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 28.4 Tooth Movement Achieved with Fixed Appliances 28.5 Mode of Action 28.6 Components of Fixed Appliances
32 29 Headgear 29.1 Definition 29.2 Extra‐Oral Anchorage 29.3 Extra‐Oral Traction 29.4 Biomechanics of Headgear 29.5 Types of Headgear 29.6 Components of Headgear 29.7 Headgear Injuries and Preventative Measures 29.8 Reverse Headgear 29.9 Assessment of Wear 29.10 Measuring Force
33 30 Instructions for all Appliances 30.1 Removable Appliances 30.2 Functional Appliances 30.3 Fixed Appliances 30.4 Cleaning Instructions for the Patient 30.5 Headgear 30.6 Retainers 30.7 Bonded Retainers
34 31 Uncommon Removable Appliances 31.1 Nudger Appliance 31.2 En Masse Appliance 31.3 ACCO Appliance 31.4 ELSAA
35 32 Anchorage 32.1 Intra‐oral Anchorage 32.2 Extra‐Oral Anchorage 32.3 What Does Anchorage Depend On? 32.4 Reinforcing Anchorage 32.5 Sources of Anchorage 32.6 Anchorage Loss
36 33 Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) 33.1 Dental Health Component 33.2 Aesthetic Component
37 34 Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) 34.1 Components of PAR 34.2 Assessment of Improvement in PAR 34.3 Who Uses PAR?
38 35 Space Analysis 35.1 Crowding 35.2 Incisor Antero‐posterior Change 35.3 Levelling Occlusal Curves 35.4 Arch Expansion 35.5 Creating Space
39 36 Cleft Lip and Palate 36.1 Prevalence of Cleft Lip With or Without Cleft Palate 36.2 Prevalence of Isolated Cleft Palate 36.3 Syndromes Associated with Isolated Cleft Palate 36.4 Aetiology 36.5 Development of CLP 36.6 Classifications of CLP 36.7 Clinical Problems in CLP 36.8 CLP Team 36.9 Management of CLP 36.10 Orthodontic Implications of CLP
40 37 Orthognathic Surgery 37.1 Definitions 37.2 Indications for Treatment 37.3 Radiographs 37.4 Surgical Procedures 37.5 Sequence of Treatment 37.6 Risks and Benefits
41 38 Retention and Stability 38.1 Definitions 38.2 Aetiology of Relapse 38.3 How Common Is Relapse? 38.4 Informed Consent for Retention 38.5 Retainers 38.6 Removable Retainers 38.7 Fixed Retainers 38.8 Care of Removable and Fixed Retainers 38.9 Enhancing Stability 38.10 Types of Tooth Movement to Be Retained 38.11 General Advice on Retention 38.12 Five Key Points 38.13 Outcome and Follow‐Up After Debonding
42 39 Interceptive Treatment 39.1 Definition 39.2 Clinical Interceptive Situations: Early Mixed Dentition 39.3 Clinical Situations: Late Mixed Dentition 39.4 Clinical Situations: Early Permanent Dentition 39.5 Serial Extractions
43 40 Adult Orthodontics 40.1 Reasons for Adult Orthodontics 40.2 Differences in Treating Adult Patients 40.3 Aesthetic Appliances
44 41 Orthodontic Materials 41.1 Etch 41.2 Adhesives 41.3 Bonding onto Fillings, Crowns, and Veneers
45 42 Archwire Ligation 42.1 Definition of Archwire Ligation 42.2 Properties of an Ideal Ligation System 42.3 Methods of Ligation
46 43 Risks and Benefits of Orthodontic Treatment 43.1 Risks of Orthodontic Treatment 43.2 Benefits of Orthodontic Treatment
47 44 Oral Hygiene 44.1 Oral Hygiene: Pre‐treatment 44.2 Clinical Features for Good and Bad Oral Hygiene 44.3 Procedure with Patients Presenting with Bad Oral Hygiene 44.4 Procedure with Patients Who Have Improvement in Oral Hygiene 44.5 Oral Hygiene Advice Given at the Fit Appointment 44.6 Preventing Decalcification 44.7 Oral Hygiene Instructions for Appliances
48 45 Decalcification 45.1 Causes of Decalcification 45.2 Occurrence of Decalcification 45.3 Preventing Decalcification 45.4 Treating Decalcification
49 46 Fluorosis 46.1 How Can Fluorosis Occur? 46.2 Products That Can Cause Fluorosis 46.3 Treating Fluorosis 46.4 Preventing Fluorosis
50 47 Fluoride 47.1 Effects of Fluoride 47.2 Toothpaste Ingredients 47.3 Dental Products 47.4 Fluoride Application 47.5 Risks of Fluoride 47.6 Other Causes and Conditions Which Can Affect Enamel Development
51 48 Hypoplastic Enamel 48.1 Aetiology of Enamel Hypoplasia
52 49 Hyperplastic Enamel 49.1 Aetiology of Enamel Hyperplasia
53 50 General Dental Council (GDC) 50.1 Roles of the GDC 50.2 GDC Principles 50.3 Continuing Professional Development 50.4 GDC Register 50.5 Professional Conduct Committee 50.6 Scope of Practice 50.7 Equality and Diversity
54 51 Sharps Injury 51.1 Measures to Take Following a Sharps Injury 51.2 Investigation of Donor and Recipient
55 52 Health and Safety 52.1 Employer's Duty 52.2 Employee's Duty 52.3 Policies Within the Dental Practice 52.4 Clinical Environment
56 53 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH)
57 54 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences (RIDDOR)
58 55 Consent 55.1 Types of Consent 55.2 Why Do We Obtain Consent? 55.3 When Do We Obtain Consent? 55.4 Who Can Give Consent? 55.5 How Can Consent Be Obtained?
59 56 Pain and Anxiety Control 56.1 Pain Control 56.2 Anxiety Control
60 57 Emergency Care 57.1 Clinical Problems
61 58 Orthodontic Instruments 58.1 Adams Spring‐Forming Pliers 58.2 Adams Universal Pliers 58.3 Weingart Pliers 58.4 Bird Beak Pliers 58.5 Distal End Cutters 58.6 Ligature Cutter 58.7 Posterior Band‐Removing Pliers 58.8 Band Pusher 58.9 Band Seater 58.10 Reverse‐Action Bonding Tweezers 58.11 Torquing Turret 58.12 Bracket‐Removing Pliers 58.13 Nylon Bracket‐Removing Pliers 58.14 Angled Bracket‐Removing Pliers 58.15 Dividers 58.16 Boon Gauge 58.17 Micro Etcher 58.18 Flat Plastic 58.19 Tweed Loop‐Forming Pliers 58.20 Mosquitoes 58.21 Mathieu Needle Holders 58.22 Mauns Heavy‐Duty Wire Cutters 58.23 Mitchell's Trimmer 58.24 Separating Pliers 58.25 Cheek Retractors 58.26 Stainless‐Steel Ruler 58.27 Triple‐Beak Pliers 58.28 Tweeds Straight (Torquing) Pliers 58.29 Tucker 58.30 Photographic Cheek Retractors 58.31 Photo Mirrors 58.32 Slow Handpiece 58.33 Debond Burs 58.34 Moore's Mandrel 58.35 Acrylic Bur
62 59 Medical Emergencies 59.1 Common Medical Emergencies in the Dental Practice 59.2 Choking Patients 59.3 Cardiac Arrest Patients
63 60 Eruption Dates 60.1 Deciduous Teeth
64 61 Extraction Patterns 61.1 Class I Cases 61.2 Class II Cases 61.3 Class III Cases 61.4 Balancing and Compensating Extractions
65 62 Tooth Fusion and Gemination 62.1 Treatment
68 Index
