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Table of Contents
ОглавлениеCHAPTER I EXTENDING THE PUPIL’S VIEW OF THE SCHOOL
Conservatism in the Community as a Natural Consequence
Demand for a Broad Scientific Study
Beginnings of the Science of Education
Effectiveness of Studies of Retardation
A Study of High-School Courses
An Experimental Analysis of a Fundamental Subject
A Study of the Relation of Education to General Social Life
The Scientific Study of Educational Problems
CHAPTER II SCHOOLS OF OTHER COUNTRIES AND OF OTHER TIMES
The Comparative and Historical Methods
The American Textbook Method of Teaching
Independence of Thought based on Reading
European Schools Caste Schools, American Schools Truly Public
Influence of European Schools on the Educational System of This Country
Results of the Adoption of the German Example.
The Reorganization of American Schools
American Public Schools Secular
The School System and its Domination of the Teacher
CHAPTER III EDUCATION AS A PUBLIC NECESSITY
The Primitive Attitude One of Neglect
Later Stages of Compulsory Legislation
Obstacles to Enforcement of Compulsory Attendance
Newer Legislation recognizing Complexity of Problems of Attendance
Supervision a Necessary Corollary to Compulsion
Higher Education and Public Control
Public Control Adequate only when directed by Science
CHAPTER IV INVESTING PUBLIC MONEY IN A NEW GENERATION
The Cost of Educating an Individual
Total School Expenditures in the United States
Cost a Determining Consideration in School Organization
Relation of School Expenditures to Other Public Expenses
Urgent Demands for Economy and Efficiency
Expenditures in Relation to Wealth
Costs of Different Levels of Education
Costs of Different Subjects of Instruction
Costs of Classes of Different Sizes
The Meaning of Financial Organization and Educational Accounting
CHAPTER V DELEGATING RESPONSIBILITY FOR CARRYING ON SCHOOLS
Class Instruction given over to the Teacher
Sketch of Development of a School System
The Community Slow to delegate School Control
Limits of Authority and Responsibility not Clear
Statement by a Public Education Association
Report of Committee of Superintendents
Organization under Scientific Principles
Control of School Work through Tests
A Study of the Building Needs of a City
CHAPTER VI THE SCHOOL BUILDING
Contrasts in Plans of Rural Schools
Contrasts in Urban Elementary Schools
A High-School Building of the Early Type
The Hygiene of Ventilation and Heating
Relation of Equipment to the Course of Study
Modern School Construction and Costs
The Gary Plan for distributing Pupils and enlarging the Scope of School Work
Requirements to be met when the Gary Plan is adopted
The Construction of Consolidated Schools
CHAPTER VII GROUPING PUPILS IN CLASSES
Transition to Problems of Internal Organization
Economy a First Motive for Grouping
Social Influence an Important Motive
Grouping in the One-Room School
Courses of Instruction in Relation to the Problem of Grouping
New Problems of Grouping in Large Schools
Fundamentally Different Views on the Curriculum
The Ungraded Class in Graded Schools
Cases where Failures show the Urgency of the Grading Problem
Efforts to adjust Instruction to Pupils
Readjustments of the Curriculum
Problems of Grouping in High School
Illegitimate Reasons for promoting Pupils
Experiments and Studies which aim to supply both Individual Instruction and Class Instruction
Arrangement of the Materials of Instruction
CHAPTER VIII THE TRADITIONAL CURRICULUM AND ITS REORGANIZATION
Importance of a Study of the Curriculum
The Specialized Curriculum of Higher Schools
Problems of Generalizing a Specialized Curriculum
Traditional Character of Mathematics Courses in High Schools
Traditional Neglect of Industrial Education on the Part of the Public
The Demand for Revision of the Curriculum
CHAPTER IX SPECIALIZED EDUCATION VERSUS GENERAL EDUCATION
Present-Day Wavering between Specialized and General Training
The Theory of Separate Schools for Different Classes of People
Public Demand for a New Curriculum
Commercial Courses in High Schools
Various Types of Trade Schools
Practical Applications as Parts of Academic Courses
CHAPTER X EXTENSION OF SCHOOL ACTIVITIES
Relation of Home Work to Traditional School Work
After-School Classes and Vacation Classes
Continuation Classes for Adults
Demonstrations as Means of Economic and Social Improvement
Entertainment as Part of the Educational Program
Associations aimed directly at the Improvement of Schools
Principles required to systematize Educational Activities
CHAPTER XI PRINCIPLES INFLUENCING THE ORGANIZATION OF THE CURRICULUM
Necessity of Practical Decisions in Spite of Confusion
The Doctrine of Natural Education in the Form of the Doctrine of Freedom
Popular Attitude toward Discipline
Examples of Discipline and Freedom
Natural Education and Recognition of Individual Differences
Natural Education as Training for Life
Training in the Methods of Knowledge and General Training
Examples of Views on Formal Training
Formal Discipline and Transfer of Training
Relation of Subjects to Maturity of Pupils
CHAPTER XII INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Adaptation of Curriculum to Individual Pupils
Differences in Industrial Opportunity for the Sexes and Corresponding Demands for Training
Demand for New Courses for Girls
Individual Differences which appear during Training
Democratic Recognition of Individual Differences
CHAPTER XIII PERIODICITY IN THE PUPIL’S DEVELOPMENT
Recognition of Periodicity in Present Organization
The Period before entering School
The Primary Period One of Social Imitation
Early Adolescence as a Period of Social Consciousness
The New School adapted to Adolescence
Later Adolescence a Period of Specialization
CHAPTER XIV SYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF THE CURRICULUM
The Curriculum based on Authority versus the Living Curriculum
Older Subjects Products of Long Selection
Social Needs and the Curriculum
Systematic Studies as Devices for facilitating Evolution of the Curriculum
A Study of Representative Adults
A Study of the Mistakes of Pupils
Prerequisites for Higher Courses
Need of Broad, Coöperative Studies
Tests and Measurements of Products
Earlier Standards based on Opinion
Speed as a Correlate of Quality
Standards, Personal and Impersonal
Social Standards versus Imposed Standards
Comparison through Exact Measurement
Records as a Basis of Standardization
Studies dealing with Other Subjects
Mechanical Aspects the First to be Standardized
Standardization and the Science of Education
Supposed Conflict between Methods and Subject-Matter
Two Examples of Modern Methods
Reaction against the Question and Answer Method
Organizing a School for Supervised Study
Organizing Subject-Matter for Supervised Study
Method as a Subject of Scientific Tests
CHAPTER XVII CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT
Intellectual Progress and Social Conditions
Social Control through Anticipation
Attempts to classify Unruly Members of the Social Group
CHAPTER XVIII SELECTED ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Practical Precepts based on Study of Fatigue
Administrative Considerations controlling Length of the Class Period
Adjustment of Work within the Period
Experiments with Grading Systems
The Study of Marks as an Introduction to a Study of the School System
Motives for Cultivation of Physical Powers
Periods in the Development of Play
Social Necessity of Recreation
Surveys of Children’s Play in Cities
Systematizing Instruction in Play
Survey of Recreational Facilities
Play as Part of the Regular School Program
Slow Spread of Modern Attitude toward Play
The Relation of Health to School Work
Treatment of Pathological Cases
Public Attention to Nutrition of Children
Difficulties of introducing Health Instruction
Health as a Subject of Instruction and as a Mode of Life
CHAPTER XXI SCIENTIFIC SUPERVISION
Evolution of the Demand for Supervision
Lack of Public Appreciation of Central Problems
Managerial Training in Relation to Democracy
The Purpose of the Present Discussion
Selection and Management of Teachers
Standardization by Measurement of Results
An Example of Public Recognition of the Need of Efficiency Measurements
Scientific Studies and Central Supervision
CHAPTER XXII THE SCIENCE OF EDUCATION
Scientific Methods of studying Schools
Definition through Enumeration of Methods
The History of Educational Theory and Practice
Extension of Use of Psychological Methods
School Experiments and Laboratory Studies
Examples throughout Earlier Chapters
Studies of Administrative Problems
Records Necessary to Scientific Study
Subdivisions of the Science of Education
Rapid Expansion of the Science of Education
Definition of the Science of Education
CHAPTER XXIII PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF TEACHERS
Increasing Demand for Professional Training
American Demands on Secondary-School Teachers
German Training of Secondary-School Teachers
New Courses in Colleges and Universities for Secondary-School Teachers
The Requirements of a Standardizing Association
The California Requirements the Most Advanced in the United States
Continuation Training of School Officers
Specialized Training for Administration
Contributions to the Science of Education
APPENDIX CLASSROOM OBSERVATION
FOR THE TEACHER’S LIBRARY
