Читать книгу Beginning AutoCAD® 2019 Exercise Workbook - Cheryl R. Shrock - Страница 10
ОглавлениеLEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Create and use a Template.
2. Select a Command.
3. Draw, Select and Erase Objects.
4. Start a New Drawing.
5. Open an Existing Drawing.
6. Open Multiple Drawings.
7. Save, Backup and Recover a Drawing.
8. Exit AutoCAD.
The first item on the learning agenda is how to create a template file from a drawing file. This is important: You will need this template to complete Lessons 2 through 8.
First you need to download a drawing file.
A. Type the website address shown below into your web browser, then press <Enter>.
http://new.industrialpress.com/ext/downloads/acad/workbook-helper.zip
B. The workbook-helper file will download automatically.
C. Save the downloaded file to your desktop, then unzip the file to extract both drawings.
Now you will create a template. (This will be a very easy task.)
1. Start AutoCAD, if you haven’t already. (Refer to page 1 -2)
2. Select the Open tool from the Quick Access Toolbar. (Refer to page 1-10)
3. Select the Desktop directory
4. Select either the inch-helper or metric-helper drawing.
5. Select the Open button located in the lower right corner.
Your screen should appear as shown below.
I created the Rectangular shape that appears in the drawing area. I have designed the exercises that follow to fit on a 11" × 8-1/2" sheet of paper for inch users, or to fit on a 297mm × 210mm sheet of paper for metric users. This will enable you to easily print them on any letter or A4 size printer. The Rectangle represents an 11" × 8-1/2" or 297mm × 210mm sheet of paper, depending on which file you use. While completing the exercises within this Workbook please try to draw all objects within this rectangle.
The criss-cross lines are Grids. I have set them to display every 1 inch vertically and horizontally for inch users, and every 25mm for metric users. You will learn more about Grids in Lesson 3. For now notice that the grids are 11 horizontally and 8.5 vertically for inch users, and 11.88 horizontally and 8.4 vertically for metric users. Grids are merely a visual aid and will not print. The size may be changed at any time and they may be turned on or off easily by selecting the “Grid” button on the status line or <F7>. (Refer to page 1-13)
The next step is to create a template from this drawing. Continue on to Step 6 on the next page.
6. Select the “Application Menu”
7. Select Save As “” (Click on the arrow not the words "Save As”)
8. Select “Drawing Template”.
9. The name of the new file should already be highlighted in the “File name” box; if it’s not, just type in inch-helper or metric-helper in the File name box.
Do not type the extension .dwt, AutoCAD will add it automatically.
10. Select the Save button.
11. Type the description as shown below.
12. Select OK button.
Now you have a template to use for Lessons 2 through 8.
At the beginning of each exercise you will be instructed to start a new drawing using either the inch-helper.dwt or metric-helper.dwt
Using a template as a master setup drawing is very good CAD management.
The template that you created from the previous pages will be used for lessons 2 through 8. Many variables have been preset in this template. This will allow you to start drawing immediately. You will learn how to set those variables before you complete this Workbook, but for now you will concentrate on learning the AutoCAD commands and hopefully have some fun.
To use a Template
1. Select the New tool from the Quick Access Toolbar. 1
2. Select Drawing Template (*.dwt) from the “Files of type” if not already selected.
3. Select either the inch-helper.dwt or metric-helper.dwt from the list of templates.
Note : If you do not have these templates, refer to page 2-2 for instructions.
4. Select the Open button.
AutoCAD provides you with 2 different methods for selecting commands.
One is selecting a tool from the Ribbon, the other is typing the command. Both methods will accomplish the same end result. You decide which method you prefer. An example of Method 1 is shown below. Method 2 is on the next page.
Method 1. Selecting a tool from the Ribbon
1. First select a Tab such as Home.
2. Locate the correct Panel such as Draw.
3. Select a tool such as Circle.
Note :
If the tool includes multiple types, it will have a down-arrow
If you select the down-arrow, a sub-menu will appear.
Select the desired type such as 2-Point.
The latest selection will then become the current displayed tool because AutoCAD assumes that you may need that tool again.
Method 2. Keyboard entry
You may type commands on the Command Line (Shown below) or in the Dynamic Input Tooltip (Shown on the next page).
It depends on whether you have Dynamic Input on or off.
Command Line
How to enter a command on the Command Line.
1. Place the cursor in the Command Line area. (Important.)
2. Type the first letter of a command, such as c for circle.
3. A list of commands that begin with the letter c will appear. Select the command from the list.
4. When you enter a command such as Circle the prompt and options will be displayed on the Command Line.
5. The prompt for Circle command asks you to:
“Specify center point for circle" or [ 3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius) ]:
The information within the [ ] brackets are options that you may select.
Dynamic Input
Dynamic Input is another method of inputting commands, values and select options.
To use Dynamic Input you must turn on the Dynamic Input button in the Status Bar, shown on page 1-14.
If you choose to use Dynamic Input, the command will be entered in the tooltip box beside the cursor.
How to enter a command using Dynamic Input.
1. Place the cursor in the Drawing Area. (Important)
2. Type the first letter of a command, such as c for circle.
3. A list of commands that begin with the letter c will appear. Select the command from the list.
4. If you press the down arrow, the options will appear below the prompt.
Notice the command entry and prompts are being displayed on the Command Line also.
Using the Command Line or Dynamic Input is your choice.
A Line can be one segment or a series of connected segments.
But each segment is an individual object.
Start the Line command using one of the following methods:
Ribbon = Home Tab / Draw Panel /
or
Keyboard = L <Enter>
Lines are drawn by specifying the locations for each endpoint.
Move the cursor to the location of the “first” endpoint (1) then press the left mouse button and release. (Click and release, do Click and Drag) Move the cursor again to the “next” endpoint (2) and press the left mouse button. Continue locating “next” endpoints until you want to stop drawing lines.
There are 2 ways to Stop drawing a line: press the <Enter> key or press the <Spacebar>
| To quickly repeat the Line command, press the <Spacebar>. |
Horizontal and Vertical Lines
To draw a Line perfectly Horizontal or Vertical select the Ortho mode by selecting the Ortho button on the Status Bar or pressing the <F8> key.
Try the following example:
1. Select the Line command. (Refer to the previous page.)
2. Place the First endpoint anywhere in the drawing area.
3. Turn Ortho on by selecting the Ortho button or <F8>. (The “Ortho” button will change to a neon blue when on.)
4. Move the cursor to the right and press the left mouse button to place the next endpoint. (The line should appear perfectly horizontal.)
5. Move the cursor down and press the left mouse button to place the next endpoint. (The line should appear perfectly vertical)
6. Now turn Ortho off by selecting the Ortho button. (The “Ortho” button will change to gray when off.)
7. Now move the cursor up and to the right on an angle (the line should move freely now) and press the left mouse button to place the next endpoint.
| Ortho can be turned on or off at any time while you are drawing. It can also be turned on or off temporarily by holding down the <Shift> key. |
Closing Lines
If you have drawn 2 or more line segments, the endpoint of the last line segment can be connected automatically to the first endpoint using the Close option.
Try the following example:
1. Select the Line command.
2. Place the First endpoint
3. Place the next endpoint
4. Place the next endpoint
5. Type C <Enter>
Or
5. Press the right mouse button and select Close from the Shortcut Menu.
What is the Shortcut Menu?
The Shortcut Menu gives you quick access to command options.
Using the Shortcut Menu:
Press the right mouse button. The Shortcut Menu will appear. Select an option.
Using the Dynamic Input down arrow:
You may use the right mouse button or press the down arrow and the options will appear below the Dynamic Input prompt.
Many AutoCAD commands prompt you to “select objects”. This means select the objects that you want the command to effect. There are 3 methods.
Method 1. Pick, is very easy and should be used if you have only 1 or 2 objects to select. Method 2. Window selection, is a little more difficult but once mastered it is extremely helpful and time saving. Method 3. Lasso Selection, is a little more difficult than Window Selection but again, once mastered it is very useful and will save you time. Practice the following examples:
Method 1. Pick
Place the cursor on the object but do not press the mouse button yet. The object will highlight. This appearance change is called "Rollover Highlighting”. This gives you a preview of which object AutoCAD is recognizing. Press the left mouse button to actually select the highlighted object.
Method 2. Window selection, Crossing and Window
Crossing:
Place your cursor in the area up and to the right of the objects that you wish to select (P1) and press the left mouse button. (Do not hold the mouse button down. Just press and release) Then move the cursor down and to the left (P2) and press the left mouse button again. (Note: The Window will be green and the outer line is dashed.)
Only the objects that this Window crosses will be selected.
In the example above, all 4 rectangles have been selected because the Crossing Window crosses a portion of each.
Window:
Place your cursor in the area up and to the left of the objects that you wish to select (P1) and press the left mouse button (Do not hold the mouse button down. Just press and release.) Then move the cursor down and to the right of the objects (P2) and press the left mouse button. (Note: The Window will be blue and outer line is solid.) Only the objects that this Window completely enclosed will be selected.
In the example below, only 2 rectangles have been selected.
(The other 2 rectangles are not completely enclosed in the Window.)
Method 3. Lasso Selection, Crossing, Window and Fence
Crossing:
Place your cursor in the area up and to the right of the objects that you wish to select (P1) then press and hold the left mouse button. (Do not release the mouse button.) Then move the cursor in an anti-clockwise direction until you have crossed the objects you want to select (P2) then release the left mouse button. (Note: The Lasso Window will be green and the outer line is dashed.)
Only the objects that the Lasso Window crosses will be selected.
Window:
Place your cursor in the area up and to the left of the objects that you wish to select (P1) then press and hold the left mouse button. (Do not release the mouse button.) Then move the cursor in a clockwise direction until you have completely enclosed the objects you want to select (P2) then release the left mouse button. (Note: The Window will be blue and outer line is solid.) Only the objects that this Window completely enclosed will be selected.
Fence:
With the Fence option of the Lasso selection you can place the mouse cursor in any position you choose. For this example, place your cursor at (P1) then press and hold the left mouse button. (Do not release the mouse button.) Move the mouse until you see either the green or blue lasso, then press the <Spacebar> until you see just a Dashed Fence Line. Move the mouse over the objects you want to select (P2) then release the left mouse button. Only the objects that the Fence line crosses will be selected.
Note: You may have to press the <Spacebar> twice to activate the Fence Line option.
There are 3 methods to erase (delete) objects from the drawing.
They all work equally well. You decide which one you prefer to use.
Method 1.
Select the Erase command first and then select the objects.
Example:
1. Start the Erase command using one of the following:
Ribbon = Home Tab / Modify Panel /
or
Keyboard = E <Enter>
2. Select objects: Pick one or more objects.
Select objects: Press <Enter> and the objects selected will disappear.
Method 2.
Select the Objects first and then the <Delete> key.
Example:
1. Select the object to be erased.
2. Press the <Delete> key.
Method 3.
Select the Objects first and then select Erase command from the Shortcut Menu.
Example:
1. Select the object to be erased.
2. Press the right mouse button.
3. Select Erase from the Shortcut Menu using the left mouse button.
Note : Very Important
If you want the erased objects to return, select the Undo tool from the Quick Access Toolbar. This will Undo the last command.
More about Undo and Redo on the next page.
The Undo and Redo tools allow you to undo or redo previous commands.
For example, if you erase an object by mistake, you can undo the previous "erase” command and the object will reappear. So don’t panic if you do something wrong. Just use the undo command to remove the previous commands.
The Undo and Redo tools are located in the Quick Access Toolbar.
Note :
You may undo commands used during a work session until you close the drawing.
How to use the Undo tool.
1. Draw a line, circle and a rectangle.
Your drawing should look approximately like this.
2. Next Erase the Circle and the Rectangle.
(The Circle and the Rectangle disappear.)
3. Select the Undo arrow.
You have now deleted the Erase command operation.
As a result the erased objects reappear.
How to use the Redo command:
Select the Redo arrow and the Circle and Rectangle will disappear again.
Starting a new drawing means that you want to start with a previously created Template file. That is why I taught you “How to create a template” at the beginning of this lesson. You will use either the inch-helper.dwt or the metric-helper.dwt template each time you are instructed to start a new drawing.
Note: Do not use the New tool if you want to open an existing drawing.
Refer to page 2-19 to open an existing drawing file.
How to start a new drawing
1. Select the New tool from the Quick Access Toolbar.
2. Select either the inch-helper.dwt or the metric-helper.dwt from the list of templates.
Note : If you do not have these templates, refer to page 2-2 for instructions.
3. Select the Open button.
Opening an Existing Drawing File
Opening an Existing Drawing File means that you would like to open, on to the screen, a drawing that has been previously created and saved. Usually you are opening it to continue working on it or you need to make some changes.
1. Select the Open tool on the Quick Access Toolbar.
2. Locate the Directory and Folder in which the file had previously been saved.
3. Select the File that you wish to open.
4. Select the Open button.
The File Tabs tool allows you to have multiple drawings open at the same time. If the File Tabs tool is switched on (on by default), you can open existing saved drawings or create new ones.
The File Tabs tool is located on the Interface Panel of the View Tab, and is a Neon Blue color when switched on.
How to open an existing saved drawing from the File Tabs
1. Right mouse click on the “+” icon.
2. Select Open from the menu.
3. Locate the Directory and Folder for the previously saved file. (Refer to page 2-19.)
4. Select the File you wish to open.
5. Select the Open button.
How to open a new drawing from the Files Tab.
1. Right mouse click on any File Tab and select New from the menu.
2. Select Drawing Template (*.dwt) from the Files of type drop-down list.
3. Select the Template you require.
4. Select the Open button.
Note:
If you right mouse click on any File Tab, a menu appears with various options, including closing all open drawing tabs except the one you just clicked on.
You can also start a new drawing using the default template by left clicking on the “+” icon.
The File Tabs drawing previews allow you to quickly change between open drawings. If you hover your mouse over any open File Tab, a preview of the Model and the Layout Tabs are displayed. You can click on any of the previews to take you to that particular open drawing or view, as shown in the example below.
If an asterisk is displayed on a File Tab, it means that particular drawing has not been saved since it was last modified. The asterisk will disappear when the drawing has been saved. An example of having two separate drawings open that have not been saved is shown below.
After starting a new drawing, it is best practice to save it immediately. Learning how to save a drawing correctly is almost more important than making the drawing. If you can’t save correctly, you will lose the drawing and hours of work.
There are 2 commands for saving a drawing: Save and Save As. I prefer to use Save As.
The Save As command always pauses to allow you to choose where you want to store the file and what name to assign to the file. This may seem like a small thing, but it has saved me many times from saving a drawing on top of another drawing by mistake.
The Save command will automatically save the file either back to where you retrieved it or where you last saved a previous drawing. Neither may be the correct destination. And may replace a file with the same name. So play it safe, use Save As for now.
1. Select the Save As command using one of the following:
Quick Access Toolbar =
or
Application Menu = Save As / Drawing
or
Keyboard = SA <Enter>
If you turn the automatic save option on, your drawing is saved at specified time intervals. These temporary files are automatically deleted when a drawing closes normally. The default save time is every 10 minutes. You may change the save time Intervals and where you would prefer the Automatic Save files to be saved.
How to set the Automatic Save intervals
1. Type options and then press <Enter>
2. Select the Open and Save Tab.
3. Enter the desired minutes between saves.
4. Select the OK button.
How to change the Automatic Save location
1. Type options and then press <Enter>
2. Select the Files Tab.
3. Locate the Automatic Save File Location and click on the “+” to display the path.
4. Double click on the path.
5. Browse to locate the Automatic Save Location desired and highlight it.
6. Select OK.
(The browse box will disappear and the new location path should be displayed under the Automatic Save File Location heading).
7. Select OK to accept the change.
When you save a drawing file, Autocad creates a file with a .dwg extension.
For example, if you save a drawing as 12b, Autocad saves it as 12b.dwg.
The next time you save that same drawing, Autocad replaces the old with the new and renames the old version 12b.bak. The old version is now a back up file.
(Only 1 backup file for each drawing file is stored.)
How to open a back up file:
You can’t open a “.bak” file.
It must first be renamed with a “.dwg” file extension.
How to view the list of back up files:
The backup files will be saved in the same location as the drawing file.
You must use Windows Explorer to locate the .bak files.
How to rename a back up file:
1. Right click on the file name.
2. Select "Rename”.
3. Change the .bak extension to .dwg and then press <Enter>.
Recovering a Drawing
In the event of a program failure or a power failure any open files should be saved automatically. (Refer to page 2-24.)
When you attempt to re-open the drawing the Drawing Recovery Manager will display a list of all drawing files that were open at the time of a program or system failure. You can preview and open each .dwg or .bak file to choose which one should be saved as the primary file.
To safely exit AutoCAD follow the instructions below.
1. Save all open drawings.
2. Start the Exit procedure using one of the following.
Ribbon = None
or
Application Menu =
or
Keyboard = Exit <Enter>
If any changes have been made to the drawing since the last Save As, the warning box shown below will appear asking if you want to Save the changes?
Select Yes, No or Cancel.
Instructions:
1. Start a New file using either the inch-helper.dwt or the metric-helper.dwt
2. Draw the objects below using:
A. Line command
B. Ortho <F8> on when drawing Horizontal and Vertical lines.
C. Ortho <F8> off when drawing lines on an Angle.
D. Turn Increment Snap <F9> on
E. Turn Osnap <F3> off
F. Turn Grid <F7> on
G. Use the Close option
3. Save the drawing as: Ex-2A
Exercise 2B
Instructions:
1. Open Ex-2A, if not already open.
2. Erase the missing Lines as shown.
A. Turn Osnap <F3> off (It will be easier to move the cursor accurately).
3. Save the drawing as: Ex-2B
Exercise 2C
Instructions:
1. Start a New file using either the inch-helper.dwt or the metric-helper.dwt
2. Draw the objects below using:
A. Line command
B. Ortho <F8> on when drawing Horizontal and Vertical lines.
C. Ortho <F8> off when drawing lines on an Angle.
D. Turn Increment Snap <F9> on
E. Turn Osnap <F3> off
F. Turn Grid <F7> on
G. Use the <Shi1t> key to toggle Ortho on and off.
3. Save the drawing as: Ex-2C
Exercise 2D
Instructions:
1. Start a New file using either the inch-helper.dwt or the metric-helper.dwt
2. Draw the objects below using:
A. Line command
B. Ortho <F8> on when drawing Horizontal and Vertical lines.
C. Ortho <F8> off when drawing lines on an Angle.
D. Turn Increment Snap <F9> on
E. Turn Osnap <F3> off
F. Turn Grid <F7> on
G. Use the <Shift> key to toggle Ortho on and off.
3. Save the drawing as: Ex-2D
