Читать книгу Quantum Mechanics, Volume 3 - Claude Cohen-Tannoudji - Страница 122

We now vary to determine the conditions leading to a stationary value of the total energy :

(26)

where the three terms in this summation are given by (15), (16) and (18). Let us vary one of the kets |θk〉, k being arbitrarily chosen between 1 and N:

(27)

or, in terms of an individual wave function:

(28)

This will yield the following variations:

(29)

and:

(30)

As for the variation of , we must take from (18) two contributions: the first one from the terms i = k, and the other from the terms j = k. These contributions are actually equal as they only differ by the choice of a dummy subscript. The factor 1/2 disappears and we get:

(31)

The variation of is simply the sum of (29), (30) and (31).

We now consider variations δθk, which can be written as:

(32)

(where δε is a first order infinitely small parameter). These variations are proportional to the wave function of one of the non-occupied states, which was added to the occupied states to form a complete orthonormal basis; the phase χ is an arbitrary parameter. Such a variation does not change, to first order, either the norm of |θk〉, or its scalar product with all the occupied states l ≤ N; it therefore leaves unchanged our assumption that the occupied states basis is orthonormal. The first order variation of the energy is obtained by inserting δθk and its complex conjugate into (29), (30) and (31); we then get terms in eiχ in the first case, and terms in e–iχ in the second. For to be stationary, its variation must be zero to first order for any value of χ; now the sum of a term in eiχ and another in eiχ will be zero for any value of χ only if both terms are zero. It follows that we can impose to be zero (stationary condition) considering the variations of δθk and to be independent. Keeping only the terms in , we obtain the stationary condition of the variational energy:

(33)

or, taking (20) into account:

(34)

This relation can also be written as::

(35)

where the integro-differential operator is defined by its action on an arbitrary function θ(r):

(36)

This operator depends on the diagonal 〈r′|PN|r′〉 and non-diagonal 〈r′|PN|r′〉 spatial correlation functions associated with the set of states occupied by the N fermions.

Relation (35) thus shows that the action of the differential operator on the function θk(r) yields a function orthogonal to all the functions θl(r) for l > N. This means that the function only has components on the wave functions of the occupied states: it is a linear combination of these functions. Consequently, for the energy to be stationary there is a simple condition: the invariance under the action of the integro-differential operator of the N-dimensional vector space , spanned by all the linear combinations of the functions θi(r) with i = 1, 2, ..N.

Comment:

One could wonder why we limited ourselves to the variations δθk written in (32), proportional to non-occupied individual states. The reason will become clearer in § 2, where we use a more general method that shows directly which variations of each individual states are really useful to consider (see in particular the discussion at the end of § 2-a). For now, it can be noted that choosing a variation δθk proportional to the same wave function θk(r) would simply change its norm or phase, and therefore have no impact on the associated quantum state (in addition, a change of norm would not be compatible with our hypotheses, as in the computation of the average values we always assumed the individual states to remain normalized). If the state does not change, the energy must remain constant and writing a stationary condition is pointless. Similarly, to give θk(r) a variation proportional to another occupied wave function θl(r) (where l is included between 1 and N) is just as useless, as we now show. In this operation, the creation operator acquires a component on (Chapter XV, § A-6), but the state vector expression (1) remains unchanged. The state vector thus acquire a component including the square of a creation operator, which is zero for fermions. Consequently, the stationarity of the energy is automatically ensured in this case.