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affair NOUN

1 = matter, business, happening, event, activity, incident, episode, topic 2 = relationship, romance, intrigue, fling, liaison, flirtation, amour, dallianceaffect1 VERB 1 = influence, concern, alter, change, manipulate, act on, bear upon, impinge upon 2 = emotionally move, touch, upset, overcome, stir, disturb, perturbaffect2 VERB = put on, assume, adopt, pretend, imitate, simulate, contrive, aspire toaffected ADJECTIVE = pretended, artificial, contrived, put-on, mannered, unnatural, feigned, insincere ◼ OPPOSITE: genuineaffection NOUN = fondness, liking, feeling, love, care, warmth, attachment, goodwill, aroha (N.Z.)affectionate ADJECTIVE = fond, loving, kind, caring, friendly, attached, devoted, tender ◼ OPPOSITE: coolaffiliate VERB = associate, unite, join, link, ally, combine, incorporate, amalgamateaffinity NOUN 1 = attraction, liking, leaning, sympathy, inclination, rapport, fondness, partiality, aroha (N.Z.) ◼ OPPOSITE: hostility 2 = similarity, relationship, connection, correspondence, analogy, resemblance, closeness, likeness ◼ OPPOSITE: differenceaffirm VERB 1 = declare, state, maintain, swear, assert, testify, pronounce, certify ◼ OPPOSITE: deny 2 = confirm, prove, endorse, ratify, verify, validate, bear out, substantiate ◼ OPPOSITE: refuteaffirmative ADJECTIVE = agreeing, confirming, positive, approving, consenting, favourable, concurring, assenting ◼ OPPOSITE: negativeafflict VERB = torment, trouble, pain, hurt, distress, plague, grieve, harassaffluent ADJECTIVE = wealthy, rich, prosperous, loaded (slang), well-off, opulent, well-heeled (informal), well-to-do, minted (Brit. slang) ◼ OPPOSITE: poorafford VERB 1 = have the money for, manage, bear, pay for, spare, stand, stretch to 2 = bear, stand, sustain, allow yourself 3 = give, offer, provide, produce, supply, yield, renderaffordable ADJECTIVE = inexpensive, cheap, reasonable, moderate, modest, low-cost, economical ◼ OPPOSITE: expensiveafraid ADJECTIVE 1 = scared, frightened, nervous, terrified, shaken, startled, fearful, cowardly ◼ OPPOSITE: unafraid 2 = reluctant, frightened, scared, unwilling, hesitant, loath, disinclined, unenthusiastic 3 = sorry, apologetic, regretful, sad, distressed, unhappy ◼ OPPOSITE: pleasedafter PREPOSITION = at the end of, following, subsequent to ◼ OPPOSITE: before ▸ ADVERB = following, later, next, succeeding, afterwards, subsequently, thereafter ◼ RELATED WORD: prefix post-aftermath NOUN = effects, results, wake, consequences, outcome, sequel, end result, upshotagain ADVERB 1 = once more, another time, anew, afresh 2 = also, in addition, moreover, besides, furthermoreagainst PREPOSITION 1 = beside, on, up against, in contact with, abutting 2 = opposed to, anti (informal), hostile to, in opposition to, averse to, opposite to 3 = in opposition to, resisting, versus, counter to, in the opposite direction of 4 = in preparation for, in case of, in anticipation of, in expectation of, in provision for ◼ RELATED WORD: prefixes anti-, contra-, counter-age NOUN 1 = years, days, generation, lifetime, length of existence 2 = old age, experience, maturity, seniority, majority, senility, decline, advancing years ◼ OPPOSITE: youth 3 = time, day(s), period, generation, era, epoch ▸ VERB 1 = grow old, decline, weather, fade, deteriorate, wither 2 = mature, season, condition, soften, mellow, ripenaged ADJECTIVE = old, getting on, grey, ancient, antique, elderly, antiquated ◼ OPPOSITE: youngagency NOUN 1 = business, company, office, firm, department, organization, enterprise, establishment 2 = medium, means, activity, vehicle, instrument, mechanismagenda NOUN = programme, list, plan, schedule, diary, calendar, timetableagent NOUN 1 = representative, rep (informal), negotiator, envoy, surrogate, go-between 2 = author, worker, vehicle, instrument, operator, performer, catalyst, doer 3 = force, means, power, cause, instrumentaggravate VERB 1 = make worse, exaggerate, intensify, worsen, exacerbate, magnify, inflame, increase ◼ OPPOSITE: improve 2 = annoy, bother, provoke, irritate, nettle, get on your nerves (informal) ◼ OPPOSITE: pleaseaggregate NOUN = total, body, whole, amount, collection, cluster, mass, sum, combination ▸ ADJECTIVE = collective, mixed, combined, collected, accumulated, composite, cumulative ▸ VERB = combine, mix, collect, assemble, heap, accumulate, pile, amassaggression NOUN 1 = hostility, malice, antagonism, antipathy, ill will, belligerence, destructiveness, pugnacity 2 = attack, campaign, injury, assault, raid, invasion, offensive, onslaughtaggressive ADJECTIVE 1 = hostile, offensive, destructive, belligerent, unfriendly, contrary, antagonistic, pugnacious, aggro (Austral. & N.Z.), aggers (Austral. slang), biffo (Austral. slang) ◼ OPPOSITE: friendly 2 = forceful, powerful, convincing, effective, enterprising, dynamic, bold, militant ◼ OPPOSITE: submissiveagitate VERB 1 = stir, beat, shake, disturb, toss, rouse 2 = upset, worry, trouble, excite, distract, unnerve, disconcert, fluster ◼ OPPOSITE: calmagony NOUN = suffering, pain, distress, misery, torture, discomfort, torment, hardshipagree VERB 1 = concur, be as one, sympathize, assent, see eye to eye, be of the same opinion ◼ OPPOSITE: disagree 2 = correspond, match, coincide, tally, conform ● agree with someone = suit, get on with, befitagreement NOUN 1 = treaty, contract, arrangement, alliance, deal (informal), understanding, settlement, bargain 2 = concurrence, harmony, compliance, union, agreeing, consent, unison, assent ◼ OPPOSITE: disagreement 3 = correspondence, similarity, consistency, correlation, conformity, compatibility, congruity ◼ OPPOSITE: differenceagricultural ADJECTIVE = farming, country, rural, rustic, agrarianagriculture NOUN = farming, culture, cultivation, husbandry, tillageahead ADVERB 1 = in front, in advance, towards the front, frontwards 2 = at an advantage, in advance, in the lead 3 = in the lead, winning, leading, at the head, to the fore, at an advantage 4 = in advance, in front, before, in the leadaid NOUN = help, backing, support, benefit, favour, relief, promotion, assistance ◼ OPPOSITE: hindrance ▸ VERB 1 = help, support, serve, sustain, assist, avail, subsidize, be of service to ◼ OPPOSITE: hinder 2 = promote, help, further, forward, encourage, favour, facilitate, pave the way foraide NOUN = assistant, supporter, attendant, helper, right-hand man or woman or person, secondailing ADJECTIVE 1 = weak, failing, poor, flawed, unstable, unsatisfactory, deficient 2 = ill, poorly (informal), sick, weak, crook (Austral. & N.Z. informal), unwell, infirm, under the weather (informal), indisposedailment NOUN = illness, disease, complaint, disorder, sickness, affliction, malady, infirmityaim VERB 1 = try for, seek, work for, plan for, strive, set your sights on 2 = point ▸ NOUN = intention, point, plan, goal, design, target, purpose, desireair NOUN 1 = wind, breeze, draught, gust, zephyr 2 = atmosphere, sky, heavens, aerosphere 3 = tune, song, theme, melody, strain, lay, aria 4 = manner, appearance, look, aspect, atmosphere, mood, impression, aura ▸ VERB 1 = publicize, reveal, exhibit, voice, express, display, circulate, make public 2 = ventilate, expose, freshen, aerate ◼ RELATED WORD: adjective aerialairborne ADJECTIVE = flying, floating, in the air, hovering, gliding, in flight, on the wingairing NOUN 1 = ventilation, drying, freshening, aeration 2 = exposure, display, expression, publicity, vent, utterance, disseminationairplane (U.S. & Canad.) NOUN = plane, aircraft, jet, aeroplane, airlinerairs PLURAL NOUN = affectation, arrogance, pretensions, pomposity, swank (informal), hauteur, haughtiness, superciliousnessaisle NOUN = passageway, path, lane, passage, corridor, alley, gangwayalarm NOUN 1 = fear, panic, anxiety, fright, apprehension, nervousness, consternation, trepidation (formal) ◼ OPPOSITE: calmness 2 = danger signal, warning, bell, alert, siren, alarm bell, hooter, distress signal ▸ VERB = frighten, scare, panic, distress, startle, dismay, daunt, unnerve ◼ OPPOSITE: calmalarming ADJECTIVE = frightening, shocking, scaring, disturbing, distressing, startling, horrifying, menacingalcoholic NOUN = drinker, drunkard, drunk, inebriate, tippler, lush (slang), wino (informal), toper (literary) ▸ ADJECTIVE = intoxicating, hard, strong, stiff, brewed, fermented, distilledalert ADJECTIVE 1 = attentive, awake, vigilant, watchful, on the lookout, circumspect, observant, on guard ◼ OPPOSITE: careless 2 = quick-witted, bright, sharp ▸ NOUN = warning, signal, alarm, siren ◼ OPPOSITE: all clear ▸ VERB = warn, signal, inform, alarm, notify, tip off, forewarn ◼ OPPOSITE: lullalien NOUN = foreigner, incomer, immigrant, stranger, outsider, newcomer, asylum seeker ◼ OPPOSITE: citizen ▸ ADJECTIVE 1 = foreign, strange, imported, unknown, exotic, unfamiliar 2 = strange, new, foreign, novel, unknown, exotic, unfamiliar, untried ◼ OPPOSITE: similaralienate VERB = antagonize, anger, annoy, offend, irritate, hassle (informal), estrange, hack off (informal)alienation NOUN = estrangement, setting against, separation, turning away, disaffection, remotenessalight1 VERB 1 = get off, descend, get down, disembark, dismount 2 = land, light, settle, come down, descend, perch, touch down, come to rest ◼ OPPOSITE: take offalight2 ADJECTIVE = lit up, bright, brilliant, shining, illuminated, fieryalign VERB 1 = ally, side, join, associate, affiliate, cooperate, sympathize 2 = line up, order, range, regulate, straighten, even upalike ADJECTIVE = similar, close, the same, parallel, resembling, identical, corresponding, akin ◼ OPPOSITE: different ▸ ADVERB = similarly, identically, equally, uniformly, correspondingly, analogously ◼ OPPOSITE: differentlyalive ADJECTIVE 1 = living, breathing, animate, subsisting, existing, functioning, in the land of the living (informal) ◼ OPPOSITE: dead 2 = in existence, existing, functioning, active, operative, in force, on-going, prevalent ◼ OPPOSITE: inoperative 3 = lively, active, vital, alert, energetic, animated, agile, perky ◼ OPPOSITE: dullall DETERMINER 1 = the whole amount, everything, the total, the aggregate, the totality, the sum total, the entirety, the entire amount 2 = every, each, every single, every one of, each and every ▸ ADJECTIVE = complete, greatest, full, total, perfect, entire, utter ▸ ADVERB = completely, totally, fully, entirely, absolutely, altogether, wholly, utterlyallegation NOUN = claim, charge, statement, declaration, accusation, assertion, affirmationallege VERB = claim, charge, challenge, state, maintain, declare, assert, uphold ◼ OPPOSITE: denyalleged ADJECTIVE = claimed, supposed, declared, assumed, so-called, apparent, stated, describedallegiance NOUN = loyalty, devotion, fidelity, obedience, constancy, faithfulness ◼ OPPOSITE: disloyaltyallergic ADJECTIVE = sensitive, affected, susceptible, hypersensitiveallergy NOUN = sensitivity, reaction, susceptibility, antipathy, hypersensitivity, sensitivenessalleviate VERB = ease, reduce, relieve, moderate, soothe, lessen, lighten, allayalley NOUN = passage, walk, lane, pathway, alleyway, passageway, backstreetalliance NOUN = union, league, association, agreement, marriage, connection, combination, coalition ◼ OPPOSITE: divisionallied ADJECTIVE 1 = united, linked, related, combined, integrated, affiliated, cooperating, in league 2 = connected, linked, associatedallocate VERB = assign, grant, distribute, designate, set aside, earmark, give out, consignallocation NOUN 1 = allowance, share, portion, quota, lot, ration 2 = assignment, allowance, allotmentallow VERB 1 = permit, approve, enable, sanction, endure, license, tolerate, authorize ◼ OPPOSITE: prohibit 2 = let, permit, sanction, entitle, authorize, license, tolerate, consent to, assent to ◼ OPPOSITE: forbid 3 = give, provide, grant, spare, devote, assign, allocate, set aside 4 = acknowledge, accept, admit, grant, recognize, yield, concede, confess ● allow for something = take into account, consider, plan for, accommodate, provide for, make provision for, make allowances for, make concessions forallowance NOUN 1 = portion, lot, share, amount, grant, quota, allocation, stint 2 = pocket money, grant, fee, payment, ration, handout, remittance 3 = concession, discount, reduction, repayment, deduction, rebateall right ADJECTIVE 1 = satisfactory, O.K. or okay (informal), average, fair, sufficient, standard, acceptable, good enough ◼ OPPOSITE: unsatisfactory 2 = well, O.K. or okay (informal), whole (archaic), sound, fit, safe, healthy, unharmed ◼ OPPOSITE: illally NOUN = partner, friend, colleague, associate, mate (informal), comrade, helper, collaborator, cobber (Austral. & N.Z. old-fashioned, informal), E hoa (N.Z.) ◼ OPPOSITE: opponent ● ally yourself with something or someone = unite with, associate with, unify, collaborate with, join forces with, band together withalmost ADVERB = nearly, about, close to, virtually, practically, roughly, just about, not quitealone ADJECTIVE 1 = solitary, isolated, separate, apart, by yourself, unaccompanied, on your tod (slang) ◼ OPPOSITE: accompanied 2 = lonely, abandoned, isolated, solitary, desolate, forsaken, forlorn, destitute ▸ ADVERB 1 = solely, only, individually, singly, exclusively, uniquely 2 = by yourself, independently, unaccompanied, without help, on your own, without assistance ◼ OPPOSITE: with helpaloud ADVERB = out loud, clearly, plainly, distinctly, audibly, intelligiblyalready ADVERB = before now, before, previously, at present, by now, by then, even now, just nowalso ADVERB = and, too, further, in addition, as well, moreover, besides, furthermorealter VERB 1 = modify, change, reform, vary, transform, adjust, adapt, revise 2 = change, turn, vary, transform, adjust, adaptalternate VERB 1 = interchange, change, fluctuate, take turns, oscillate, chop and change 2 = intersperse, interchange, exchange, swap, stagger, rotate ▸ ADJECTIVE = alternating, interchanging, every other, rotating, every second, sequentialalternative NOUN = substitute, choice, other, option, preference, recourse ▸ ADJECTIVE = different, other, substitute, alternatealternatively ADVERB = or, instead, otherwise, on the other hand, if not, then again, as an alternative, as another optionalthough CONJUNCTION = though, while, even if, even though, whilst, albeit, despite the fact that, notwithstandingaltogether ADVERB 1 = absolutely, quite, completely, totally, perfectly, fully, thoroughly, wholly 2 = completely, fully, entirely, thoroughly, wholly, in every respect ◼ OPPOSITE: partially 3 = on the whole, generally, mostly, in general, collectively, all things considered, on average, for the most part 4 = in total, in all, all told, taken together, in sum, everything included

USAGE The single-word form altogether should not be used as an alternative to all together because the meanings are very distinct. Altogether is an adverb meaning 'absolutely' or, in a different sense, 'in total'. All together, however, means 'all at the same time' or 'all in the same place'. The distinction can be seen in the following example: altogether there were six or seven families sharing the flat's facilities means 'in total', while there were six or seven families all together in one flat, means 'all crowded in together'.

always ADVERB 1 = habitually, regularly, every time, consistently, invariably, perpetually, without exception, customarily ◼ OPPOSITE: seldom 2 = forever, for keeps, eternally, for all time, evermore, till the cows come home (informal), till Doomsday 3 = continually, constantly, all the time, forever, repeatedly, persistently, perpetually, incessantlyamass VERB = collect, gather, assemble, compile, accumulate, pile up, hoardamateur NOUN = nonprofessional, outsider, layperson, layman or woman, dilettante, non-specialist, dabbleramaze VERB = astonish, surprise, shock, stun, alarm, stagger, startle, bewilderamazement NOUN = astonishment, surprise, wonder, shock, confusion, admiration, awe, bewildermentamazing ADJECTIVE = astonishing, surprising, brilliant, stunning, overwhelming, staggering, sensational (informal), bewilderingambassador NOUN = representative, minister, agent, deputy, diplomat, envoy, consul, attachéambiguity NOUN = vagueness, doubt, uncertainty, obscurity, equivocation, dubiousnessambiguous ADJECTIVE = unclear, obscure, vague, dubious, enigmatic, indefinite, inconclusive, indeterminate ◼ OPPOSITE: clearambition NOUN 1 = goal, hope, dream, target, aim, wish, purpose, desire 2 = enterprise, longing, drive, spirit, desire, passion, enthusiasm, strivingambitious ADJECTIVE = enterprising, spirited, daring, eager, intent, enthusiastic, hopeful, striving ◼ OPPOSITE: unambitiousambush VERB = trap, attack, surprise, deceive, dupe, ensnare, waylay, bushwhack (U.S.) ▸ NOUN = trap, snare, lure, waylayingamend VERB = change, improve, reform, fix, correct, repair, edit, alteramendment NOUN 1 = addition, change, adjustment, attachment, adaptation, revision, modification, alteration 2 = change, improvement, repair, edit, remedy, correction, revision, modificationamends PLURAL NOUN = compensation, redress, reparation, restitution, atonement, recompenseamenity NOUN = facility, service, advantage, comfort, convenienceamid or amidst PREPOSITION 1 = during, among, at a time of, in an atmosphere of 2 = in the middle of, among, surrounded by, amongst, in the midst of, in the thick ofammunition NOUN = munitions, rounds, shot, shells, powder, explosives, armamentsamnesty NOUN = general pardon, mercy, pardoning, immunity, forgiveness, reprieve, remission, clemencyamong or amongst PREPOSITION 1 = in the midst of, with, together with, in the middle of, amid, surrounded by, amidst, in the thick of 2 = in the group of, one of, part of, included in, in the company of, in the class of, in the number of 3 = between, toamount NOUN = quantity, measure, size, supply, mass, volume, capacity, extent ● amount to something 1 = add up to, mean, total, equal, constitute, comprise, be equivalent to 2 = come to, become, develop into, advance to, progress to, mature into

USAGE Although it is common to use a plural noun after amount of, for example in the amount of people and the amount of goods, this should be avoided. Preferred alternatives would be to use quantity, as in the quantity of people, or number, as in the number of goods.

amphibian NOUN

Amphibians

axolotl

brown-striped frog (Austral.)

bullfrog

caecilian

cane toad (Austral.)

congo eel or snake

eft

frog or (Caribbean) crapaud

Goliath frog

hairy frog

hellbender

hyla

midwife toad

mud puppy

natterjack

newt or (dialect or archaic) eft

olm

pipa or Surinam toad

Queensland cane toad

salamander

siren

toad or (Caribbean) crapaud

tree frog

ample ADJECTIVE 1 = plenty of, generous, lavish, abundant, plentiful, expansive, copious, profuse ◼ OPPOSITE: insufficient 2 = large, full, extensive, generous, abundant, bountifulamply ADVERB = fully, completely, richly, generously, abundantly, profusely, copiously ◼ OPPOSITE: insufficientlyamuse VERB 1 = entertain, please, delight, charm, cheer, tickle ◼ OPPOSITE: bore 2 = occupy, interest, involve, engage, entertain, absorb, engrossamusement NOUN 1 = enjoyment, entertainment, cheer, mirth, merriment ◼ OPPOSITE: boredom 2 = diversion, fun, pleasure, entertainment 3 = pastime, game, sport, joke, entertainment, hobby, recreation, diversionamusing ADJECTIVE = funny, humorous, comical, droll, interesting, entertaining, comic, enjoyable ◼ OPPOSITE: boring