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MUTATIONS

Mutations, or letter changes, can occur at the beginning of Welsh words. Mutations are caused by the preceding word. There are three different mutations:

Llythyren wreiddiol	Treiglad meddal	Treiglad trwynol	Treiglad llaes
Original letter	Soft mutation	Nasal mutation	Aspirate mutation
	changes to:	changes to:	changes to:
P	b	mh	ph
t	d	nh	th
c	g	ngh	ch
b	f	m
d	dd	n
g	-	ng
ll	l
m	f
rh	r

COMMON WORDS CAUSING SOFT MUTATION – TREIGLAD MEDDAL

ei	his
dy	your
dau / dwy	two (masculine / feminine)
pa	which
neu	or
rhy	too
yn	before an adjective
Adjectives which come before the noun:	For example:
Mae’r hen ddyn yn byw yn y tŷ.	The old man lives in the house.
Dyma fy hoff gân.	This is my favourite song.
Some prepositions:	For example:
Mae’r bws yn mynd i Gaerdydd.	The bus is going to Cardiff.
Maen nhw’n chwarae dros dîm yr ysgol.	They play for the school team.
Certain words which come before a feminine noun:
y and ’r	the
un	one
Mae castell yn y dref.	There’s a castle in town.
Mae’r ddinas wedi gwella.	The city has improved.
Dim ond un broblem sydd ar ôl.	There’s only one problem left.
Any feminine noun which has an adjective immediately after it:
merch dda	a good girl

COMMON WORDS CAUSING NASAL MUTATION – TREIGLAD TRWYNOL

fy	my
yn	in

COMMON WORDS CAUSING ASPIRATE MUTATION – TREIGLAD LLAES

a	and
â	as/to/with
chwe	six
ei	her
gyda	with
tri	three
tua	approximately