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Оглавлениеa or an ADJECTIVE
A and an are used when you talk about one of something. A is used when the next sound is a consonant; an is used when the next sound is a vowel (a, e, i, o or u). a car… an apple
abandon abandons, abandoning, abandoned
VERB 1 If you abandon something, you leave it and do not return. The cub had been abandoned by its mother.
VERB 2 If you abandon a piece of work, you stop doing it before it is finished.
abbreviation abbreviations NOUN
An abbreviation is a short form of a word or phrase. The abbreviation for compact disc is CD.
ability abilities NOUN
If you have the ability to do something, you are able to do it.
able abler, ablest ADJECTIVE
If you are able to do something, you can do it.
aboard PREPOSITION
If you are aboard a ship or plane, you are on or in it.
about
ADVERB 1 You say about in front of a number to show it is not exact. I’ll be home at about five o’clock.
PREPOSITION 2 If you talk or write about something, you say things to do with that subject. He is talking about boats.
above PREPOSITION
If something is above something else, it is over it, or higher up.
He held the ball above his head.
abroad ADVERB
When you go abroad, you go to a different country.
absent ADJECTIVE
If someone is absent, they are not here.
absolutely ADVERB
You can use absolutely to make what you are saying sound stronger. You must stay absolutely still.
absorb absorbs, absorbing, absorbed VERB
If something absorbs a liquid, it soaks it up or takes it in.
absurd ADJECTIVE
Something that is absurd seems silly, because it is quite different from what you would expect. It’s absurd to wear your jumper in this heat.
abuse NOUN
Abuse is cruel treatment of someone.
accelerate accelerates, accelerating, accelerated VERB
When someone accelerates, they speed up.
accept accepts, accepting, accepted VERB
If you accept something you have been offered, you say yes to it.
accident accidents NOUN
An accident is something nasty that happens by chance. He broke his leg in a climbing accident.
accidentally ADVERB
account accounts
NOUN 1 An account is something written or spoken that tells you what has happened.
NOUN 2 An account is also money that you keep at a bank.
accurate ADJECTIVE
An accurate measurement or description is exactly right.
ache aches NOUN
An ache is a dull, lasting pain.
achieve achieves, achieving, achieved VERB
If you achieve something, you usually get it by hard work.
achievement NOUN
acid acids NOUN
Some acids give food a sharp, sour taste. Lemons and vinegar contain acid. Strong acid can burn your skin.
acid rain NOUN
Acid rain is rain that is mixed with dirty gases in the air. It can damage buildings, trees and fish.
acrobat acrobats NOUN
An acrobat is someone who does difficult and exciting tricks, like balancing on a high wire.
across PREPOSITION
If you go across something, you go from one side to the other.
act acts, acting, acted
VERB 1 When you act, you do something. He had to act quickly to put out the fire.
VERB 2 If you act in a play or film, you have a part in it.
NOUN 3 An act is something that you do.
action actions NOUN
An action is a movement of part of your body.
active
ADJECTIVE 1 Someone who is active moves about a lot, or is very busy.
ADJECTIVE 2 In grammar, a verb in the active voice is one where the subject does the action, rather than having it done to them.
See voice
activity activities NOUN
Activity is when there are a lot of things happening.
actor actors NOUN
An actor is a man or woman whose job is to act in plays or films.
actress actresses NOUN
A female actor is sometimes called an actress.
See actor
actual ADJECTIVE
You describe something as actual when you mean it is real. The shop said the paint was red, but the actual colour was pink.
actually ADVERB
adapt adapts, adapting, adapted
VERB 1 If you adapt to something new, you change in some way that helps you.
VERB 2 If you adapt something, you change it to suit your needs. The book was adapted to make a film.
adaptable ADJECTIVE
Someone who is adaptable can change to deal with new situations.
add adds, adding, added
VERB 1 If you add something, you put it with whatever you have already. Put flour in the bowl and add an egg.
VERB 2 If you add numbers of things together, you find out how many you have. The sign + means add. 2 + 3 = 5. I have two marbles in the bag. If I add these three, it makes five altogether.
addition NOUN
Addition is adding numbers or things together.
address addresses NOUN
Your address is the name or number of your house, and the street and town where you live.
adjective adjectives NOUN
An adjective is a word that describes someone or something. “Beautiful” and “green” are adjectives.
See Adjective on page 269
admire admires, admiring, admired
VERB 1 When you admire someone, you think very highly of them.
VERB 2 When you admire something, you enjoy looking at it. They stopped the car to admire the view.
admit admits, admitting, admitted
VERB 1 If you admit something, you agree that it is true.
VERB 2 If people are admitted to a place, they are allowed to go in.
adopt adopts, adopting, adopted VERB
If a person adopts a child, they make the child their own by law.
adore adores, adoring, adored VERB
If you adore someone, you love them very much.
adult adults NOUN
An adult is a grown-up person or animal.
advance advances, advancing, advanced VERB
If someone advances, they move forward. The army advanced nine miles in one day.
advantage advantages NOUN
An advantage is something that helps you do better than other people. His long legs gave him an advantage in the race.
adventure adventures NOUN
If you are having an adventure, you are doing something exciting.
adverb adverbs NOUN
An adverb is a word that answers questions like how, when, where and why. In the sentence “The girl came quietly into the room”, the word “quietly” is an adverb telling you how the girl came in.
See Adverb on page 269
advertise advertises, advertising, advertised VERB
If you advertise something, you tell people about it through newspapers, posters or TV.
advertisement advertisements NOUN
An advertisement is a notice in the paper, or on a poster or TV, about a job or things for sale.
advice NOUN
If you give someone advice, you say what you think they should do.
advise advises, advising, advised VERB
When you advise someone, you tell them what you think they should do.
aerial aerials NOUN
An aerial is a wire that sends or receives radio or television signals.
aeroplane aeroplanes NOUN
An aeroplane is a flying vehicle with wings and one or more engines.
affect affects, affecting, affected VERB
When something affects someone or something else, it changes them in some way.
affection NOUN
Affection is a feeling of caring for someone.
afford affords, affording, afforded VERB
If you can afford something, you have enough money to buy it or do it.
afraid ADJECTIVE
Someone who is afraid thinks that something nasty might happen.
after PREPOSITION
If something happens after something else, it happens at a later time. We’ll watch television after supper.
afternoon afternoons NOUN
The afternoon is the time of day between 12 o’clock (noon) and about six o’clock in the evening.
afterwards ADVERB
If something happens afterwards, it happens after another event or time. We went swimming, and afterwards we had an ice cream.
again ADVERB
If you do something again, you do it once more.
against
PREPOSITION 1 If you play against someone, you are not on their side.
PREPOSITION 2 If you are against something, you are touching it and leaning on it. She felt tired and leaned against the tree.
age ages
NOUN 1 Your age is how old you are.
NOUN 2 An age is a special period in history, like the Stone Age.
ago ADVERB
If something happened four days ago, it is four days since it happened.
agree agrees, agreeing, agreed
VERB 1 If you agree with someone, you think the same about something.
VERB 2 If you agree to do something, you say you will do it.
agreement NOUN
ahead ADVERB
Something or someone who is ahead of you is in front of you.
My brother ran ahead of us.
aim aims, aiming, aimed
VERB 1 If you aim at something, you point a weapon at it.
VERB 2 If you aim to do something, you plan to do it.
air NOUN
Air is the mixture of gases that we breathe.
aircraft NOUN
An aircraft is a vehicle that flies. Helicopters and aeroplanes are aircraft.
airport airports NOUN
An airport is a place where aircraft land and take off.
alarm alarms
NOUN 1 An alarm is something like a bell or flashing light that warns you of something.
NOUN 2 Alarm is a feeling of fear.
He looked at the hungry bear in alarm.
album albums NOUN
An album is a book that you put things like stamps or photographs in.
alien aliens NOUN
In science fiction, an alien is a creature from outer space.
alight ADJECTIVE
If something is alight, it is burning.
alike ADJECTIVE
If two or more things are alike, they are the same in some way.
alive ADJECTIVE
If a person, animal or plant is alive, they are living now.
all ADJECTIVE
You say all when you mean the whole of a particular group or thing. Put all your toys away.
Allah NOUN
Allah is the Muslim name for God.
allergy allergies NOUN
If you have an allergy to something, it makes you ill. Tom has an allergy to nuts, so he must not eat them.
alley alleys NOUN
An alley is a narrow path with buildings or walls on both sides.
alligator alligators NOUN
An alligator is a reptile. It is of the same family as a crocodile, but smaller.
See Reptiles on page 264
alliteration NOUN
Alliteration is the use of words close together which begin with the same sound, for example “hundreds of huge hairy horses”.
allow allows, allowing, allowed VERB
If someone allows you to do something, they let you do it.
all right
ADJECTIVE 1 If someone is all right, they are well or safe. See if the baby’s all right.
INTERJECTION 2 You say all right if you agree to something.
almost ADVERB
Almost means very nearly, but not quite.
He tripped and almost fell.
alone ADJECTIVE
If you are alone, there is nobody with you.
along PREPOSITION
If you go along something, you move towards the end of it.
aloud ADVERB
If you read something aloud, you read it so that people can hear you.
alphabet alphabets NOUN
An alphabet is all the letters used to write words, written in a special order.
alphabetical ADJECTIVE
Alphabetical means arranged in the order of the letters of the alphabet. She read out the names on the register in alphabetical order.
already ADVERB
If you have done something already, you did it earlier.
also ADVERB
You say also when you want to add to something you have just said.
alter alters, altering, altered VERB
When you alter something, you change it in some way.
alternate alternates, alternating, alternated VERB
When two things alternate, they regularly happen one after the other. He alternates between being friendly and completely ignoring me.
although CONJUNCTION
You say although when you expected something different. Although my dad was cross, he still gave me my pocket money.
altogether ADVERB
If you say there are a number of things altogether, you are counting all of them. I’ve picked four apples and you’ve picked two, so that’s six altogether.
aluminium NOUN
Aluminium is a light, silver-coloured metal. It is used for making rolls of foil and containers like cans and pie dishes.
always
ADVERB 1 If you always do something, you do it every time. He always puts his things away when he has used them.
ADVERB 2 If something has always been so, it has been that way at all times. They have always been good friends.
a.m. ADVERB
a.m. is the time between midnight and noon. I get up at 7 a.m.
See p.m.
am VERB
Am is a present tense form of be used when you are talking about yourself. I am six years old.
See be
amaze amazes, amazing, amazed VERB
If something amazes you, it surprises you very much.
amazement NOUN
amazing ADJECTIVE
Something that is amazing is very surprising or wonderful.
ambition ambitions NOUN
If you have an ambition to do something, you want to do it very much.
ambulance ambulances NOUN
An ambulance is a vehicle that is used to take people to hospital.
among
PREPOSITION 1 If something is among a number of things, it is surrounded by them. He sat among piles of books.
PREPOSITION 2 If something is divided among several people, they all have a share.
amount amounts NOUN
An amount of something is how much there is of it.
amphibian amphibians NOUN
An amphibian is an animal that is able to live on land and in water.
amphibious ADJECTIVE
See Amphibians on page 264
amuse amuses, amusing, amused VERB
If you amuse somebody, you make them smile or stop them feeling bored.
an ADJECTIVE
An is a form of “a” used when the next sound is a vowel.
See a
analogue ADJECTIVE
An analogue watch or clock shows the time with hands that move round a dial.
See digital
anchor anchors NOUN
An anchor is a heavy metal hook on a long chain. It is dropped over the side of a boat to stop it moving.
ancient ADJECTIVE
If something is ancient, it is very old.
and CONJUNCTION
You use and to join two or more words or phrases together. I like chocolate, and my brother does too.
angel angels NOUN
Angels are beings some people believe act as messengers for God.
anger NOUN
Anger is the strong feeling you have about something that is unfair.
angle angles NOUN
An angle is the shape that is made when two lines or surfaces join. The size of an angle is measured in degrees.
angry angrier, angriest ADJECTIVE
If you feel angry, you are very cross.
angrily ADVERB
animal animals NOUN
Animals are living things which are not plants. Humans, dogs, birds, fish, reptiles and insects are all animals.
ankle ankles NOUN
Your ankle is the joint between your foot and your leg.
anniversary anniversaries NOUN
An anniversary is a day when you remember something special which happened on that date in an earlier year.
announce announces, announcing, announced VERB
If you announce something important, you tell people about it publicly. My sister’s engagement was announced last week.
annoy annoys, annoying, annoyed VERB
If you do something which annoys someone, you make them cross.
annual annuals
ADJECTIVE 1 Something that is annual happens once a year, like a birthday.
NOUN 2 An annual is a book that comes out once a year.
another ADJECTIVE
Another means one more. Amy finished her chocolate and took another one immediately.
answer answers, answering, answered
VERB 1 When you answer, you say or write something to someone who has asked you a question.
NOUN 2 Your answer is what you say or write to a question.
ant ants NOUN
Ants are small insects which live in large groups called colonies.
See Insects on page 264
antelope antelopes NOUN
Antelopes are animals that look like deer, but their horns are not branch-shaped. They live in Africa and Asia.
anticlockwise ADVERB
If something goes anticlockwise, it moves in the opposite direction to the hands of a clock.
antique antiques NOUN
An antique is an old object which is valuable because it is beautiful or rare.
antiseptic antiseptics NOUN
An antiseptic is a substance that prevents infection by killing germs.
antonym antonyms NOUN
An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word.
See Antonyms on page 273
anxious ADJECTIVE
Someone who is anxious is nervous or worried about something.
any
ADJECTIVE 1 Any means one, some, or several. Do you have any milk?
ADJECTIVE 2 Any can also mean even the smallest amount. I mustn’t eat any nuts.
anybody PRONOUN
Anybody is any person.
anyone PRONOUN
Anyone is any person.
anything PRONOUN
Anything means any object, event, situation or action.
anywhere ADVERB
Anywhere means in, at or to any place. Just put it down anywhere.
apart ADJECTIVE
If something is apart from something else, there is a space between them. He stood with his feet apart.
ape apes NOUN
Apes are like monkeys but are larger and have no tails. Chimpanzees and gorillas are apes.
apologize apologizes, apologizing, apologized; also spelt apologise VERB
When you apologize, you say you are sorry for something you have done.
apology apologies NOUN
An apology is something you say or write to tell someone you are sorry.
apostrophe apostrophes NOUN
An apostrophe is a punctuation mark (‘) used in contractions and to show belonging.
See Punctuation on page 270
apparatus NOUN
The apparatus for a particular task is the equipment you use for it.
appear appears, appearing, appeared
VERB 1 When something appears, it moves into a place where you can see it.
VERB 2 If something appears to be a certain way, that is how it seems.
appearance appearances
NOUN 1 Someone’s appearance in a place is their sudden arrival there.
NOUN 2 Your appearance is the way you look to other people.
appetite appetites NOUN
If you have an appetite, you are looking forward to eating something.
applause NOUN
Applause is clapping your hands to show that you liked something.
apple apples NOUN
An apple is a round crisp fruit which grows on a tree.
See Fruit on page 260
apply applies, applying, applied VERB
If you apply for something, like a job, you usually ask for it in writing.
appreciate appreciates, appreciating, appreciated VERB
If you appreciate something, you feel grateful for it.
approach approaches, approaching, approached VERB
When someone approaches you, they get nearer to you.
approve approves, approving, approved VERB
If you approve of something, you think it is good.
approval NOUN
approximate ADJECTIVE
An approximate answer may not be exactly right. What is the approximate distance between those trees?
approximately ADVERB
If you say approximately, you mean about. It is approximately 5 metres long.
apricot apricots NOUN
An apricot is a small, round yellow-orange fruit with a large stone in the centre.
April NOUN
April is the fourth month of the year. It has 30 days.
apron aprons NOUN
An apron is a piece of material that you wear to keep your clothes clean.
aquarium aquaria or aquariums NOUN
An aquarium is a glass tank for fish and other underwater animals.
arch arches NOUN
An arch is a curved part of a bridge, wall or building.
archery NOUN
Archery is a sport in which people shoot at a target with a bow and arrow.
architect architects NOUN
An architect is a person who designs buildings.
are VERB
Are is a present tense form of be. They are both in my class.
See be
area areas
NOUN 1 The area of something is the size of its surface. To find the area of a rectangle, you multiply the length by the breadth.
NOUN 2 You use the word area to mean in or around a place. There are lots of shops in this area.
argue argues, arguing, argued VERB
If you argue with someone, you say that you do not agree with them, and give your reasons.
argument arguments NOUN
An argument is a talk between people who do not agree. In some arguments, people shout angrily.
arithmetic NOUN
Arithmetic is about adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing numbers.
arm arms NOUN
Your arm is the part of your body between the shoulder and the hand.
armchair armchairs NOUN
An armchair is a chair with a support on each side for your arms.
armour NOUN
Armour is metal clothing that soldiers used to wear in battle.
army armies NOUN
An army is a large organized group of people who are trained to fight in case of war.
around
PREPOSITION 1 You say around when things are in various places. There are lots of cupboards around the house.
PREPOSITION 2 You can use around when something is on all sides of something else. The Earth’s atmosphere is the air around it.
arrange arranges, arranging, arranged
VERB 1 If you arrange something like a party, you make plans and organize it.
VERB 2 If you arrange things like flowers, you group them in a special way.
array arrays
NOUN 1 An array is a group of things set out neatly in columns and rows.
NOUN 2 An array is also a large number of things displayed together. Ben’s mouth watered at the array of cakes.
arrest arrests, arresting, arrested VERB
If the police arrest someone, they take them to the police station.
arrive arrives, arriving, arrived VERB
When you arrive at a place, you reach it at the end of your journey.
arrival NOUN
arrow arrows
NOUN 1 An arrow is a thin stick with a pointed end, which is shot from a bow.
NOUN 2 An arrow can also be a sign which shows people which way to go.
art NOUN
Art is something like painting or sculpture, which is beautiful or has a special meaning.
artery arteries NOUN
An artery is a tube which carries blood from your heart to the rest of your body.
article articles
NOUN 1 An article is a piece of writing in a magazine or newspaper.
NOUN 2 An article can also be an object.
What is this strange article?
artificial ADJECTIVE
Artificial things are made by people. They do not occur naturally.
artist artists NOUN
An artist is a person who does things like painting or sculpture.
as
CONJUNCTION 1 If one thing happens as something else happens, it happens at the same time as the second thing. We watched television as we ate our sandwiches.
CONJUNCTION 2 You say as when you are going to give a reason for something. As I like school I get there early.
ascend ascends, ascending, ascended VERB
When you ascend, you move upwards. He ascended the stairs to his room.
ascending ADJECTIVE
When things are arranged in ascending order, each thing is higher than the one before it. The numbers 21, 37 and 49 are in ascending order.
ash ashes
NOUN 1 Ash is the dust left after a fire.
NOUN 2 An ash is a large tree.
ashamed ADJECTIVE
If you are ashamed, you feel sorry about something you have done.
ask asks, asking, asked
VERB 1 If you ask someone a question, you are trying to find something out.
VERB 2 If you ask someone for something, you want them to give it to you.
asleep ADJECTIVE
If you are asleep, your eyes are closed and your body is resting.
aspirin aspirins NOUN
Aspirin is a drug which you take to help you if you have a pain, fever or cold. An aspirin is a tablet of this drug.
ass asses NOUN
An ass is an animal like a horse but smaller and with longer ears.
assemble assembles, assembling, assembled
VERB 1 If you assemble something, you fit the parts of it together.
VERB 2 When people assemble, they come together in a group.
assembly assemblies NOUN
Assembly is a gathering of all the teachers and pupils in a school.
assistant assistants
NOUN 1 A person’s assistant is someone whose job is to help them.
NOUN 2 A shop assistant is a person who works in a shop selling things.
asthma NOUN
Asthma is a disease of the chest. It causes wheezing and makes it difficult for you to breathe properly.
astonish astonishes, astonishing, astonished VERB
If you are astonished by something or someone, you are very surprised.
astronaut astronauts NOUN
An astronaut is a person who travels in space.
astronomer astronomers NOUN
An astronomer is a scientist who studies the stars and planets.
at
PREPOSITION 1 You use at to say where someone or something is. Rajeev waited for me at the bus stop.
PREPOSITION 2 You use at to show the direction something is going in. I threw the snowball at my brother.
PREPOSITION 3 You use at to say when something happens. The party starts at six o’clock.
ate VERB
Ate is the past tense of eat.
atlas atlases NOUN
An atlas is a book of maps.
atmosphere atmospheres
NOUN 1 A planet’s atmosphere is the layer of air or other gas around it.
NOUN 2 You can use atmosphere to talk about the general mood of a place. In the classroom the atmosphere was relaxed.
atom atoms NOUN
An atom is the smallest part of any substance.
attach attaches, attaching, attached VERB
When you attach something to an object, you join the two things together.
attachment attachments NOUN
An attachment is a computer file that is attached to an e-mail or text message.
attack attacks, attacking, attacked VERB
If a person attacks somebody, they try to hurt them.
attempt attempts, attempting, attempted VERB
If you attempt something difficult, you try to do it.
attend attends, attending, attended VERB
If someone attends something like a meeting, they are present at it.
attention
NOUN 1 If something attracts your attention, you notice it suddenly.
NOUN 2 If you pay attention to someone, you listen carefully to them.
attic attics NOUN
An attic is a room at the top of a house, just under the roof.
attract attracts, attracting, attracted
VERB 1 If something or somebody attracts you, you find them interesting. Joe was attracted to the display by the flashing lights.
VERB 2 If something like a magnet attracts an object, it makes it move towards it.
attractive ADJECTIVE
If something is attractive, it is nice to look at.
audience audiences NOUN
An audience is a group of people watching or listening to something like a play, film, talk or piece of music.
August NOUN
August is the eighth month of the year. It has 31 days.
aunt aunts NOUN
Your aunt is the sister of one of your parents, or the wife of your uncle.
author authors NOUN
The author of a book is the person who wrote it.
authority authorities
NOUN 1 Authority is a quality that someone has that makes people take notice of what they say.
NOUN 2 The authorities are people like the police who have a lot of power.
autograph autographs NOUN
An autograph is the signature of a famous person.
automatic ADJECTIVE
An automatic machine is one that can do things on its own.
automatically ADVERB
autumn autumns NOUN
Autumn is the season between summer and winter. The weather cools and many trees lose their leaves.
available ADJECTIVE
If something is available, you can get it. Tickets are available now.
avalanche avalanches NOUN
An avalanche is a huge mass of snow and ice that falls down a mountain.
avenue avenues NOUN
An avenue is a wide road with trees on either side.
average averages
NOUN 1 An average is a result obtained by adding several amounts together and then dividing the total by the number of different amounts. If four children have a total of 36 sweets, the average is nine sweets per child.
ADJECTIVE 2 If something is average, it is the standard or usual thing.
avoid avoids, avoiding, avoided VERB
If you avoid someone or something, you keep away from them.
awake ADJECTIVE
If you are awake, you are not sleeping.
award awards NOUN
An award is a prize that you are given for doing something well.
aware ADJECTIVE
If you are aware of something, you know about it.
away
ADVERB 1 If you move away from somewhere, you move so that you are further from that place.
ADVERB 2 If you are away from somewhere, you are not in that place. Katherine is away from school today.
awful ADJECTIVE
Something awful is very unpleasant or bad.
awkward
ADJECTIVE 1 If something is awkward, it is difficult to do or use.
ADJECTIVE 2 If people are awkward, they move in a clumsy way.
axe axes NOUN
An axe is a tool with a long handle and a heavy sharp blade at one end. It is used for chopping wood.
axis axes
NOUN 1 An axis is an imaginary line through the centre of something, around which it moves.
NOUN 2 An axis is also one of the two sides of a graph. A graph has a horizontal axis and a vertical axis.
