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1 2.54. As discussed in this chapter, null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) has been critically evaluated and dissected as a means for drawing scientific inferences in the social and natural sciences. Rozeboom (1960) quite nicely summarized the main criticisms in The Fallacy of the Null‐Hypothesis Significance Test. Read the article and discuss Rozeboom's distinction between decisions versus degrees of belief. Why is such a distinction important for a scientist to understand the difference between statistical versus scientific inference? Rozeboom's article can be downloaded from Christopher D. Green's Classics in the History of Psychology website: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Rozeboom/

2 R.A. Fisher, the modern “father of statistics” wrote in 1956:“… no scientific worker has a fixed level of significance at which from year to year, and in all circumstances, he rejects hypotheses; he rather gives his mind to each particular case in the light of his evidence and his ideas.”Many writers and researchers, however, have found that since the inception of the significance test in the early 1900s, scientists, both social and otherwise, routinely employ the 0.05 level of significance in rejecting null hypotheses. Read Mindless Statistics by Gigerenzer (2004), and discuss the dangers and risks, both practical and theoretical, of allowing the “null ritual” to dominate in science.