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1 ¹Classics in the History of Psychology is an on‐line educational resource hosted by Christopher D. Green of York University in Toronto, Canada. It contains a huge selection of milestone papers and articles in the history of psychology. It can be accessed via http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/.

2 ² We can also extend the binomial distribution to one in which instead of n trials giving rise to r occurrences, we have n trials giving rise to outcomes in k categories:where x is now a vector of random variables x = [x1, x2, …, xk]′.

3 ³ For a more technical demonstration of how and why this convergence occurs, see Proschan (2008).

4 ⁴ For details on the gamma function, see Degroot and Schervish (2002, p. 295). A plot of the gamma function appears as follows (see Crawley, 2013, p. 264, for the R code):

5 ⁵ Power will be discussed later in this chapter.

6 ⁶ Though in this text we define consistency of an estimator quite simply, further distinctions exist between weak and strong consistency. See Shao (2003, pp. 132–133).

7 ⁷ We can also distinguish between weaker vs. stronger forms of the theorem. For details, see Casella & Berger (2002, pp. 236–238).

8 ⁸ For an overview of alternative correlation coefficients such as the biserial, point-biserial and tetrachoric coefficients, see Howell (2002) or Warner (2013).

9 ⁹ The coefficient appears in Spearman, C. (1904). The proof and measurement of association between two things. American Journal of Psychology, 15, 72–101.

10 ¹⁰ G*Power is a user-friendly statistical program that can be downloaded for free at: https://www.psychologie.hhu.de/arbeitsgruppen/allgemeine‐psychologie‐und‐arbeitspsychologie/gpower.html.

11 ¹¹> r <- c(0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 0.99) > r_squared <- r^2 > r_squared [1] 0.0100 0.0400 0.0900 0.1600 0.2500 0.3600 0.4900 0.6400 0.8100 0.9801 > d <- sqrt((4*r^2)/(1-r^2)) > d [1] 0.2010076 0.4082483 0.6289709 0.8728716 1.1547005 1.5000000 [7] 1.9603921 2.6666667 4.1294832 14.0358479

12 ¹² Melatonin is sometimes used as a non‐prescription sleep aid.