Читать книгу Practical Wastewater Treatment - David L. Russell - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Solubility of oxygen in water at varying temperatures, and values of...Figure 1.2 Solubility of nitrogen gas (N₂) in water at temperatures between 0 °...Figure 1.3 Ionized vs. free ammonia (%) at various pH levels at 0 °C.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Typical profiles for chemical plant wastewater discharges, showing t...Figure 2.2 Schematic for a typical induced‐draft cooling tower.Figure 2.3 Chain of custody record.Figure 2.4 Variation of BOD with temperature.Figure 2.5 The oxygen sag curve illustrating oxygen depletion.Figure 2.6 Variation of aquatic species with contaminated water.

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Darcy's law – determining permeability.Figure 3.2 Common types of monitoring wells.Figure 3.3 Typical trench utilization for dewatering.Figure 3.4 Movement of groundwater contamination.Figure 3.5 Flow profiles for properly and improperly designed injection wells a...Figure 3.6 Horizontal well and distribution trench for subsurface cleanup.Figure 3.7 Groundwater well hydraulics.Figure 3.8 Plan and elevation views for determining effectiveness of an air inj...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Precision versus accuracy. (a) High precision, low accuracy and (b) ...Figure 4.2 Wastewater flows from a paper mill with solid deposition and floodin...Figure 4.3 Gurley‐Price current meter.Figure 4.4 P‐Type pitot tube often used in closed conduits and for air velocity...Figure 4.5 (a) Gaussian frequency distribution. (b) Lognormal frequency distrib...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Energy and hydraulic relationships for open channel flow.Figure 5.2 Flow characteristics in a circular sewer.Figure 5.3 Water surface profiles and slopes for open channel flows.Figure 5.4 Elements of a hydraulic jump.Figure 5.6 Pygmy current meter by Gurley instruments.Figure 5.7 Hach Marsh‐McBirney Flowdar radar flowmeter.Figure 5.8 Sutro or proportional weir.Figure 5.9 Other types of weirs commonly in use.Figure 5.10 Comparison of the accuracy of flow composite samplers under various...Figure 5.11 One of several varieties of wastewater samplers. Shown without wate...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Example of a fault tree analysis program.Figure 6.2 Basic fault tree symbols.Figure 6.3 Fault tree analysis for an oil spill.Figure 6.4 Calculation of fault tree probabilities.Figure 6.5 Bow tie analysis example.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Warburg respirometer – drawing from US Patent Office.Figure 7.2 BOD bottle.Figure 7.3 Variation of BOD and rate constant with temperature.Figure 7.4 Graphical representation of alkalinity determination by titration.Figure 7.5 Relationships in carbonate alkalinity.Figure 7.6 Hardness relationships in water.Figure 7.7 Ion balance example.Figure 7.8 Nitrogen in the environment.Figure 7.9 Effects of pH and temperature on distribution of ammonia and ammoniu...Figure 7.10 Metal solubilities at various pH levels. Source: USEPA Electroplati...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 API separator from DKV Refinery, Salambatta, Hungary.

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Anatomy of a bacterial cell.Figure 9.2 Wastewater population dynamics.Figure 9.3 Population dynamics in activated sludge wastewater treatment.Figure 9.4 Some common types of organisms found in wastewater.Figure 9.5 Determining the Monod growth rate coefficient.Figure 9.6 Basic schematic of activated sludge system.Figure 9.7 Basic wastewater treatment plant definitions.Figure 9.8 Typical configurations for single and two‐stage trickling filter pla...Figure 9.9 Waste generation rates from biological treatment plants.Figure 9.10 Comparison between orbal and oxidation ditch wastewater treatment p...Figure 9.11 Screen shot of STEADY program.Figure 9.12 Screen shot of Hydromantis software GPSX.Figure 9.13 Example of a SUMO interface window.Figure 9.14 Graphical calculation of sludge retention time (SRT) example in SUM...Figure 9.15 Partial screen shot of SIMBA control panel interface showing functi...Figure 9.16 WEST software typical plant configuration.Figure 9.17Figure 9.17 WEST configuration for a two‐tank sequencing batch react...Figure 9.18 Example of WEST dynamic control output graphics.

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Anaerobic digestion process. Source: Methane Recovery for Animal Ma...Figure 10.2 Bicarbonate and pH requirements for sludge digestion..Figure 10.3 Classification of anaerobic digesters based on solids content of di...Figure 10.4 Dual compartment anaerobic digester.Figure 10.5 Two‐stage, high‐rate anaerobic digestion system.Figure 10.6 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor.

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Change in specific gravity of a particle with water entrainment.Figure 11.2 Typical design and configuration for clarifiers. (a) Rectangular cl...Figure 11.3 Circular clarifier under construction. Observe the center baffle th...Figure 11.4 Innards of a sludge thickener. Note the steeply sloping sides and m...Figure 11.5 Drawing of a lamella.Figure 11.6 Lamella model and drawing by Parkson taken at WEFTEC'03.Figure 11.7 Spaghetti strand hollow tube membrane filter clarifier.

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Comparison of conventional and mixed media filters.Figure 12.2 Head loss comparison between mixed media and conventional sand filt...Figure 12.3 Grain size distribution of a natural sand versus desired sizing for...Figure 12.4 Type of filtration versus size of particles removed.Figure 12.5 Example of a hydraulic distribution problem for a filter bed. Durin...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Typical drum microstainer installation..Figure 13.2 Parabolic screen. Water flow is from the top and runs along the par...Figure 13.3 Buchner funnel and a cutaway view of a Nutsche filter. Note the sim...Figure 13.4 Municipal belt‐fed, continuous filter press. Note the torturous pat...Figure 13.5Figure 13.5 A sludge filter press with the belt tension relaxed.Figure 13.6 A plate and frame filter press in partial disassembly.Figure 13.7 A plate and frame filter press with steam assist. Note the similari...Figure 13.8 Diagram of a precoat layer on a skin filter.

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Cartridge filter system for RO systems.Figure 14.2 Construction of a spaghetti strand filter cartridge.Figure 14.3 Spaghetti strand membrane filter cartridge cutaway photograph.Figure 14.4 Construction of a cartridge membrane filter unit.Figure 14.5 Cutaway view of a spiral wound membrane element.

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Sample plot of polio virus survival ratio in disinfection experimen...Figure 15.2 Time vs. concentration for 99% kill of E. coli and three viruses by...Figure 15.3 f₂ virus and coliform inactivation in a chlorine contact tank under...Figure 15.4 Distributions of hypochlorous (HOCl⁻) and hypochlorite (OCl⁻...Figure 15.5 Break point chlorination by the formation of chloramines. The free ...Figure 15.6 Schematic drawing of corona discharge method for making ozone.Figure 15.7 UV spectra for various types of lamps. A low pressure lamp has the ...Figure 15.8 UV lamp disinfection unit with horizontal configuration. Vertical c...Figure 15.9 Schematic drawing of a bypass iodinator – United States patent 4 55...

16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Photographs showing the effects of algal blooms in lakes due to pho...Figure 16.2 Principal phosphorus removal systems: (a) modified activated sludge...Figure 16.3 BardenPho process using two tanks. Note that the tanks need to be l...Figure 16.4 Modified Ludzack–Ettinger process for phosphate removal. Requires l...Figure 16.5 Schematic of the Phostrip process. The sludge is treated chemically...Figure 16.6 Various phosphate forms and precipitation with metals.Figure 16.7 Temperature effects on the maximum growth rates of nitrifiers.Figure 16.8 Temperature dependence of the half‐saturation constants for nitrifi...Figure 16.9 Effect of pH on ammonia oxidation by Nitrosomonas.Figure 16.10 Oxidation of nitrate by Nitrobacter.Figure 16.11 EPA Data for nitrification rates at select locations.Figure 16.12 Effect of temperature on nitrification.Figure 16.13 Some of the many biological nitrogen removal systems.Figure 16.14 Schematics of BardenPho and conventional nitrogen removal systems ...Figure 16.15 Ammonia removal data from Blue Plains (Washington, DC) publicly ow...Figure 16.16 Efficiency of ammonia stripping at several loading rates under dif...Figure 16.17 Isotherms for ammonia absorption in mixed solutions.

17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Breakthrough curve for carbon adsorption.Figure 17.2 Schematic diagram of Zimpro wet oxidation process for treating and ...

18 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Performance of typical dissolved air flotation systems. Source: Eck...Figure 19.2 Configuration of a dissolved air flotation system.Figure 19.3 Typical electroflotation system grid configuration.

19 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Zeta potential of a colloid (ionic charges and double layer around ...Figure 20.2 Effect of cations on Zeta potential of a colloid.Figure 20.3 Schematic of mixer and flocculator used in treating drinking water ...Figure 20.4 Photo of a Stuart Flocculation Jar Tester – 6 place. The model show...

20 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Schematic of a fire tube boiler.Figure 21.2 Water tube boiler schematic.

21 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Labeled flow sheet: number of completely stirred tank reactors (CST...Figure 22.2 Example of a simple flow sheet. Note that the Combiners are only ma...