Читать книгу The Skull of Quadruped and Bipedal Vertebrates - Djillali Hadjouis - Страница 3

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. Skull of a young present-day Asian elephant in left lateral view. Note the position of the orbits above the maxilla and not behind it (© Éditions Belin/Dominique Visset)Figure 1.2. Lower view of a mammoth skull (Mammuthus primigenius), found in the gravel of Bonneuil Port, showing the replacement of the jugal teeth (© Hadjouis)Figure 1.3. Replacement of jugal teeth in the mammoth. Premolars and first molars were expelled from the back to the front, keeping only the M3 in each half jaw (© Anthony)

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. Horse skull viewed from the left. The basion-prosthion geometrical triangle translates the extension of the craniodental and craniospinal fields. The perpendicular line of the triangle passes through M3 (© Hadjouis)Figure 2.2. Diagrams showing the comparison of the average protoconic indices of the definitive superior jugal teeth of several horses from Europe and Africa (© Hadjouis). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 2.3. Posture of the horse’s head and quadruped body. The Equidae are often used as an example to represent perfectly balanced posture and locomotion. The withers and the rump are located at the same height with a center of gravity positioned in the middle; the head is held high up by a verticalized neck that passes the withers by five cervical vertebrae (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 2.4. Probable hybrid calvarium of a horse (Equus sp.) and mandible from above showing the symmetry of the paired dental and cranial parts (© Hadjouis)Figure 2.5. Inflammatory lesions involving osteoarthritis on a horse’s lumbar spine, caused by heavy service work during the 19th century in Arcueil (draught and/or ploughing). Note the intervertebral osteophysical formation (© Hadjouis)Figure 2.6. Inflammatory lesions involving osteoarthritis on the L4-L5 of horses, caused by heavy service work during the 19th century in Arcueil (draught and/or ploughing). Note the intervertebral osteophysical formation (© Hadjouis)Figure 2.7. Head and body quadruped posture of the African wild ass (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Frontal and 3/4 right views of a cranial portion of aurochs (Bos primigenius), with its horn cores from Aflou (Algeria) (© Hadjouis)Figure 3.2. Posture of the head and quadruped body of the ancient buffalo (Syncerus antiquus), 3/4 view (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 3.3. Frontal view of a cranial portion of a fossil buffalo (Pelorovis howelli), with its horn cores from the Lower Pleistocene in El Kherba (Algeria) (© Sahnouni)Figure 3.4. Head and body quadruped posture of Howell’s buffalo (Pelorovis howelli), 3/4 view (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 3.5. Head and quadruped body posture of the ancient buffalo subspecies (Syncerus antiquus complex). In the example of the buffalo, and the muskox, the center of gravity is placed at the front of the body, making withers higher than the rump, and the neck and head are positioned lower than the withers (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 3.6. Front view of the ancient Algerian buffalo (Syncerus antiquus) from Djelfa showing the wingspan, orientation and curvature of the horn cores (from Pomel 1883)Figure 3.7. Front view of an ancient buffalo skull (Syncerus antiquus) from Algeria (© P. Thomas)Figure 3.8. Head posture and quadruped body of aurochs (Bos primigenius). Note the postural balance between the withers and the hindquarters, with the center of gravity positioned in the center of the body. The top of the head did not exceed the withers (according to Ghetie and Mateesco (1977) modified)Figure 3.9. Anterior limb of domestic cattle showing the effects of pulling during the Final Neolithic (large opening of the ante-brachio-carpal-metacarpal angle up to 196° and deviation toward the median axis of the bony rays of 162°) (from Ghetie and Mateesco (1977) modified). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 3.10. Frontal with the start of the horn cores of the subspecies type of Syncerus antiquus complexus Hadjouis (ancient fossil buffalo from Algeria) from above. The start of the left horn core from the pedicle is atrophied by a probable infectious form (© Hadjouis)Figure 3.11. Posture of the head and quadruped body of the great kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), close to the common eland. The withers are higher than the hindquarters and the neck carries the head well above the frontquarters (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 3.12. Front view of a cranial portion of a fossil tragelaphine (Tragelaphus marocanus), with its bony double-twisted horn cores from the Schneider quarry (Morocco) (courtesy of P. Taquet, © Hadjouis)Figure 3.13. Postural balance of the head of the common eland (Taurotragus oryx). Despite imposing spiral horns on a massive head, the latter is carried on a neck above the withers (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 3.14. Diagram of the segments of the limbs of the Great Tragelaphini (Taurotragus oryx, Taurotragus derbianus, Tragelaphus imberbis and Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and comparison with the Tragelaphini fossils from the Warthog and Ternifine sitesFigure 3.15. Skulls of the two types of hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus). The type on the left has U-shaped horns, the type on the right has horns in the shape of horizontal curls (source: gallica.bnf.fr/BNF)Figure 3.16. Posture of the head and quadruped body of the hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus). The center of gravity is displaced at the frontquarters due to the withers being higher than the hindquarters, the neck and head are positioned above the withers (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 3.17. Posture of the head and quadruped body of the gazelle, here a fossil gazelle from Algeria (Gazella dziria). The postural balance of gazelles is among the most harmonious of the family Bovidae, withers and hindquarters are on the same plane, the head is carried high thanks to a vertical neck (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Posture of the head and quadruped body of the Barbary stag (Cervus elaphus barbarus). The posture is balanced between a front and hindquarters carried on slender limbs, the center of gravity is positioned in the middle of the body, the neck and head are above the withers (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 4.2. Craniofacial and occlusal structural model of red deer. The geometrical basion-prosthion triangle shows the extension of the craniodental and craniospinal fields. The perpendicular line of the triangle passes through M1 (according to Leroi-Gourhan (1983) modified). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 4.3. Roe skull (Capreolus capreolus) showing a more closed triangle giving rise to a slightly stronger basic cranial flexion than red deer (© Hadjouis)Figure 4.4. Roe skull (Capreolus capreolus ) showing the strong angulation of the basi-sphenoid whose lower limit is parallel to the temporoparietal vault (© Hadjouis)Figure 4.5. Roe skull (Capreolus capreolus) seen from below, showing the symmetrical parallelism of the paired parts of the jugal teeth and craniofacial structures (© Hadjouis)Figure 4.6. Megaceroides algericus antler, seen from the front, from the Aterian Warthog deposit showing the position of the brown tine of antler and the (fragmentary) start of interdigital webbing (© Hadjouis)Figure 4.7. Right frontal portion of Megaceroides algericus from the Aterian Warthog deposit showing the position of the supraorbital foramen, the eyebrow arch, a high, thick and divergent pedicle and a circular burr (© Hadjouis)Figure 4.8. Right and left hemi-mandibles of Megaceroides algericus from Filfila showing the strong thickening of the mandibular body due to the phenomenon of pachyostosis (© Hadjouis)Figure 4.9. Reconstitution of the antlers of Megaceroides algericus on a body whose size has been reduced after a genetic drift from Europe (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. Posture of the head and quadruped body of the wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa). In spite of a distinctive silhouette, the body is balanced between front and hindquarters, the neck and the head are positioned lower than the hindquarters (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 5.2. Boar skull (Sus scrofa scrofa) in left lateral view. The geometric basion-prosthion triangle shows the extension of the craniodental and craniospinal fields. The perpendicular line of the triangle passes between M1 and M2 (© Hadjouis)Figure 5.3. Cranial base of a wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) raised to appreciate the weak flexion making the basi-occipital and basi-sphenoidal floor be in an axis close to the palatal bone (© Hadjouis)Figure 5.4. Dental and craniofacial balance in a boar, seen from below. The incisal, canine, premolar and molar rows are aligned mesio-distally, and the even parts of the zygomatic arches, the articular tubercles of the temporal bone, the jugal processes, etc., are balanced and free of asymmetries (© Hadjouis)Figure 5.5. Present-day warthog skull (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) in left lateral view. The geometric basion-prosthion triangle shows the extension of the craniodental and craniospinal fields. The perpendicular line of the triangle passes through the single M3 of the half jaw (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 5.6. Present-day warthog skull in left lateral view showing the occlusion in the presence of the only third molars after pushing the anterior jugal teeth (courtesy of J.-D. Vigne, Comparative Anatomy of the MNHN, © Hadjouis)Figure 5.7. Present-day warthog skull in facial view showing the excessive development of the upper tusks (courtesy of J.-D. Vigne, Comparative Anatomy of the MNHN, © Hadjouis)Figure 5.8. Tusks (canines) of fossil warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) found in the Aterian site of the same name (© Hadjouis)Figure 5.9. Replacement of jugal teeth in warthogs. Premolars and first molars are expelled from back to front, keeping only the M3 in each half jaw (© Hadjouis)Figure 5.10. Skull of a young warthog, 7 months old, in left lateral view showing the eruption of the upper jugal teeth (courtesy of J.-D. Vigne, Comparative Anatomy of the MNHN, © Hadjouis)Figure 5.11. Present-day warthog skull from below showing the unique presence of the third molars after pushing the anterior jugal teeth out. Note the clearly visible wear of the upper tusks made by the lower antagonists (courtesy of J.-D. Vigne, Anatomie comparée du MNHN, © Hadjouis)Figure 5.12. Present-day warthog mandible seen from above showing the third molars in their alveoli (courtesy of J.-D. Vigne, Comparative Anatomy of the MNHN, © Hadjouis)Figure 5.13. Left leg skeleton of a present-day warthog affected by a form of osteitis (right photo) in comparison with the healthy leg on the right (courtesy of J.-D. Vigne, Comparative Anatomy of the MNHN, © Hadjouis)

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1. Wildcat skull (Felis sylvestris) in left lateral view (© Hadjouis)Figure 6.2. Wildcat skull (Felis sylvestris) raising the base of the skull to appreciate a basi-occipital and basi-sphenoid floor without flexion (© Hadjouis)Figure 6.3. Posture of the head and withers of the leopard’s quadruped body (Panthera pardus). Like the majority of Felidae, the hindquarters and withers are in a perfectly balanced axis, with the head in extension to the horizontal line of the back. The highly developed canines are located in arches reduced in length in response to the reduction of the jugal teeth (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 6.4. Craniofacial and occlusal structural model of Felidae. The geometrical basion-prosthion triangle reflects the extension of the craniodental and craniospinal fields. The perpendicular line of the triangle passes behind the molars (according to Leroi-Gourhan (1983) modified). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 6.5. Posture of the head and quadruped body of the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). The postural balance is broken by withers higher than the hindquarters, positioning the center of gravity at the front of the body, with the neck and head above the withers (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 6.6. Head and quadruped body posture of the striped hyena (Hyena hyena). In contrast to the spotted hyena, the arched back positions the head below the hindquarters and continues the arch shape (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 6.7. Spotted hyena skull (Crocuta crocuta) in left lateral view showing the upper P4 and the lower M1 called carnassials and functioning like the cutting blades of a pair of scissors and comparison with the upper carnivores of some carnivores (© Éditions Belin/Dominique Visset).Figure 6.8. Right hemi-jaw seen from above of cave bears (Ursus spelaeus) bearing P4-M2 from the Mialet cave (Gard) (© Hadjouis)Figure 6.9. Dental and craniofacial equilibrium in dogs seen from below. The two rows of incisors, canines, premolars and molars are aligned in the mesio-distal direction, as are the even parts of the arches and zygomatic processes, the articular tubercles of the temporal bone, the tympanic bullae, etc., are balanced and do not show asymmetries (© Hadjouis)Figure 6.10. Wolf skull (Canis lupus, S11.484) seen from above, from the Lazaret cave (Maritime Alps). The symmetry of the craniofacial paired parts of carnivorous quadrupeds is perfectly noted in this Mediterranean Quaternary canid (temporal fossae, frontal humps, zygomatic processes of the frontal and temporal bones, nasal bone, etc.) (© Kaufmann)Figure 6.11. Wolf skull (Canis lupus, Q11.7) in left lateral view, from the Lazaret cave (Alpes maritimes). The geometric basion-prosthion triangle shows the extension of the craniodental and craniospinal fields. The perpendicular line of the triangle passes through M2 (© Kaufmann)

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1. Rabbit skull (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in left lateral view. The triangle shows a strong basic cranial flexion (© Hadjouis)Figure 7.2. Head and body quadruped posture of the cape hare (Lepus capensis). The postural balance is broken due to an excessive elongation of the hind limbs, and it finds itself more often than not in a sitting rather than standing position. In reality, the animal if not running is sitting, the head is positioned above the withers (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1. Craniofacial and occlusal architectural model of Great Apes (chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan). The geometric basion-prosthion triangle demonstrates the extension of the craniodental and craniospinal fields with an upper angle that never closes at less than 75° (from Leroi-Gourhan (1983) modified). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zip

9 Chapter 12Figure 12.1. Longitudinal sections of the base of the skull in the Gorilla, Australopithecus and modern man (after Le Gros Clark (1964)). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 12.2. Craniofacial and occlusal structural model of a Neanderthal (according to Leroi-Gourhan (1983) modified). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 12.3. Upper Paleolithic female skull from Taza (Algeria) and reconstitution of the cervical spine for vocal tract placement. Note the mesial position of the cervical spine (from Boé and Hadjouis (unpublished)). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 12.4. Craniofacial and occlusal structural model of modern man (from Leroi-Gourhan (1983) modified). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 12.5. Mandible of Homo atlanticus of Ternifine, seen from above. Note the strong asymmetry of the mandibular ramus. The vertical ramus and the right condylar process of the mandible have a translation followed by an antero-lateral condyle rotation. The right dental row was in a mesial position with respect to the antagonist row (© Hadjouis)

10 Chapter 14Figure 14.1. Dynamic pattern of spheno-occipital kinetics during growth. The basi-sphenoid rotates clockwise, while the basi-occipital rotates counterclockwise, teleradiographic profile photograph of a child from Chevilly-Larue necropolis (Val-de-Marne) (© Hadjouis, Katz). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 14.2. Growth trajectories of the craniofacial puzzle during the development of a class II dysmorphosis (retromandibulia with or without promaxilla) and class III (protrusive mandible with or without retromaxillia) (© Tosello, Hadjouis)Figure 14.3. The structural kinetics of discordant dysmorphoses, destabilizing the maxillo-mandibular complex, but in opposite directions (© Huard, Hadjouis).Figure 14.4. Right lateral view of the skull of a Homo sapiens woman from the Upper Paleolithic of Taza (Algeria) showing a mandibular dislocation (© Hadjouis)

11 Chapter 16Figure 16.1. Skull in left lateral view from the medieval necropolis of the Saint-Nicolas church in La Queue-en-Brie showing scaphocephaly due to early closure of corono-sagittal sutures (© Allard)Figure 16.2. The different forms of lesions of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis setting up an asymmetry of the base of the skull (rotation lateral flexion, torsion, plagiocephaly, torticollis, syndromes) (from Altiéri (1984) modified). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 16.3. Two types of sagittal and vertical craniofacial asymmetries encountered in Homo sapiens populations in the Paris Basin and the Maghreb (© Hadjouis and Tosello)Figure 16.4. Skull seen from below of a Homo sapiens from the Upper Paleolithic from Afalou (Algeria) showing significant basic cranial asymmetry with rupture of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis followed by left rotation (right in the photo) from the temporal bone (mastoid apophyses, TMJ, zygomatic arches, malar, maxilla). The result is a torsion of the face (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.5. Child’s skull in facial view from the necropolis of the Saint-Nicolas church in La Queue-en-Brie showing significant facial asymmetry (torsion of the face and tilting of the left hemi-face). Note the presence of a mesiodens, a tiny supernumerary tooth, between the two central incisors (© Barrau)Figure 16.6. Same individual, seen from below. Note that the banana shape of the asymmetry is even more impressive at the base of the skull and the lower parts of the face (© Barrau)Figure 16.7. Facial asymmetry suggestive of peripheral facial paralysis with respect to a strong asymmetry of tartar deposition by salivary flow on the left maxillo-mandibular jugal teeth. Associated with this paralysis are malformations on the right side, in particular the reduction in height of the maxilla and the zygomatic arch, Merovingian necropolis of Saint-Christophe de Créteil (© Allard)Figure 16.8. Base of the skull of the individual with peripheral facial paralysis showing strong asymmetry. Lateral flexion rotation has caused all the left parts to advance, in addition to flattening the hemioccipital (occipital articular surface, mastoid process, TMJ and zygomatic arch). Similarly, note the strong erosion of the articular tuberosity of the temporal bone, a sign of unilateral mandibular dislocation (© Allard)Figure 16.9. Large unilateral calcareous deposit produced by salivary flow following peripheral facial paralysis in a man, Merovingian necropolis of Saint-Christophe de Créteil (© Allard)Figure 16.10. Male skull in facial view from the necropolis of the church of Sainte-Colombe in Chevilly-Larue showing an incisive end-to-end dental bite in response to a class III structural specimen (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.11. Skull of Iberomaurusian child no. 4 from Afalou in right lateral view. The face shows alveolar-dental prognathism on a psalidodental joint. Homo sapiens children were the first to acquire a permanent psalidodental joint, unlike adults. In Neanderthals, children and adults had a permanent labidodental joint (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.12. Child’s skull in right lateral view of the Neolithic of Tin-Hanakaten (Tassili, Algeria) showing a psalidodental joint (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.13. Mandible in profile and face of Homo Sapiens from the Upper Paleolithic from Afalou (Algeria) showing an exaggerated Spee curve due to the strong thrust in height of the teeth of the incisivo-canine block due to the absence of the antagonistic teeth of the maxilla (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.14. Detail view of the extracted upper incisors and the development in height of the lower incisors on a man’s skull from the Upper Paleolithic of Afalou (Algeria) (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.15. Skull of a mechtoid man from Oued Guettara (Algeria) in facial view showing, in addition to extraction of the upper incisors, bilateral para-masticatory wear of the jugal teeth. The oblique wear from inside to outside is due to a para-function linked to a particular activity such as hide tanning (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.16. Right and left mandibular jugal teeth of a mechtoid man from Oued Guettara (Algeria) showing details of para-masticatory wear (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.17. Upper and lower views of a human skull from the medieval necropolis of La Queue-en-Brie, morphotype identical to that of the population of Chennevières-sur-Marne. Note the large width of the temporal walls and the antero-posterior reduction of the skull, due to the hyper-brachycephaly of this specimen and the excessive spheno-occipital flexion (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.18. Lower and upper views of a man’s skull from the medieval and modern necropolis of Chennevières-sur-Marne. Note the great width of the temporal walls and the antero-posterior reduction of the skull, due to the hyper-brachycephaly of this specimen and the excessive spheno-occipital flexion (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.19. Male skull in left lateral view from the necropolis of the church of Sainte-Colombe in Chevilly-Larue showing a psalidodental joint responding to a class II structural specimen (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.20. Male skull in left lateral view from the necropolis of the church of Sainte-Colombe in Chevilly-Larue showing a labidodental dental articulation corresponding to a class III structural specimen (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.21. Teleradiography of a profile of a female skull from the necropolis of the church of Sainte-Colombe in Chevilly-Larue, showing the weakness of the spheno-occipital tilt, the sphenoid angle is open at more than 130°, the angle of the face is closed at 18°, giving a class II structural specimen (© Hadjouis, Katz)Figure 16.22. Teleradiography of a profile of a female skull from the necropolis of the church of Sainte-Colombe in Chevilly-Larue. Despite a sphenoidal angle closed at 119°, an angle of the face open at 19°, the spheno-occipital tilt seems to be out of agreement with a face with a class II occlusion type with clearly an incisive end-to-end dental bite (© Hadjouis, Katz)Figure 16.23. Teleradiography of a profile of a man’s skull from the necropolis of the church of Sainte-Colombe in Chevilly-Larue, showing a strong spheno-occipital flexion, a sphenoidal angle closed at 110°, a face angle open at 20°, the protrusive mandible is evident in this class III structural specimen (© Hadjouis, Katz)Figure 16.24. Facial and right lateral views of a skull of a robust Iberomaurusian man from Afalou showing the failed extractions of the upper incisors and the inflammation of the latter and carious disease of the jugal teeth (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.25. Craniofacial structural analysis by teleradiography of the profile of an Iberomaurusian man from Afalou (© Hadjouis, Katz)Figure 16.26. Craniofacial structural analysis by teleradiography of the profile of an Iberomaurusian woman from Afalou (© Hadjouis, Katz). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zip

12 Chapter 17Figure 17.1. Double angular depression on the parietal wall of a probably male adult skull. The diagnosis of this atrophy is part of parietal thinning and leans toward phenotypic expression obeliac dysplasia (© Hadjouis)Figure 17.2. Upper-inferior incisivo-canine and milky premolar series and M1 buds of a child aged about 12 months from the modern levels of the necropolis of Chennevières-sur-Marne. The brown and brownish pigmentation of the dental crowns in relation to lesions of the skeleton of the limbs (juvenile osteoporosis, childhood osteomyelitis) suggests a diagnosis of scurvy by gingival hemorrhage (© Hadjouis)