Читать книгу Essentials of MRI Safety - Donald W. McRobbie - Страница 2
Table of Contents
Оглавление1 Cover
4 1 Systems and safety: MR hardware and fields INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF MRI OPERATION MRI HARDWARE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS OTHER MEDICAL DEVICES CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
5 2 Let’s get physical: fields and forces BASIC LAWS OF MAGNETISM MAGNETIC MATERIALS FORCES AND TORQUE LORENTZ AND HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES LAWS OF INDUCTION CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
6 3 Bio‐effects 1: static field INTRODUCTION PHYSICAL MECHANISMS CELLULAR EFFECTS ANIMAL EFFECTS EPIDEMIOLOGY HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ACUTE SENSORY EFFECTS COGNITIVE EFFECTS STATIC FIELD EXPOSURE LIMITS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
7 4 Bio‐effects 2: time‐varying gradient fields INTRODUCTION PHYSICAL INTERACTION ELF TIME‐VARYING MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS MAGNETIC STIMULATION PERIPHERAL NERVE STIMULATION IN MRI EXPOSURE LIMITS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
8 5 Bio‐effects 3: radio‐frequency fields INTRODUCTION PHYSICAL INTERACTION TISSUE HEATING BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS RF EXPOSURE LIMITS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
9 6 Acoustic noise INTRODUCTION GENERATION OF ACOUSTIC NOISE IN MRI MEASURING NOISE: dB(A), dB(C), dB(Z) ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN HEARING MRI NOISE EXPOSURE REDUCING ACOUSTIC NOISE IN PRACTICE HEARING PROTECTION ACOUSTIC NOISE LIMITS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
10 7 Pregnancy INTRODUCTION CELLULAR EFFECTS AND ANIMAL STUDIES HUMAN STUDIES AND EPIDEMIOLOGY GADOLINIUM‐BASED CONTRAST AGENTS EXPOSURE LIMITS AND GUIDANCE CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
11 8 Contrast agents INTRODUCTION PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES CONTRAST REACTIONS AND ADVERSE EVENTS PREGNANCY AND LACTATION CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources National guidance documents
12 9 Passive implants INTRODUCTION RISKS FROM PASSIVE IMPLANTS ASTM TESTING EXAMPLES OF PASSIVE IMPLANTS ARTEFACTS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
13 10 Active implants INTRODUCTION RISKS FROM ACTIVE IMPLANTS PACEMAKERS AND ICDS NEUROSTIMULATORS COCHLEAR IMPLANTS ENDOSCOPIC CAMERAS IMPLANTABLE INFUSION PUMPS KEEPING WITHIN THE CONDITIONS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
14 11 Would you scan this? Understanding the conditions INTRODUCTION MRI CONDITIONS UNDERSTANDING FRINGE FIELD SPATIAL GRADIENT MAPS UNDERSTANDING RF CONDITIONS GRADIENT SLEW RATE CONDITION MORE EXAMPLES OFF‐LABEL SCANNING WHAT TO DO WHEN YOU DO NOT KNOW THE CONDITIONS? CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
15 12 Location, location, location INTRODUCTION ACR ZONING SCHEME FRINGE FIELD HELIUM EXHAUST AND QUENCH PIPE SECURITY SAFETY FEATURES MRI PROJECT MANAGEMENT SPECIALIST SYSTEMS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
16 13 But what about us? Occupational exposure INTRODUCTION OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LIMITS SURVEYS OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LEVELS SURVEY INSTRUMENTATION INCIDENCE OF BIO‐EFFECTS AMONG MAGNET FACILITY AND MR WORKERS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources
17 14 Organisation and management INTRODUCTION ROLES IN MR SAFETY POLICY AND SAFETY DOCUMENTATION CHECKLIST AND SCREENING INCIDENTS EMERGENCIES TRAINING ACCREDITATION AND CERTIFICATION STANDARDS AND GUIDANCE EXPOSURE LIMITS CONCLUSIONS: THE LAST WORD References Further reading and resources
18 Appendix 1: One hundred equations you need to know MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS MAGNETIC FIELD INDUCTION MAGNETIC MATERIALS FORCES AND TORQUE FORCES ON MOVING CHARGES LAWS OF INDUCTION RF INDUCTION FROM THE RADIOFREQUENCY FIELD SAR AND TISSUE HEATING References
19 Appendix 2: Maths toolkit COORDINATE SYSTEMS VECTOR ALGEBRA VECTOR CALCULUS
20 Appendix 3: Symbols and constants
21 Answers to revision questions
22 Index
