Читать книгу Now You Know Soccer - Doug Lennox - Страница 11
ОглавлениеWho sets the official rules for soccer?
The official rules of soccer are called the Laws of the Game and they are maintained by two governing bodies: the International Football Association Board (IFAB) and the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA).
What is FIFA?
FIFA is an acronym for Fédération Internationale de Football Association. It is the international governing body of association football, headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland. FIFA is responsible for the organization and governance of soccer’s major international tournaments, most notably the FIFA World Cup, held since 1930. The Laws of the Game are not solely the responsibility of FIFA; they are maintained by a body called the International Football Association Board (IFAB). FIFA has members on its board (four representatives); the other four are provided by the football associations of the United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, in recognition of their contribution to the creation and history of the game. Changes to the Laws of the Game must be agreed upon by at least six of the eight delegates.
The Eight FIFA Presidents Since Its Founding in 1904
• Robert Guerin, France — 1904–06
• Daniel Burley Woolfall, England — 1906–18
• Jules Rimet, France — 1921–54
• Rodolphe William Seeldrayers, Belgium — 1954–55
• Arthur Drewry, England — 1955–61
• Sir Stanley Rous, England — 1961–74
• João Havelange, Brazil — 1974–98
• Joseph S. Blatter, Switzerland — 1998–present
What is IFAB?
IFAB is an acronym for the International Football Association Board. Established in England in 1886, the board was originally made up of the United Kingdom’s four pioneering football associations: England’s Football Association (The FA), the Scottish Football Association (SFA), the Football Association of Wales (FAW), and Northern Ireland’s Irish Football Association (IFA). Its aim was to create a unified set of rules for the game in Great Britain and function as a governing body. Each of the four founding FAs had equal voting rights on the board. Beginning in 1913, voting rights on the board. Beginning in 1913, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), which governs world association soccer, became a voting board member. Today, each UK association has one vote on the board and FIFA has four. IFAB deliberations must be approved by at least six votes. Thus, FIFA’s approval is necessary for any IFAB decision, but FIFA alone cannot change the Laws of the Game; they need to be agreed by at least two of the UK members.
Quickies
Did you know …
• FIFA has 208 football association members?
How many referees are there in a regulation soccer match?
There are three. One referee (sometimes called the centre referee), and two assistant referees (formerly called linesmen) who patrol the perimeter of the field and carry flags to signal to the referee. The referee, who is the only one of the three who conducts his duties in bounds on the pitch, is the ruling authority for any given soccer match. His word is law on the pitch.
What is the technical area?
The technical area is a marked-off zone at pitch-side where a team manager, other coaching personnel, and player substitutes are required to confine themselves during matches. According to the Laws of the Game, the technical area is marked by a white line, “1 metre (1 yard) on either side of the designated seated area and extend[ing] forward up to a distance of 1 metre (1 yard) from the touch line.” Substitutes are allowed to leave the technical area to warm up prior to entering a match. Managers and coaching staff may not cross the line during play, except in special cases, such as medical personnel attending to an injured player. The technical area falls under the supervision of the fourth official.
What is the fourth official?
The fourth official is essentially a support person to the referee who can, when needed, step in as a backup assistant referee when one of the designated assistants cannot perform his duties. The fourth official assists with administrative duties surrounding the match. Stationed pitch-side, he is responsible for assisting with substitution procedures during the match. He has the authority to check the equipment of substitutes before they enter the field of play. He supervises the replacement of game balls. He must indicate to the referee when the wrong player is cautioned because of mistaken identity or when a player is not sent off after having been shown two yellow cards or when violent conduct occurs out of the view of the referee and assistant referees. After the match, the fourth official must submit a report to the appropriate authorities on any misconduct or other incident that occurred out of the view of the referee and the assistant referees. He also has the authority to inform the referee of irresponsible behaviour by anyone in the technical area.
The Five Duties of the Assistant Referees (subject to the decision of the referee)
• Indicate when the whole of the ball has passed out of the field of play.
• Indicate which side is entitled to a corner kick, goal kick or throw-in.
• Indicate when a player may be penalized for being in an offside position.
• Indicate when a substitution is requested.
• Indicate when misconduct or any other incident has occurred out of the view of the referee.
Who was Ken Aston?
The red and yellow card system was invented by English referee Ken Aston, whose innovation was inspired one day in the late 1960s by the yellow “caution” and red “stop” lights in the streets of London. Aston sat on FIFA’s Referee’s Committee from 1970 to 1972. His card system was first used at the 1970 World Cup. Aston died on October 23, 2001 at the age of 86.
What does a yellow card mean?
The yellow card is a caution issued to a player by the referee. The yellow card may be shown to a player who is guilty of unsporting behaviour, shows dissent by word or action, persistently infringes the Laws of the Game, delays the restart of play, fails to respect the required distance when play is restarted with a corner kick or a free kick, enters or re-enters the field of play without the referee’s permission, or deliberately leaves the field of play without the referee’s permission. Any time a yellow or red card is shown, a “direct” or “indirect kick” will also be awarded.
What does a red card mean?
When a player is shown a red card it means ejection from the game. By the Laws of the Game, a player must be shown a red card for serious foul play, violent conduct, spitting at an opponent or any other person, deliberately handling the ball in an attempt to prevent an obvious scoring opportunity, denying an obvious goal-scoring opportunity to an opponent moving toward the player’s goal by an offence punishable by a free kick or a penalty kick, and for using offensive, insulting, or abusive language. A player will also be shown a red card and ejected immediately after receiving a second yellow card caution in the same match.
What’s the difference between yellow and red card offenses?
Yellow card offenses generally cover acts that demonstrate poor sportsmanship and disrupt the game, but don’t directly affect the score or cause injury. For example, a player might receive a yellow card for a succession of “ordinary” fouls, despite a warning from the referee. This is called “persistent infringement.” Players will also be shown a yellow card for “unsporting behaviour,” which covers almost any action that shows disregard for fair play but is not extremely violent. Red card offenses are much more serious acts that go completely against the spirit of the game (called “serious foul play” in game parlance). This is behaviour that should never occur on a soccer field regardless of how a game is going.
Quickies
Did you know …
• the Laws of the Game state that a match may not start if either team consists of fewer than seven players, including the goalkeeper?
What does it mean when the referee holds his arms straight out?
Quickies
Did you know …
• if an assistant referee signals a goal that the referee did not see, and if for any reason play stops and is then restarted before the referee notices this signal, the goal can’t be awarded?
This is called “advantage” and it means that the referee has seen a foul but has decided not to call it yet because the fouled team is in an advantageous position and might possibly score. Advantage generally only lasts three to five seconds before the referee will blow his whistle and stop play.
What does it mean when the referee blows his whistle and points at a goal?
The referee has seen a foul and is awarding a direct free kick against the goal he is pointing to.
Why does the referee sometime hold his arm straight up in the air during a free kick?
When a free kick is awarded, according to the Laws of the Game the only signal a referee is required to give to distinguish a direct free kick from an indirect free kick is to raise his arm straight in the air. The raised arm signals that an indirect free kick has been awarded. On a direct free kick the kicker may score from the kick, but on an indirect free kick, the ball must touch a second player (on either team, including the goalkeeper) before going into the goal in order for the score to count. The referee will only lower his arm when the ball has touched that second player (or gone out of bounds). On an indirect free kick, the kicker may not touch the ball again until the referee’s arm comes down.
Quickies
Did you know …
• goalkeepers may not play the ball with their hands if receiving it directly from a throw-in?
How do players know when a penalty kick is awarded?
When a referee points directly at the 18-yard (16.5-metre) area, he is awarding a penalty kick. The referee will usually run to the penalty spot, stop beside it, and point straight down at it with his hand.
Assistant Referee Flag Signals Decoded
• Flag straight up: indicating to the referee to stop play because assistant referee needs to talk to referee. Can also mean offside or be a signal for the referee to look at the other linesman.
• Flag straight up with hand held over his chest badge: indicating to referee that a player needs to be shown a yellow or red card.
• Flag out sideways at 45 degrees horizontally along the touchline: indicating for a throw-in. The team attacking in the direction they are pointing takes the throw.
• Flag pointing at the goal: indicating a goal kick.
• Flag pointed at the corner flag: indicating a corner kick.
• Flag held straight out in front of assistant referee after an offside call:
– Up at a 45-degree angle: indicating an offside on the far side of the field.
– Straight horizontally: indicating an offside in the middle of the field.
– Down at a 45-degree angle: indicating an offside on the near side of the field.
• Flag held straight up suspended between both hands: substitution in progress.
• Flag held horizontally across chest: calling for penalty kick.
• Flag held behind back while standing at corner flag: calling for penalty kick.
• Flag held up after a goal: assistant referee wishes to dispute the goal.
What is the ruling when a ball bursts after a kick but still goes into the net?
Even if the ball is headed into the net for a goal, if it bursts or deflates at any point while in play, the Laws of the Game require that play must be stopped and restarted with the new ball at the point where the ball first became defective, which means a goal cannot be scored with a burst ball. If the ball deflates after crossing the goal line, it is a goal.
Can coaches or players change the game ball?
No. If a coach or player feels the game ball is defective, they must bring their concerns to the attention of the referee or one of the game officials (who will then tell the referee). The only person on the field who may change the game ball is the referee. Any attempt on the part of a coach or player, or anyone else, to change the game ball, can be ruled as misconduct and lead to ejection.
Quickies
Did you know …
• a substitute who has not properly completed the substitution procedure by setting foot onto the field of play cannot restart play by taking a throw-in or corner kick?
What should a coach do upon realizing his team has fielded too many players?
The coach should learn to count better, because someone on his team is about to get a yellow card and possibly worse if the situation is handled poorly. Since it is illegal for a player to leave the pitch without the permission of the referee, the coach should tell the player who is coming off to stand on the field just inside the touchline at the half-line. The coach should then get the assistant referee’s attention and explain the problem. The assistant referee will notify the referee that his player is coming off, whereupon the referee will yellow-card his player as required by the Laws of the Game. If the coach simply tells a player to come off the field, that player will receive two yellow cards — one for being the extra player, one for leaving the pitch without permission — and then, of course, they will also receive an automatic red card, which means ejection from the game.
Can a goalkeeper switch places during a game with another player?
Yes, this is permitted under the Laws of the Game, provided that the referee is informed before the change is made (otherwise, both players will be shown the yellow card), and that the change is made only during a stoppage in play. Since it is also required under the Laws of the Game that the goalkeeper wear a different-coloured jersey, both players will also have to change jerseys.
Who was Horst Eckel?
Striker Horst Eckel found his place in the annals of soccer by becoming the first-ever substitute player. Up until the 1954 FIFA World Cup, substitutions were illegal in soccer. If one of the 11 players who started the game for a team was injured and had to leave the pitch, the team had to play out the match one short — or two, or three, or however many players eventually left the pitch. And at no point could a player from the bench come on to relieve another player. On October 11, 1953, during a qualifying match against Saarland for the 1954 World Cup, Horst Eckel, who played for West Germany, became the first-ever substitute under new rules instituted by FIFA for the tournament.
Five Laws of the Game that Specifically Concern the Goalkeeper
The goalkeeper may not:
1. take more than four steps while controlling the ball with his hands before releasing it from his possession;
2. touch the ball again with his hands after it has been released from his possession and has not touched any other player;
3. touch the ball with his hands after it has been deliberately kicked to him by a teammate;
4. touch the ball with his hands after he has received it directly from a throw-in taken by a teammate;
5. waste time.
When are socks illegal?
As everyone knows, the referee is God and King on the soccer pitch, having the first and final word regarding all interpretations of the Laws of the Game. The question of what is “unsporting conduct” is intentionally left open to interpretation, so that the referee can deal with unusual cases and incidents. For example, if a player wears a different-coloured pair of socks than the rest of his team, it suddenly becomes easier for someone in possession of the ball dribbling up the field, head down and concentrating, to spot that player. A bright red pair of socks on a striker, for instance, will stand out against the green turf. There is no strict provision against this tactic in the Laws of the Game, but players shouldn’t expect to get away with it. The referee has power even over players’ uniforms, and a good one will not allow mismatched socks, and might even call this unsporting behaviour and give that striker yellow card for trying — both literally and figuratively — to pull a fast one with his red socks.
The Laws of the Game Governing Substitutions
To replace a player with a substitute, the following conditions must be observed:
• the referee must be informed before any proposed substitution is made;
• the substitute only enters the field of play after the player being replaced has left and after receiving a signal from the referee;
• the substitute only enters the field of play at the halfway line and during a stoppage in the match;
• the substitution is completed when a substitute enters the field of play;
• from that moment, the substitute becomes a player and the player he has replaced becomes a substituted player;
• the substituted player takes no further part in the match;
• all substitutes are subject to the authority and jurisdiction of the referee, whether called upon to play or not.
What is a “club” linesman?
Quickies
Did you know …
• there is no stipulation in the Laws of the Game that require numbers on jerseys?
A “club” linesman is simply one who is not a certified referee, usually recruited shortly before the match from among the more knowledgeable soccer spectators on hand to serve when a certified linesman is not available. Under the Laws of the Game “club” linesmen are limited with respect to the matters they may call to assist the referee.
Why do games that are not tied at the end of regulation time often go longer?
One of the unique things about soccer is that during a match no one on or off the pitch knows exactly how long the match will go. That’s because the referee is the official timekeeper, and while regulations state that a match consists of two halves of 45 minutes each, with a mandatory break at halftime, they also state that the referee has discretion to add time to the end of each half for any stoppage of play. While the rules for games like hockey, basketball, and American football include provisions for stopping the clock (such as after a goal, or for out of bounds), the clock for a soccer game never stops, except for the during the halftime break. The referee is under no obligation to tell anyone how much additional time will be added to each half. The clock runs out only when the referee says so.
Quickies
Did you know …
• a “club” linesman can call the ball in or out over the touchline or goal lines, and can signal to the referee which team is entitled to possession of balls gone out of play, but they cannot signal for offside, or for fouls committed outside the sight of the referee.
Why do some referees actually stop the clock?
Strictly speaking, such referees are in violation of the Laws of the Game. This generally only happens at the amateur level. The referee has a stopwatch and, as the official timekeeper for the match, is supposed to add extra time to the end of each half for any stoppage of play. If, for example, a player is injured and it takes two minutes to get that player off the field and resume play, the referee should add two minutes to the end of the half. The referee is supposed to keep track of such stoppages in a notebook, but the simpler method is to stop the stopwatch for two minutes, thus suspending the game clock and negating the need to keep track of how long the stoppage is. The main problem with this lazy and illegal method of timekeeping is that the ref can sometimes forget to re-start the stopwatch. Also, if the clock is stopped too often or for insignificant reasons, the ref may be stuck with the dilemma of whether to call the game a bit “early” by the official watch.
Quickies
Did you know …
• aside from during the regulation halftime beak, the Laws of the Game do not permit the referee to ever stop the clock once play has begun?
Four Reasons Why the Referee Can Add Time to the Game Clock
According to the Laws of the Game, time can be added if:
• time is lost attending to injuries on the field;
• time is lost completing player substitutions;
• time is lost due to delays in putting the ball back into active play after it goes out;
• any other cause for interruption to active play the referee deems sufficient.
What if time expires before a penalty shot can be taken?
If a foul requiring a penalty shot is called before time in a half or game expires, but the clock expires before the penalty shot can be taken, the penalty shot must be taken before the half or game can officially end. In such instances, the penalty-taker gets only one touch of the ball, so they had better make it a good kick, because whether they score a goal or not, the play ends the moment ball goes out of bounds or its momentum is spent.
What is the correct procedure for a kickoff?
In a kickoff, each team must be in their respective defending half of the field and the team opposing the kickoff may not have any players within 10 yards (9.15 metres) of the ball. The ball is in play the moment it is kicked and moves forward at all; even stepping on it and causing it to bobble forward slightly is enough.
Quickies
Did you know …
• despite what any second-party clock may indicate, the game is not over until the referee give a triple blast of the whistle?
What’s the ruling if a ball hits the referee and rebounds into the goal?
The referee, like the corner flag, or a goal post, or the ground itself, is merely part of the field of play. If the ball hits the referee, play should continue just as if the ball bounced off a rock. And if the ball bounces off the ref into the goal, it is a goal!
The Seven Ways a Ball Can Be Put into Play
• kickoff
• throw-in
• goal kick
• corner kick
• free kick
• penalty kick
• drop ball
What is a “speaking captain”?
Unlike other sports, a soccer team can have more than one captain. This allowance holds over from days when substitutions were illegal and it was advisable to have more than one captain in case any one of them got injured or sent off. During a coin-toss meeting before the start of a match, when the captains and the referee are assembled near the centre of the field, if either team sent more than one captain, the referee will ask which one is the “speaking captain,” meaning which one is authorized to make binding decisions at the meeting.
Quickies
Did you know …
• a ball rolling along outside the touchline remains in play as long as part of the ball is over the touchline?
What happens at a coin-toss meeting?
Exact procedures can vary from place to place and from referee to referee, but the basics are as follows: When all the teams’ captains and the referee gather near the centre of the field, the referee makes note of the numbers (and maybe the names) of the teams’ speaking captains. Then one team’s speaking captain will be chosen at the referee’s discretion to call the coin toss. After the toss, the referee will ask the winner which end they want to defend, and then make sure everyone present is clear on which end they will attack and which they will defend at the start the game. The referee then tells the losing side that they will kick off, and the meeting is over.
Quickies
Did you know …
• on a free kick, the ball must move forward on the initial contact? Even the tiniest fraction will suffice, before a rearward pass can be made. Prior to 1997, the ball had to move its full circumference on the ground in a free kick.
Quickies
Did you know …
• during a penalty kick the defending goalkeeper must remain on his goal line until the ball is kicked?
Why does the referee point at the centre of the field and not the goal to indicate a goal?
The regulation restart method after either team scores a goal is a kickoff by the other team from the centre of the field. That is why the referee points at the centre of the field after a goal. The referee is not indicating a goal, but rather calling for a restart from the centre of the field.
What is the penalty for faking an injury?
Not that this ever, ever happens (ahem!), but any simulating action that is intended to deceive the referee — anywhere on the field — must be sanctioned as unsporting behaviour. This includes Oscar-worthy performances for fake injuries. The penalty is not a golden statue, but a yellow card.
Regulation Method for a Throw-in
1. The player doing the throw-in faces the field of play.
2. The player has part of each foot either on the touchline or on the ground outside the touchline.
3. The player uses both hands to throw the ball.
4. The player delivers the ball from behind and over his head.
What is the penalty for showboating?
There is little in sports that is more annoying than watching an athlete — especially one from the opposing team — ungracefully celebrate a goal with showboating. FIFA agrees, because rules state, “While it is permissible for a player to demonstrate his joy when a goal has been scored, the celebration must not be excessive.” In the Laws of the Game, referees are specifically instructed to issue a caution when a goal-scorer makes gestures which are provocative, derisory, or inflammatory, climbs on a perimeter fence, removes his shirt over his head, or covers his head with his shirt.
What is the difference between “impeding” and “obstruction”?
If a player is not playing the ball, but is preventing someone else from moving toward the ball, he is impeding the other player. That is a foul. This used to be called “obstruction,” and often still is, but FIFA prefers that the term “obstruction” be reserved for when a player in possession of the ball blocks another player from getting to the ball, which, when performed in the right manner, is not a foul, but a matter of skill.
When is a player offside?
Provided that he is not in his own half of the field, a player is offside when he is not in possession of the ball and he is nearer to his opponents’ goal line than both the ball and the second last opponent (including the goalkeeper). If an offside infraction is called, the opponent is awarded an indirect free kick (IFK). There is no offside offence if a player receives the ball directly from a goal kick, a throw-in, or a corner kick.
Regulation Procedure For a Kickoff
• All players must be in their own half of the field.
• The opponents of the team taking the kickoff must be at least 10 yards (9.15 metres) from the ball until it is in play.
• The ball is stationary on the centre mark.
• The referee gives a signal.
• The ball is in play when it is kicked and moves forward any amount.
• The kicker may not touch the ball again until it has touched another player.
Should a player always be penalized for being offside?
No. As with so much else on the soccer pitch, it is up to the discretion of the referee whether or not to call a player offside. A player in an offside position is usually only penalized if, at the moment the ball touches or is played by one of his team, he is, in the opinion of the referee, involved in active play by interfering with play, interfering with an opponent, or gaining an advantage by being in that position.
Quickies
Did you know …
• on a dropped ball, the ball is not in play and may not be touched by players until after it touches the ground?
When is offside position determined?
Offside position is not determined at the time the ball is received by an attacker, but rather it is determined at the moment the ball was last played by one of the attacker’s teammates. If, for example, an attacker kicks the ball high in the air toward the opponent’s goal while none of his teammates are in offside position, but then a second speedy attacker penetrates the defence and receives the kick behind the second-last opponent, the speedy one is not offside.
What should the ruling be if the ball simply ricochets off an attacker in an offside position?
Quickies
Did you know …
• to restart the match after play has been temporarily stopped inside the goal area, the ball is dropped on the line of the goal area running parallel to the goal line at the point nearest to the spot where the ball was when play was stopped?
It is not actually necessary to play the ball to be called for an offside infraction. A player in an offside position could be tying his shoelaces and not even watching the play, but if the ball ricochets off him, and, in the eyes of the referee, his team gains advantage from his position, the attacking team should be called for offside.
What happens when a player with a penalty kick, kicks the ball before the referee signals that it is okay to do so?
Only the referee can tell a penalty kicker when it is okay to take the kick. If the kicker takes the kick before that signal and the ball enters the goal, the kick will have to be retaken. If the ball does not enter the goal, the kick is not retaken, and the kicker has lost a chance to score.
Fouls That Will Lead to a Direct Free Kick*
• Kicking or attempting to kick an opponent.
• Tripping or attempting to trip an opponent.
• Jumping at an opponent in a careless or reckless manner, or with excessive force.
• Charging an opponent in a careless or reckless manner, or with excessive force.
• Striking or attempting to strike an opponent.
• Pushing an opponent.
• Making contact with the opponent before the ball when tackling.
• Holding an opponent.
• Spitting at an opponent.
• Handling the ball deliberately (except for the goalkeeper within his own penalty area).
* If any of these are committed by a player inside his own penalty area, a penalty kick is awarded.
What happens when, during a penalty kick, the defending goalkeeper moves off the goal line before the ball has been kicked?
According to the Laws of the Game, during a penalty kick the defending goalkeeper may not move off the goal line until the ball has been kicked and is in forward motion. If the goalkeeper does move off the goal line in such a situation, the referee should allow the kick to proceed. If the ball enters the goal, a goal is awarded, but if the ball does not enter the goal, the kick should be retaken.
Who was William McCrumb?
