Читать книгу Now You Know Soccer - Doug Lennox - Страница 9
ОглавлениеWhat is the origin of soccer?
Soccer-like games that involved the kicking of a ball across a playing pitch have existed for eons in regions from China to Meso-America to the Arctic tundra. But modern soccer, as it evolved in Great Britain, has its roots in a medieval European game called “mob football,” which was played between rival villages at times of celebration and festivity, especially on Shrove Tuesday. Played in England, Normandy, Brittany, Picardy, Cornwall, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, mob football saw teams of unlimited size trying to force a ball (often an inflated pig’s bladder) into an opponent village’s main square or onto its church’s steps. The rules were vague and play was often extremely violent, leading to broken limbs, internal injuries, and even the occasional death.
Quickies
Did you know …
• the first recorded soccer death was in 1280 when in a game of mob football at Ulgham, near Ashington in Northumberland, a player was killed as a result of running against an opposing player’s sheathed dagger?
Why did both Edward II and Edward III both prohibit soccer?
In 1314 King Edward II issued a prohibition against so called “mob football” because of the chaotic impact that “this hustling over large balls” had on the city life in London. Edward III also prohibited “futeball” in 1349 because it distracted able-bodied men from archery practice.
Some Bluebloods Who Banned Soccer
• Edward II of England, in 1314
• Phillippe V of France, in 1319
• Edward III of England, in 1349
• Charles V of France, in 1369
• James I of Scotland, in 1424
• James II of Scotland, in 1457
• Henry VII of England, in 1540
Who owned the first pair of football boots?
King Henry VIII’s soccer shoes — called football boots — were listed within the Great Wardrobe of 1526, a shopping list of the day. They were made by his personal shoemaker, Cornelius Johnson, in 1525, at a cost of 4 shillings, the modern equivalent of CDN$160 (US$127). Little is known about them, as there is no surviving example, but the royal football boots are known to have been made of strong leather, ankle-high, and heavier than the normal shoe of the day.
What British king was first to give soccer royal approval?
Charles II of England gave the game of soccer royal approval in 1681 when he attended a match between the Royal Household and the Duke of Albemarle’s servants.
What was tsu chu?
As far back as 2500 BC a game of kicking a ball called tsu chu (also spelled as cuju) was played in China. Tsu means “to kick the ball with feet” and chu means “a ball made of leather and stuffed.” Matches were often staged in celebration of the emperor’s birthday. The objective was for players to kick a ball through a round opening into a small net attached to bamboo poles. The opening was about 1 foot (30–40 centimetres) wide and elevated about 30 feet (nine metres) from the ground. During the Ts’in Dynasty (255 BC–206 BC) a form of tsu chu was used for training by soldiers, and from the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) there survives a war manual featuring physical exercises called tsu chu. These exercises involved a leather ball filled with feathers and hair. With the exception of the hands, all other body parts could be used while trying to “score.”
Quickies
Did you know …
• the first instance of the modern spelling of “football” appeared in 1608, in act 1, scene 4 of Shakespeare’s King Lear: “Nor tripped neither, you base football player”?
What was kemari?
Between 300 AD–600 AD a game called kemari emerged in Japan. Also called kenatt, it was played by eight or fewer people using a sawdust-stuffed deerskin ball about 9 inches (22 centimetres) in diameter. On a rectangular field called a kikytsubo, players had to juggle the ball with their feet and pass it to one another in the air, keeping it from touching the ground. Each corner of the kikytsubo was marked with a sapling, the classic version featuring a cherry, maple, willow, and pine. When kicking the ball up, a player would call “ariyaaa!” (here we go) and when passing it to someone else, “ari!” (here). The golden age for kemari was between the tenth and sixteenth centuries, as the game spread to the lower classes and became a popular subject for poets. One surviving anecdote tells of an emperor and his team who kept the ball aloft for over 1,000 kicks. Beginning in the thirteenth century, kemari players wore uniforms based on the traditional samurai’s costume, the hitatare.
Quickies
Did you know …
• an ancient Greek marble relief housed in the National Museum of Archeology in Athens shows an athlete balancing a ball on his thigh as a young boy looks on? This very same image is featured on the European Cup trophy.
What was episkyros?
Around 2000 BC, the Greeks played episkyros (also known as phaininda), a kicking and throwing game played primarily by men, usually in the nude. Early balls were made of linen and hair wrapped in string and sewn together, though it is believed inflated balls — inflated pig bladders wrapped in pigskin or deerskin — were used by later practitioners of the game.
Quickies
Did you know …
• Cicero describes an incident in which a man getting a open-air shave was killed when a harpastumball hit his barber?
What was harpastum?
For over 700 years during the realm of the Roman Empire, a game called harpastum (meaning “the small ball game”) was very popular. Employing a small, hard ball, harpastum was played by 5–12 athletes on a rectangular pitch marked by boundary lines and split by a centre line. The game’s objective seems thoroughly counterintuitive to us today: each team had to keep the ball in their own half for as long as they could, while their opponents tried to steal it and take to their side. Both the hands and feet could be used to move the ball. Because the rules indicated that only the player with the ball could be tackled, complex passing combinations developed. Emperor Julius Caesar used harpastum to maintain the physical readiness of his soldiers.
Quickies
Did you know …
• there are records of a harpastum match being played between the Romans and the British natives?
What was pok-a-tok?
As far back as 3000 BC, Mayans and other inhabitants of the Meso-American region played a game called pok-a-tok, in which the ball could only be touched with the elbows, hips or knees. The exceedingly challenging objective was to project the ball through a ring attached to a sloping wall.
Quickies
Did you know …
• the Inuit played a game called asqaqtuk, which involved booting a heavy ball stuffed with grass, caribou hair, and moss across the arctic tundra between goals as much as 10 miles (16 kilometres) apart?
What was pasuckuakohowog?
North American Indians played a soccer-like game called pasuckuakohowog, which means “they gather to play ball with the foot.” It was played in the early 1600s on beaches along the Massachusetts coast with half-mile-wide goals about one mile apart. As many as 1,000 players dressed in disguise and with war paint on their faces participated in these rather violent games, which went on for several days and ended with a feast.
Why is Piazza della Novere in Florence considered by some to be the cradle of European soccer?
In the sixteenth-century in Florence, Italy, there emerged an early European cousin of soccer called calcio. It was played in the city’s Piazza della Novere by teams of 27 using the feet and hands to try to kick, throw, or carry a ball over a designated spot on the perimeter of a playing pitch covered in sand. The first official rules of calcio were published in 1580 AD by Giovanni Bardi. Originally, calcio was only reserved for the rich aristocrats, who played every night between Epiphany and Lent.
What is the oldest record of a soccer club in existence?
The title of the world’s oldest soccer club is often disputed, or is claimed by several different clubs, across several different codes of soccer. It is possible that an organization of soccer players existed in London between 1421 and 1423. The records of the Brewers’ Company of London, a guild, mention the hiring out of their hall “by the ‘ffooteballepleyers’ for 20 pence,” under the heading “Trades and Fraternities.” The listing of such players as a “fraternity” is the earliest allusion to what might be considered a soccer club.
Quickies
Did you know …
• on February 17, 1530, while the troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, were besieging Florence, a game of calcio was organized in the city as a show of defiance?
What is the oldest national soccer team in the world?
That would be a tie. Both Scotland and England were the first countries to put forward national teams in 1872. In fact, they did so for a match against each other, which also allows them to share the credit of holding the first international match. The game was held at Hamilton Crescent in Partick, Scotland, on November 30 that year, and, appropriately enough, it ended in a goal-less tie.
Quickies
Did you know …
• in the 1930s the fascist party of Italy, under Mussolini, so despised British soccer that they invented an alternative sport for the masses, called volata, which was a hybrid of soccer and rugby? The new game never caught on.
Who drew up the first set of soccer rules?
During the eighteenth century, the game of mob football evolved into a codified sport at England’s public schools like Eton, Westminster, Rugby, Charterhouse, and Harrow. The first-ever set of formal soccer rules were written at Eton College in 1815, though each school tended to have their own set of rules.
What is the world’s oldest soccer club?
The Sheffield Football Club was founded in 1857 in Sheffield by Nathaniel Creswick and William Prest, and is now recognized as the world’s oldest club. The club initially played its own code of football: the Sheffield rules. Players were allowed to push or hit the ball with their hands, and there was no offside rule at all, so that players known as “kick throughs” could be permanently positioned near the opponents’ goal.
Quickies
Did you know …
• records at Cambridge University show that a sixteenth-century soccer match between “town and gown” (locals and students) ended in a brawl which caused the school’s vice-chancellor to forbid students from playing “footeball” outside of college grounds?
What are the Cambridge Rules?
In 1848, representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester, and Shrewsbury schools gathered at Trinity College, at Cambridge University, for a meeting to codify the rules of soccer. These were the first set of rules to be used collectively by multiple school teams. When the country’s leading clubs and schools got together to form the Football Association in 1863, they used the Cambridge Rules as the basis for a new set of FA rules.
The Cambridge Rules as of November 1863
Rule 1: The length of the ground shall be not more than 150 yards (137 metres). The ground shall be marked out by posts, and two posts shall be placed on each side line, at a distance of 25 yards (23 metres) from each goal line.
Rule 2: The goals shall consist of two upright poles at a distance of 15 feet (4.5 metres) from each other.
Rule 3: The choice of goals and kickoff shall be determined by tossing, and the ball shall be kicked off from the middle of the ground.
Rule 4: In a match when half the time agreed upon has elapsed, the sides shall change goals when the ball is next out of play. After a change or a goal is obtained, the kickoff shall be from the middle of the ground in the same direction as before. The time during which the match shall last and the numbers on each side are to be settled by the heads of the sides.
Rule 5: When a player has kicked the ball, anyone of the same side who is nearer to the opponent’s goal line is out of play, and may not touch the ball himself, nor may in any way whatsoever prevent any other player from doing so.
Rule 6: When the ball goes out of the ground by crossing the sidelines, it is out of play, and shall be kicked straight into the ground again from the point it is first stopped.
Rule 7: When a player has kicked the ball beyond the opponent’s goal line; whoever first touches the ball (touchdown) when it is on the ground with his hands may have a free kick, bringing the ball 25 yards (23 metres) straight out from the goal line.
Rule 8: No player may touch the ball behind his opponent’s goal line; who is behind it when the ball is kicked there.
Rule 9: If the ball is touched down behind the goal line and beyond the line of the side posts, the free kick shall be from the 25-yard (22.8-metre) post.
Rule 10: When a player has a free kick, no one of his own side may be between him and his opponent’s goal line, and no one of the opposite side may stand within 10 yards (9.15 metres) of him.
Rule 11: A free kick may be taken in any manner the player chooses.
Rule 12: A goal is obtained when the ball goes out of the ground by passing between the posts had they been of sufficient height.
Rule 13: The ball when in play may be stopped by any part of the body, but may not be held or hit by the hands, arms, or shoulders.
Rule 14: All charging is fair; but holding, pushing with the hands, tripping up, and shinning are forbidden.
Where is Parker’s Piece?
Parker’s Piece is in the city of Cambridge, England. The 10-hectare (25-acre) park, which is a roughly square and completely flat plot of grass, has long been used as a playing pitch for soccer and cricket. In the 1800s it was owned by Trinity College and it was on the trees bordering this common that the Cambridge Rules of football were first posted.
Who was Richard Mulcaster?
Richard Mulcaster, who lived from 1531 to 1611, was headmaster of the Merchant Taylors’ School and St. Paul’s School in London. Not only was he a prominent educator of his time, he was also one of the greatest sixteenth-century advocates of soccer. In his 1581 publication titled “Positions Wherein Those Primitive Circumstances Be Examined, Which Are Necessarie for the Training up of Children,” he argued that “Footeball” was beneficial “both to health and strength” of students, and he advocated for, organized, and refereed matches to counteract the craze of mob football.
Quickies
Did you know …
• Parker’s Piece is named after Edward Parker, a cook, who held the original lease on the land and used it as a pasture?
Who was John Charles Thring?
In 1862, a the teacher at Uppingham School, in Rutland, England, named John Charles Thring, who was part of the group that had established the Cambridge Rules 1848, published an alternate set of soccer rules titled “The Simplest Game.” Known as Uppingham Rules, they emphasized a non-violent approach to the game that was popular with other schools.
Who was Ebenezer Cobb Morley?
In 1863, Ebenezer Cobb Morley, the founder and captain of Barnes Football Club, wrote a letter to Bell’s Life newspaper proposing a governing body for football. This letter resulted in a meeting of 12 soccer clubs taking place at the Freeman’s Tavern in London in October 1863. England’s Football Association was established at this meeting, with the aim of establishing a single unifying code for football. Ebenezer Cobb Morley was elected as the secretary of the Football Association and was later president.
When did soccer and rugby become separate sports?
When England’s Football Association was established in 1863, they published the first set of rules, which expressly forbade carrying, passing, or otherwise handling the ball. Prior to this, the various codes of soccer used by clubs allowed players to use their hands to move the ball, often in a manner that resembled today’s rugby. It is felt that the establishment of the first FA rules marked the break between soccer and rugby.
When did the FA Cup begin?
The 12 Founding Clubs of England’s Football Association
• Barnes
• Blackheath
• Forest of Leytonstone
• Perceval House
• Kensington School
• The War Office
• Crystal Palace
• Epping Forest
• Crusaders
• Surbiton
• No Names of Kilburn
• Blackheath Proprietary School
In 1871, Charles W. Alcock, then FA secretary, announced the introduction of the Football Association Challenge Cup. It was the first knockout competition of its type in the world. Only 15 clubs took part in the first staging of the tournament. It included two clubs based in Scotland: Donington School and Queen’s Park. In the 1872 final, the Wanderers beat the Royal Engineers 1–0 at the Kennington Oval. The FA Cup is the oldest association football competition in the world.
Who was the first professional soccer player on the international stage?
James Henry Forrest was an English soccer player whose career spanned the transition from amateur to professional in the 1880s and 1890s. He played most of his career for Blackburn Rovers, who were paying him £1 per week in 1885 when he was chosen to play for England in the Home Championship against Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. Despite complaints from Scottish officials that Forrest was a professional, he was allowed to play but he had to wear a different jersey from the rest of the team. Blackburn Rovers also had to agree not to pay him his wages in the week that he played for England.
Chronology of the Formation of the United Kingdom's Football Associations
• England: The Football
Association (FA) — 1863
• Scotland: The Scottish Football
Association (SFA) — 1873
• Wales: The Football Association
of Wales (FAW) —1876
• Northern Ireland: Irish Football
Association (IFA) — 1880
What England player was first to score against Scotland?
William Stanley-Kenyon of the Wanderers became England’s first-ever goal scorer during their 4–2 win over Scotland on March 8, 1873. He scored two goals, and is therefore also the first player to score twice for England.
What was the Football Act of 1424?
Quickies
Did you know …
• England’s longest unbeaten run stands at 20 matches played between a 3–2 loss to Scotland on April 13, 1889, and a 2–1 home defeat against Scotland on April 4, 1896? England’s record during this seven-year period was 16 wins and 4 draws.
The Football Act of 1424 was passed by the Parliament of Scotland during the reign of James I. It became law on May 26, 1424. The Act stated that “the king forbiddis that na man play at the fut ball under the payne of iiij d,” which meant that playing football was made illegal, and punishable by a fine of four pence. The Act remained in force for several centuries, and was not repealed until the passing of the Statute Law Revision (Scotland) Act 1906. Obviously, it was one statute that did not take root.
Quickies
Did you know …
• the earliest historical reference to “fute-ball” in Scotland was in 1424 when King James I outlawed the playing of the game in the Football Act 1424?
When was the Scottish Football Association founded?
On March 13, 1873, representatives of seven Scottish soccer teams gathered at a meeting in Glasgow in response to an advertisement in the newspaper. The purpose of the gathering was to form the Scottish Football Association. At the meeting it was resolved that, “The clubs here represented form themselves into an association for the promotion of football according to the rules of The Football Association and that the clubs connected with this association subscribe for a challenge cup to be played for annually, the committee to propose the laws of the competition.” An eighth club, Kilmarnock, did not attend the meeting, but expressed its wish to join by letter.
Founding clubs of the Scottish FA
• Queen’s Park
• Clydesdale
• Vale of Leven
• Dumbreck
• Third Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers
• Eastern
• Granville
• Kilmarnock
When was the Scottish Cup first played?
The Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup, usually known as the Scottish Cup, started in the 1873–74 season, when it was contested by 16 teams. The trophy is the oldest national trophy in the world. The Scottish Cup was first awarded to Queen’s Park when they beat Clydesdale 2–0 in the final in front of a crowd of 3,000 people.
Quickies
Did you know …
• in September 1884 the Glasgow Evening News produced the first-ever football edition of a newspaper giving match scores from earlier that afternoon?
What is the Old Firm?
The Scottish soccer teams Celtic FC, founded in 1888, and Rangers FC, founded in 1873, both based in Glasgow, are collectively referred to as the Old Firm. It is not clear how this term came about. Some say it is because of camaraderie shown between the two clubs in their early days, while others surmise it is an ironic take on the arch rivalry that eventually developed between them. Whichever it is, the two clubs are indisputably the most successful in Scotland, having won between them 66 Scottish Cups and 93 Scottish Premier League championships as of 2008.
Quickies
Did you know …
• the Scottish club Queen’s Park FC, established in 1867, is the world’s oldest soccer club outside of England?
Who was the Welsh Wizard?
Player Billy Meredith was born in Black Park, Wales, on July 28, 1874. He worked as a coal miner and played local soccer for Chirk, but at the age of 18 he signed as an amateur with Northwich Victoria, becoming the first Welshman to play for an English club. Two years later he joined Manchester City, but returned to Wales the following year to help his national team win their first international competition. He continued to work as a miner until 1896, when his club finally insisted he give up his colliery job. The fans loved Meredith’s skills and dubbed him the “Welsh Wizard.”
Teams in the Inaugural Scottish FA Cup Competition
• Queen’s Park
• Clydesdale
• Alexandra Athletic
• Callander
• Granville
• Dumbarton
• Vale of Leven
• Eastern
• Rovers
• Dumbreck
• Renton
• Kilmarnock
• Third Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers
• Southern
• Western
• Blythswood
What is the oldest Irish soccer club?
Cliftonville Football and Athletic Club, known as The Reds, is a Northern Irish football team playing in the IFA Premiership. Founded on September 20, 1879, in the north Belfast district of Cliftonville, they are the oldest football club in Ireland and celebrated their 125th anniversary in 2004.
Quickies
Did you know …
• the Football Association of Wales, founded in 1876, is the third oldest national soccer association in the world?
Who was John McAlery?
While on his honeymoon to Scotland, Belfast businessman John McAlery attended a soccer match staged by the Scottish FA. McAlery so enjoyed the game that he returned home and placed an advertisement in the newspaper inviting players to join the “Cliftonville Association Football Club.” At the time, there was no organized football association in Ireland. One week later, Cliftonville played its first match on September 20, 1879, losing 2–1 to a group of rugby players known as Quidnunces. In 1880, McAlery was the driving force behind the formation of the Irish FA, issuing an invitation to interested parties in Belfast and district to attend a meeting on November 18, 1880, at Queen’s Hotel, from which the Irish Football Association was formed.
What 1882 game gave opposite records to Ireland and England?
On February 18, 1882, two years after the founding of the Irish FA, Ireland made their international debut against England, losing 13–0 in a friendly game played at Bloomfield Park in Belfast. This remains the record win for England and the record defeat for the Northern Ireland team.
When was the Irish league founded?
The Irish League is the second-oldest national league in the world, being formed a week earlier than the Scottish Football League. Only the Football League in England is older. Four clubs — Cliftonville, Glentoran, Linfield, and Lisburn Distillery — have retained membership of the Irish League since its inception in 1890.
Quickies
Did you know …
• Scotland’s first match outside the British Isles was on May 26, 1929? They beat Norway 7–3 in Bergen.
When was the first international game between non-UK teams?
The first soccer international game played without involving a British side was between the United States and Canada, played in Newark, New Jersey, on November 28, 1885. The Canadians won 1–0.
Quickies
Did you know …
• Ireland changed to green shirts against England on October 17, 1931? Up until then they had worn blue.
What is the difference between the Irish Football Association (IFA) and the Football Association of Ireland (FAI)?
Ireland has two FAs because Ireland itself is divided into two nations, Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom, and the Republic of Ireland, which is a sovereign state formed in 1921. Beginning with the formation of the Irish Football Association (IFA) in 1879, all of Ireland was represented under that one association. But with the partition of Ireland in 1921, the Football Association of Ireland (FAI) was formed to represent the Republic of Ireland, due to bitter disputes between Dublin-area teams and Belfast teams.
Quickies
Did you know …
• it was not until 1952 that a team from outside Belfast was crowned champions of the Irish League, formed in 1890?
How did soccer become American football?
In 1884, the American Amateur Football Association was formed, the first such soccer organization outside Britain. Ten years later, the United States became the second country in the world to introduce professional soccer. However, in the 1870s, Harvard University opted for a rugby-style “handling game” over the “kicking game.” As other universities followed Harvard’s example, the handling game developed into the American form of football.
Quickies
Did you know …
• England played their first game on foreign soil when they beat Austria 6–1 in Vienna on June 6, 1908?
What was the largest crowd to ever attend a soccer match?
Quickies
Did you know …
• in 1930 the American national soccer team reached the semifinals of the inaugural soccer World Cup?
The largest crowd ever to attend a soccer match was 199,854 spectators at the World Cup final in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on July 16, 1950. The game pitted Brazil against Uruguay. Uruguay won the match, 2–1.
What were the longest shootouts in soccer history?
Two stand out. On November 20, 1988, during the 1988–89 Argentine Championship, Argentinos Juniors defeated Racing Club 20–19 on penalties after a 2–2 draw. The shootout required 44 kicks. Then on Jan 23, 2005, during the 2004–05 Tafel Lager Namibian FA Cup, KK Palace defeated Civics 17–16 on penalties after a 2–2 draw. The shootout required 48 kicks.
Quickies
Did you know …
• the first professional soccer league in America was formed in 1894 but disbanded within months amid controversy over the importation of British players?
