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IP addresses are usually represented in a format known as dotted-decimal notation. In dotted-decimal notation, each group of eight bits — an octet — is represented by its decimal equivalent. For example, consider the following binary IP address:

11000000101010001000100000011100

To convert this value to dotted-decimal notation, first divide it into four octets, as follows:

11000000 10101000 10001000 00011100

Then, convert each of the octets to its decimal equivalent:

11000000 10101000 10001000 00011100192 168 136 28

Then, use periods to separate the four decimal numbers, like this:

192.168.136.28

This is the format in which you’ll usually see IP addresses represented.

Figure 3-2 shows how the 32 bits of an IP address are broken down into four octets of eight bits each. As you can see, the four octets of an IP address are often referred to as w, x, y, and z.

FIGURE 3-2: Octets and dotted-decimal notation.