Читать книгу Book 1 of Plato's Republic - Drew A. Mannetter - Страница 11

I.1: Friends meet during the festival. (327.a-328.b)

I.1.A: After witnessing a festival at the Piraeus, Socrates and Glaucon are returning to the main city of Athens when Polemarchus and other friends invite them to a gathering at the home of Cephalus, Polemarchus’ father (327.a-328.b.)

I. Κατέβην χθὲς ϵἰς Πϵιραιᾶ μϵτὰ Γλαύκωνος τοῦ Άρίστωνος, προσϵυξόμϵνός τϵ τῇ θϵῷ καὶ ἅμα τὴν ἑορτὴν βουλόμϵνος θϵάσασθαι τίνα τρόπον ποιήσουσιν, ἅτϵ νῦν πρῶτον ἄγοντϵς. (327.a)

ἄγω: to hold, celebrate, observe.ἅμα: at the same time.Άρίστων, -ωνος, ὁ: Ariston.ἅτϵ: in as much as, seeing that.βούλομαι: to will, wish.Γλαύκων, -ωνος, ὁ: Glaucon.ϵἰς (+ acc.): to.ἑορτή, -ῆς, ἡ: festival, holiday.θϵάομαι: to view as spectators, onlookers, or bystanders.θϵός, -οῦ, ἡ: goddess.καταβαίνω: to go down from (the inland parts to the sea).

μϵτά (+ gen.): along with, together with.νῦν: now, at this very time.ὁ, τοῦ: the (son).Πϵιραιϵύς, -ῶς, ὁ: Piraeus.ποιέω: to celebrate, observe.προσϵύχομαι: to offer prayers or vows.πρῶτον: first, for the first time.τϵ … καί: and.τίς, τί: who? what? which?τρόπος, -ου ὁ: way, manner, fashion.χθές: yesterday.

Κατέβην: First person, singular, aorist, active, indicative of καταβαίνω (S. 682). The main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). The subject ἐγώ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (Socrates is the narrator throughout) (S. 929, 1190). The verb first is an emphatic position. The lack of a connective particle (γάρ, δέ, etc.) is rare in Greek; here only because this is the first sentence of the treatise (S. 2771).

χθὲς: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

ϵἰς Πϵιραιᾶ: Prepositional phrase; ϵἰς with the accusative here means “to” (S. 1686.1.a). Πϵιραιᾶ: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128). The Piraeus is the port of Athens, located about 5 miles distant from the main city on the Aegean Sea.

μϵτὰ Γλαύκωνος τοῦ Άρίστωνος: Prepositional phrase; μϵτά with the genitive here means “along with, together with” (S. 1691.1). Γλαύκωνος: Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136). τοῦ: The definite article following the noun is in apposition to Γλαύκωνος and is an ellipsis of τοῦ υἱοῦ (“the son”) (S. 987, 1301). Glaucon is Plato’s brother. Άρίστωνος: Genitive of possession or belonging with τοῦ (S. 1297). Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136).

προςϵυξόμϵνός: Singular, masculine, nominative, future, deponent, circumstantial participle of προσϵύχομαι modifying ἐγώ, the implied subject of Κατέβην (S. 2042, 2054). The future tense of the participle denotes purpose (S. 1872.b). The acute accent on the ultima syllable is thrown back from the following enclitic τϵ (S. 183.c).

τϵ … καὶ: The conjunction connects the two participial clauses προσϵυξόμϵνός … βουλόμϵνος (S. 2974). τϵ: The anticipatory particle τϵ is often separated from καί by one or more words (S. 2974). When the postpositive particle is preparatory, it is normally placed second in the sentence or clause (D. τϵ, pg. 515). The enclitic throws back its accent onto the previous proparoxytone προσϵυξόμϵνός (S. 183.c).

τῇ θϵῷ: Dative direct object of the participle προσϵυξόμϵνός (S. 1460, 2040).

ἅμα: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

τὴν ἑορτὴν: Accusative direct object of the infinitive θϵάσασθαι (S. 1554, 1967.b).

βουλόμϵνος: Singular, masculine, nominative, present, deponent, circumstantial participle of βούλομαι modifying ἐγώ, the implied subject of Κατέβην (S. 2042, 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a). Notice the switch in tense of the participles between προσϵυξόμϵνός and βουλόμϵνος.

θϵάσασθαι: Aorist, deponent, infinitive of θϵάομαι (S. 385). An object (complementary) infinitive after the participle βουλόμϵνος (S. 1991). The aorist tense of the infinitive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1865.b).

τίνα … ἄγοντϵς: Indirect question after θϵάσασθαι (S. 2663).

τίνα τρόπον: Accusative direct object of ποιήσουσιν (S. 1554). The interrogative pronoun and noun introduce the indirect question and are equivalent to “how?” (S. 2663). τίνα: Singular, masculine, accusative, interrogative pronoun used as an adjective; in indirect questions the indefinite relatives ὅστις, etc., are generally used instead of the interrogatives, but not here (S. 1262-63). τρόπον: The noun lacks an article (S. 1126).

ποιήσουσιν: Third person, plural, future, active, indicative of ποιέω (S. 385). Main verb of the indirect question (S. 2173). The subject ἐκϵῖνοι (“they”) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931). After secondary tenses in indirect question (Κατέβην), the mood and form of the direct tense may be retained (S. 2677). The moveable -ν is added to words ending in -σι when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).

ἅτϵ: Adverb modifying ἄγοντϵς; with participles of cause, ἅτϵ states the cause as a fact on the authority of the writer or speaker (S. 2079, 2085).

νῦν: Adverb (S. 341, 1094, 2924).

πρῶτον: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

ἄγοντϵς: Plural, masculine, nominative, present, active, circumstantial participle of ἄγω modifying ἐκϵῖνοι, the implied subject of ποιήσουσιν (S. 2042, 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a).

καλὴ μὲν οὖν μοι καὶ ἡ τῶν ἐπιχωρίων πομπὴ ἔδοξϵν ϵἶναι, οὐ μέντοι ἧττον ἐφαίνϵτο πρέπϵιν ἣν οἱ Θρᾷκϵς ἔπϵμπον. (327.a)

δοκέω: to seem.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ϵἰμί: to be.ἐπιχώριοι, -ων, οἱ: the people of the country, country folk.ἧττον: less.Θρᾷκϵς, -ων, οἱ: the Thracians.καί: also, even.καλός, -ή, -όν: beautiful, fair, admirable, fine.

μὲν οὖν: so then, therefore.ὅς, ἥ, ὅ who, which.οὐ μέντοι: yet not.πέμπω: to conduct, take part in.πομπή, -ῆς, ἡ: solemn procession, procession.πρέπω: to be distinguished, shine forth, show oneself.φαίνομαι: to appear to be.

καλὴ: Singular, feminine, nominative predicate adjective modifying πομπὴ after ϵἶναι (S. 1040). A predicate adjective stands in the same case as the subject when coupled to it by a copulative verb (S. 918.d).

μὲν οὖν: Two particles used in conjunction, with μέν being a weaker form of μήν. μὲν οὖν has two common uses, expressing a compound force, or (as here) each having its own force (S. 2901). Here μέν points forward to an antithesis to follow (μέντοι) while οὖν (inferential) connects with what precedes marking a new stage in the sequence of events (S. 2901.c) (D. οὖν, pg. 425-426).

μοι: Singular, dative, enclitic form of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Dative of reference; the dative of a pronoun often denotes the person in whose opinion a statement holds good (S. 1496). The enclitic loses its accent after the perispomenon οὖν (S. 183.b).

καὶ: Adverbial use of the particle meaning “also, even” and stressing the idea set out in the words that follow (S. 2881) (D. καί, pg. 293).

ἡ τῶν ἐπιχωρίων πομπὴ: Nominative subject of ἔδοξϵν (S. 927, 938). τῶν ἐπιχωρίων: Genitive of possession or belonging (S. 1297). Attributive genitive; a word or group of words standing between the article and its noun is an attributive (S. 1154, 1161.a).

ἔδοξϵν: Third person, singular, aorist, active, indicative of δοκέω (S. 385). The main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: καλὴ … ϵἶναι (S. 2162). The moveable -ν is added to third person singular verbs ending in -ϵ when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).

ϵἶναι: Present infinitive of ϵἰμί (S. 768). An object (complimentary) infinitive after ἔδοξϵν (S. 1989). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865.a).

οὐ μέντοι: The combination of particles is adversative and means “yet not” introducing the second coordinate clause (S. 2919). οὐ: The simple negative particle οὐ is the negative of fact and statement and is generally placed before the word it negates (S. 2688, 2690). μέντοι: A postpositive particle from μέν (= μήν) + τοί; when adversative (“however, yet”) it often marks a contrast or transition (S. 2917-19).

ἧττον: Singular, neuter, adverbial accusative; many accusatives marking limitations of the verbal action serve the same function as adverbs (S. 1606, 1609). Attic has -ττ- for -σσ- of Ionic and most other dialects (S. 78).

ἐφαίνϵτο: Third person, singular, imperfect, passive, indicative of φαίνω (S. 383). The main verb of the (second) complex coordinate clause: οὐ … ἔπϵμπον (S. 2162). The subject ἐκϵῖνη (the antecedent is πομπὴ) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931).

πρέπϵιν: Present, active infinitive of πρέπω (S. 383). An object (complimentary) infinitive after ἐφαίνϵτο (S. 1989). After the passive verb φαίνομαι, the infinitive indicates that a thing appears to be so and so, the participle states the fact that it manifestly is so and so (L. S. φαίνω). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865).

ἣν … ἔπϵμπον: Relative clause (S. 2488-2573).

ἣν: Singular, feminine, accusative relative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is ἐκϵῖνη, the supplied subject of ἐφαίνϵτο (S. 338). Accusative direct object of ἔπϵμπον (S. 1554).

ἔπϵμπον: Third person, plural, imperfect, active, indicative of πέμπω (S. 383). The main verb of the subordinate clause (S. 2173).

οἱ Θρᾷκϵς: Nominative subject of ἔπϵμπον (S. 927, 938).

Προσϵυξάμϵνοι δὲ καὶ θϵωρήσαντϵς ἀπῇμϵν πρὸς τὸ ἄστυ. (327.b)

ἄπϵιμι: to go away, depart, return.ἄστυ, -ϵως, τό: city, town.δέ: and.θϵωρέω: to observe, view (the public games as spectators).

καί: and.πρός (+ acc.): towards, to.προσϵύχομαι: to offer prayers or vows, worship.

Προσϵυξάμϵνοι: Masculine, plural, nominative, aorist, deponent, circumstantial participle of προσϵύχομαι modifying ἡμϵῖς, the implied subject of ἀπῇμϵν (S. 2042, 2054). The aorist tense denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.c).

δὲ: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence to the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162).

καὶ: The conjunction connects the two circumstantial participles (S. 2868).

θϵωρήσαντϵς: Plural, masculine, nominative, aorist, active, circumstantial participle of θϵωρέω modifying ἡμϵῖς, the implied subject of ἀπῇμϵν (S. 2042, 2054). The aorist tense denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.c).

ἀπῇμϵν: First person, plural, imperfect, indicative of ἄπϵιμι (S. 773). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject ἡμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). Although the subject reflects two persons (Socrates and Glaucon), the dual is not used; the dual speaks of dual or a pair, but it is not often used, and the plural (which denotes more than one) is frequently substituted for it (S. 195).

πρὸς τὸ ἄστυ: Prepositional phrase; πρός with the accusative here means “towards, to” (S. 1695.3.a). τὸ ἄστυ: When referring to Athens, the word means “town”, opposed to ἀγρός (“country”), Phalerum or Piraeus (L.S. ἄστυ 2). τὸ: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).

κατιδὼν οὖν πόρωθϵν ἡμᾶς οἴκαδϵ ὡρμημένους Πολέμαρχος ὁ Κϵφάλου ἐκέλϵυσϵ δραμόντα τὸν παῖδα πϵριμϵῖναί ἑ κϵλϵῦσαι. (327.b)

ἡμϵῖς, ἡμῶν: we, of us.κατϵῖδον: to see, behold, regard.κϵλϵύω: to bid, order, request.Κϵφάλος, ου-, ὁ: Cephalus.ὁ, τοῦ: the (son).οἴκαδϵ: to one’s house or home, homewards.ὁρμάομαι: to set out, rush, hasten.

οὗ, οἷ, ἕ: of him, to him, him.οὖν: so, then, thereupon.παῖς, -δός, ὁ: slave, servant, man.πϵριμένω: to wait for, await.Πολέμαρχος, -ου, ὁ: Polemarchus.πόρρωθϵν: from afar.τρέχω: to run, move quickly.

κατιδὼν … Πολέμαρχος ὁ Κϵφάλου: Nominative subject of ἐκέλϵυσϵ (S. 927, 938). κατιδὼν: Singular, masculine, nominative, aorist, active circumstantial participle of κατϵῖδον modifying Πολέμαρχος (S. 2054). The aorist tense denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.c). The aorist participle is accented as an oxytone (S. 425.b). Πολέμαρχος: Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136). ὁ: The definite article following the noun is in apposition to Πολέμαρχος and is an ellipsis of ὁ υἱός (“the son”) (S. 916, 1301). Κϵφάλου: Genitive of possession or belonging with ὁ (S. 1297). Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136).

οὖν: The postpositive (normally second position) inferential particle, usually classed as a conjunction, signifies that something follows from what precedes. Inferential οὖν marks a transition to a new thought and continues a narrative, resumes an interrupted narration, and in general states a conclusion or inference. It stands alone or in conjunction with other particles (S. 2964) (D. οὖν, pg. 245).

πόρρωθϵν: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

ἡμᾶς οἴκαδϵ ὡρμημένους: Accusative direct object of the participle κατιδὼν (S. 1554, 2040). ἡμᾶς: Plural, accusative personal pronoun (S. 325). οἴκαδϵ: Adverb; a combination of οἰκα-, an old accusative form, and -δϵ, “to, toward” to denote place whither (S. 342, 1094). Adverbs, rather than adjectives, modify participles (S. 2040). ὡρμημένους: Plural, masculine, accusative, perfect, middle, circumstantial participle of ὁρμάω modifying ἡμᾶς (S. 2054). The perfect participle denotes completion with permanent result (S. 1872.d).

ἐκέλϵυσϵ: Third person, singular, aorist, active, indicative of κϵλϵύω (S. 383). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173).

δραμόντα τὸν παῖδα … κϵλϵῦσαι: Accusative subject with the infinitive after ἐκέλϵυσϵ (S. 1465, 1972). δραμόντα τὸν παῖδα: Accusative subject of the infinitive (S. 1972). δραμόντα: Singular, masculine, accusative, aorist, active, circumstantial participle of τρέχω modifying παῖδα (S. 2054). The aorist tense denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.c). κϵλϵῦσαι: Aorist, active infinitive of κϵλϵύω (S. 383). The aorist tense of the infinitive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1865.b).

πϵριμϵῖναί (ἡμᾶς): Aorist, active infinitive from πϵριμένω (S. 402). Infinitive after κϵλϵῦσαι (S. 1465, 1972). The aorist tense of the infinitive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1865.b). The acute accent on the ultima syllable of the properispomenon is thrown back from the following enclitic form ἑ (S. 183.C). ἡμᾶς: Supply ἡμᾶς (“us”) as the accusative subject of πϵριμϵῖναί (S. 1972, 3017).

ἑ: Third person, singular, accusative, enclitic pronoun (S. 325). Accusative direct object of the infinitive πϵριμϵῖναί (S. 1554, 1967). The pronoun is used as an indirect reflexive referring back to Πολέμαρχος, the subject of the main clause (S. 1229). The enclitic throws back its accent onto the previous properispomenon πϵριμϵῖναί (S. 183.c).

In the reminder of the dialogue, Plato uses certain verbs to introduce direct speech, or oratio recta. These verbs of saying include ἔφη, “he said”, ἦ δ´ὅς, “and he said”, ἦν δ´ἐγώ, “and I said”, and other similar verbs. In order to simplify explanations, this text will label them as introducing oratio recta and treat their basic function as simply noting the change of speakers with no grammatical significance.

καί μου ὄπισθϵν ὁ παῖς λαβόμϵνος τοῦ ἱματίου, Κϵλϵύϵι ὑμᾶς, ἔφη, Πολέμαρχος πϵριμϵῖναι. (327.b)

ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ἱμάτιον, -ου, τό: an outer garment, cloak, mantle.καί: and.κϵλϵύω: to bid, order, request.λαμβάνομαι: to take hold of, lay ahold of, grasp, seize.ὄπισθϵν (+ gen.): behind.

παῖς, -δός, ὁ: a slave, servant, man.πϵριμένω: to wait for, await.Πολέμαρχος, -ου, ὁ: Polemarchus.ὑμϵῖς, ὑμῶν: you (all), of you (all).φημί: to say.

καί: The conjunction connects this sentence with the previous one (S. 2868). The oxytone, followed by an enclitic, retains its accent and does not change from the acute to grave (S. 154.a).

μου ὄπισθϵν: Prepositional phrase; the adverb ὄπισθϵν, used as a preposition with the genitive, means “behind” (S. 1700). μου: Singular, genitive, enclitic form of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). The enclitic loses its accent after the oxytone καί (S. 183.a). ὄπισθϵν: The preposition follows its case (L.S. ὄπισθϵν 2).

ὁ παῖς λαβόμϵνος: Nominative subject of ἔφη (S. 927, 938). λαβόμϵνος: Singular, masculine, nominative, aorist, middle circumstantial participle of λαμβάνω modifying παῖς (S. 2054). The aorist tense denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.c).

τοῦ ἱματίου: Partitive genitive with λαβόμϵνος; a verb may be followed by the partitive genitive if the action affects the object only in part. If the entire object is affected, the verb in question takes the accusative (S. 1341, 2040).

Κϵλϵύϵι: Third person, singular, present, active, indicative of κϵλϵύω (S. 383). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173).

ὑμᾶς … πϵριμϵῖναι: Accusative subject with the infinitive after ἐκέλϵυσϵ (S. 1465, 1972). ὑμᾶς: Plural, accusative of the personal pronoun ὑμϵῖς (S. 325). Accusative subject of the infinitive (S. 1972). πϵριμϵῖναι: Aorist, active infinitive from πϵριμένω (S. 402). The aorist tense of the infinitive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1865.b).

ἔφη: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of φημί (S. 783). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590).

Πολέμαρχος: Nominative subject of Κϵλϵύϵι (S. 927, 938). Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136).

καὶ ἐγὼ μϵτϵστράφην τϵ καὶ ἠρόμην ὅπου αὐτὸς ϵἴη. (327.b)

αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό: (he) himself, (she) herself, (it) itself.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ϵἰμί: to be.ἔρομαι: to ask, enquire.

καί: and.μϵταστρέφομαι: to turn oneself about, turn about or around.ὅπου: where.τϵ καί: and.

καὶ: The conjunction connects this sentence with the previous one (S. 2868).

ἐγὼ: Singular, nominative of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Nominative subject of both μϵτϵστράφην and ἠρόμην (S. 927, 938). The personal pronoun is usually omitted unless emphatic (here changing subjects) (S. 1190).

μϵτϵστράφην: First person, singular, aorist, passive, indicative of μϵταστρέφω (S. 383). Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: καὶ … μϵτϵστράφην (S. 2162).

τϵ καὶ: The combination of particles form a conjunction connecting the two coordinate clauses (S. 2974). τϵ: The anticipatory particle τϵ is sometimes placed adjacent to καὶ (S. 2974). The monosyllabic enclitic loses its accent after a paroxytone μϵτϵστράφην (S. 183.d).

ἠρόμην: First person, singular, aorist, deponent, indicative of ἔρομαι (S. 384). The main verb of the (second) complex coordinate clause: ἠρόμην … ϵἴη (S. 2162).

ὅπου αὐτὸς ϵἴη: Indirect question after ἠρόμην (S. 2663).

ὅπου: Indirect interrogative introducing the indirect question (S. 346).

αὐτὸς: Singular, masculine, nominative emphatic pronoun used as an adjective modifying ἐκϵῖνος, the supplied subject of ϵἴη (S. 327). When standing alone in the nominative case, αὐτός emphasizes the word understood and is not a personal pronoun (S. 1206.a).

ϵἴη: Third person, singular, present, optative of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the indirect question (S. 2173). The subject ἐκϵῖνος (the antecedent is Πολέμαρχος) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931). After a secondary tense (ἠρόμην), the mood and tense of the direct form may be retained or, as here, the optative may be used instead (S. 2677). The present tense of the optative denotes continued action (S. 1861).

Οὗτος, ἔφη, ὄπσθϵν προσέρχϵται· ἀλλὰ πϵριμένϵτϵ. (327.b)

ἀλλά: oh but do, come, come now.ὄπισθϵν: behind.οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this man, woman, or thing.

πϵριμένω: to wait, stand still.προσέρχομαι: to approach, draw close, be close at hand.φημί: to say.

Οὗτος: Singular, masculine, nominative demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is Πολέμαρχος (S. 1238). Nominative subject of προσέρχϵται (S. 927, 938).

ἔφη: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of φημί (S. 783). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). The subject ἐκϵῖνος (the antecedent is ὁ παῖς) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931).

ὄπισθϵν: Adverb (S. 341, 1094). The -θϵν suffix denotes the place whence (S. 342).

προσέρχϵται: Third person, singular, present, deponent, indicative of προσέρχομαι (S. 383). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903).

ἀλλὰ: The adversative conjunction connects this sentence with the previous one; it is often used before commands (S. 2784.c). It here marks a transition from arguments for action to a statement of the action required (D. ἀλλά, pg. 14).

πϵριμένϵτϵ: Second person, plural, present imperative of πϵριμένω (S. 383). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The present tense of the imperative denotes continued action (S. 1864.a). The subject ὑμϵῖς (“you all”) is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). Although there are two persons being addressed (Socrates and Glaucon), the dual is not used; the dual speaks of dual or a pair, but it is not often used, and the plural (which denotes more than one) is frequently substituted for it (S. 195).

Άλλὰ πϵριμϵνοῦμϵν, ἦ δ´ ὃς ὁ Γλαύκων. (327.b)

ἀλλά: well, but of course, why yes.Γλαύκων, Γλαύκωνος, ὁ: Glaucon.δέ: and.

ἠμί: to say.ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: he, she, it; this, that.πϵριμένω: to wait, stand still.

Άλλὰ: Conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the assentient use of the particle marks “practical consent, expression of willingness to act in a required way. The first speaker usually speaks in the imperative, the second usually in the future indicative …” (S. 2784) (D. ἀλλά, pg. 17).

πϵριμϵνοῦμϵν: First person, plural, future, active, indicative of πϵριμένω (S. 383, 535). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject ἡμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). Although the subject reflects two persons (Socrates and Glaucon), the dual is not used; the dual speaks of dual or a pair, but it is not often used, and the plural (which denotes more than one) is frequently substituted for it (S. 195).

ἦ δ´ὅς: This phrase introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). ἦ: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ἠμί (S. 792). Main verb of the introductory phrase (S. 903). The irregular verb only occurs in the present and imperfect 1st and 3d singular (= Latin inquam, inquit) (S. 792). δ´: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162). An elision of δὲ (S. 70). ὃς: Singular, masculine, nominative relative pronoun used substantively meaning “he” (S. 338, 1113). Nominative subject of ἦ (S. 927, 938). The relative pronoun ὃς is occasionally used as a demonstrative pronoun (S. 338.b, 1113).

ὁ Γλαύκων: Nominative noun in apposition to ὃς (S. 988). The article is normally omitted with proper names unless previously mentioned (S. 1136).

καὶ ὀλίγῳ ὕστϵρον ὅ τϵ Πολέμαρχος ἧκϵ καὶ Άδϵίμαντος ὁ τοῦ Γλαύκωνος ἀδϵλφὸς καὶ Νικήρατος ὁ Νικίου καὶ ἄλλοι τινές, ὡς ἀπὸ τῆς πομπῆς. (327.c)

Άδϵίμαντος, -ου, ὁ: Adeimantus.ἀδϵλφός, -οῦ, ὁ: brother.ἄλλοι, -ων, οἱ: other men.ἀπό (+ gen.): from, away from.Γλαύκων, Γλαύκωνος, ὁ: Glaucon.ἥκω: to have come, be present, be here.καί: and.Νικήρατος, -ου, ὁ: Niceratus.Νικίος, -ου, ὁ: Nicias.

ὁ, τοῦ: the (son).ὀλίγῳ: a little, slightly, little.Πολέμαρχος, -ου, ὁ: Polemarchus.πομπή, -ῆς, ἡ: solemn procession, procession.τϵ … καί: and.τις, τι: some.ὕστϵρον: later, afterwards.ὡς: as.

καὶ: The conjunction connects this sentence with the previous one (S. 2868).

ὀλίγῳ: Adverb; the singular, masculine, dative of the adjective ὀλίγος is used as an adverb (S. 341, 1094). The noun χρόνῳ (“time”) is understood (L.S. ὀλίγος 3). The dative ὀλίγῳ, instead of the neuter form ὀλίγον, is used with the comparative (S. 1514, 1586).

ὕστϵρον: Comparative adverb (S. 341, 345, 1094).

ὅ … Πολέμαρχος: First nominative subject of ἧκϵ (S. 927, 938). ὅ: The acute accent on the proclitic is thrown back from the enclitic τϵ (S. 180.d). The article is normally omitted with proper names unless previously mentioned (S. 1136).

τϵ … καὶ: The conjunction connects the first and second nominatives Πολέμαρχος … Άδϵίμαντος (S. 2974). The anticipatory particle τϵ is often separated from καί by one or more words (S. 2974). When the postpositive particle is preparatory, it is normally placed second in the sentence or clause (D. τϵ, pg. 515). τϵ: The enclitic throws back its accent onto the previous proclitic ὅ (S. 180.d).

ἧκϵ: Third person, singular, imperfect, active, indicative of ἥκω (S. 383). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). Singular verb with four subjects; the verb may agree with the nearest or most important of two or more subjects. The verb may be placed after the first subject (S. 966).

Άδϵίμαντος: Second nominative subject of ἧκϵ (S. 927, 938). Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136).

ὁ τοῦ Γλαύκωνος ἀδϵλφὸς: Nominative noun phrase in apposition to the proper noun Άδϵίμαντος (S. 987). τοῦ Γλαύκωνος: Genitive of possession or belonging with ἀδϵλφὸς (S. 1297). Attributive genitive; a word or group of words standing between the article and its noun is an attributive (S. 1154, 1161.a).

καὶ: The conjunction connects the second and third nominatives Άδϵίμαντος … Νικήρατος (S. 2868).

Νικήρατος ὁ Νικίου: Third nominative subject of ἧκϵ (S. 927, 938). Νικήρατος: Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136). ὁ: The definite article following the noun is in apposition to Νικήρατος and is an ellipsis of ὁ υἱός (“the son”) (S. 987, 1301). Νικίου: Genitive of possession or belonging with ὁ (S. 1297). Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136).

καὶ: The conjunction connects the third and fourth nominatives Νικήρατος … ἄλλοι τινές (S. 2868).

ἄλλοι τινές: Fourth nominative subject of ἧκϵ (S. 927, 938). ἄλλοι: Masculine, nominative, plural adjective used substantively without the article (S. 1021, 1130). τινές: Masculine, plural, nominative indefinite pronoun is used adjectively modifying ἄλλοι (S. 1266). The preceding paroxytone ἄλλοι receives no additional accent and the dissyllabic enclitic τινές retains its accent (S. 183.d). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

ὡς ἀπὸ τῆς πομπῆς: A comparative clause of manner relative to an omitted demonstrative adverb (οὕτως, thus) in the main clause (S. 2463). ὡς: Relative adverb (S. 2990). ἀπὸ τῆς πομπῆς: Prepositional phrase; ἀπό with the genitive here means “from, away from” (S. 1684.a). τῆς: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).

ὁ οὖν Πολέμαρχος ἔφη ῏Ω Σώκρατϵς, δοκϵῖτέ μοι πρὸς ἄστυ ὡρμῆσθαι ὡς ἀπιόντϵς. (327.c)

ἄπϵιμι: to go away, depart.ἄστυ, -ϵως, τό: town.δοκέω: to seem.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ὁρμάομαι: to start, hasten.οὖν: well, now, thereupon.

Πολέμαρχος, -ου, ὁ: Polemarchus.πρός (+ acc.): towards, to.Σωκράτης, -ους, ὁ: Socrates.φημί: to say.ὦ: O.ὡς: as, as if, as though.

ὁ … Πολέμαρχος: Nominative subject of ἔφη (S. 927, 938).

οὖν: The postpositive (normally second position) inferential particle, usually classed as a conjunction, signifies that something follows from what precedes. Inferential οὖν marks a transition to a new thought and continues a narrative, resumes an interrupted narration, and in general states a conclusion or inference. It stands alone or in conjunction with other particles (S. 2964) (D. οὖν, pg. 425-426).

ἔφη: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of φημί (S. 783). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590).

῏Ω Σώκρατϵς: Vocative; the vocative forms an incomplete sentence (S. 1283). ῏Ω: The exclamation is used with the vocative (S. 1284). Σώκρατϵς: The noun Σωκράτης uses the pure stem in the vocative (S. 248). The vocative is normally found in the interior of a sentence (S. 1285).

δοκϵῖτέ: Second person, plural, present, active, indicative of δοκέω (S. 385). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). The subject ὑμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The acute accent on the properispomenon is thrown back from the following enclitic μοι (S. 183.c). Although there are two persons being addressed (Socrates and Glaucon), the dual is not used; the dual speaks of dual or a pair, but it is not often used, and the plural (which denotes more than one) is frequently substituted for it (S. 195).

μοι: Singular, dative, enclitic form of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Dative of reference; the dative of a pronoun often denotes the person in whose opinion a statement holds good (S. 1496). The enclitic throws its accent back onto the preceding properispomenon δοκϵῖτέ (S. 183.c).

πρὸς ἄστυ: Prepositional phrase; πρός with the accusative here means “towards, to” (S. 1695.3.a). ἄστυ: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128).

ὡρμῆσθαι: Perfect, middle infinitive of ὁρμάω (S. 385). An object (complementary) infinitive after δοκϵῖτέ (S. 1989). The perfect infinitive denotes completion with a permanent result (S. 1865.c).

ὡς ἀπιόντϵς: The adverb ὡς, used with a participle in the case of the subject, marks the reason or motive of the action and means “as if, as” (S. 2086) (L. S. ὡς C). ἀπιόντϵς: Plural, masculine, nominative, present circumstantial participle of ἄπϵιμι used to denote purpose modifying ὑμϵῖς, the supplied subject of δοκϵῖτέ (S. 2065). The present form of the participle may imply either present or future time (S. 1880).

Οὐ γὰρ κακῶς δοξάζϵις, ἦν δ´ἐγώ. (327.c)

γάρ: aye, yes, in truth, truly.δέ: and.δοξάζω: to form or hold an opinion.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.

ἠμί: to say.κακῶς: badly, wrongly.οὐ: not.

Οὐ … κακῶς: A litotes is affirmation expressed by the negative of the contrary (S. 3032). English examples would include: not bad = good, not uncommon = common, not unlikely = likely.

Οὐ: The simple negative particle οὐ is the negative of fact and statement and is generally placed before the word it negates (κακῶς) (S. 2688, 2690).

γὰρ: The postpositive particle here marks assent (S. 2806) (D. γάρ, pg. 89).

κακῶς: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

δοξάζϵις: Second person, singular, present, active, indicative of δοξάζω (S. 383). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). Denniston notes that “Plato often echoes a word from the preceding speech, when the second speaker endorses a view put forward by the first” (D. γάρ, pg. 89).

ἦν δ´ἐγώ: This phrase introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). ἦν: First person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ἠμί (S. 792). Main verb of the introductory phrase (S. 903). The irregular verb only occurs in the present and imperfect 1st and 3d singular (= Latin inquam, inquit) (S. 792). δ´: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836).“As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162). An elision of δὲ (S. 70). ἐγώ: Singular, nominative of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Nominative subject (S. 927, 938). The personal pronoun is usually omitted unless emphatic (here changing subjects) (S. 1190). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

῾Ορᾷς οὐν ἡμᾶς, ἔφη, ὅσοι ἐσμέν; Πῶς γὰρ οὔ; (327.c)

γάρ: aye, yes, in truth, truly.ϵἰμί: to be.ἡμϵῖς, ἡμῶν: we, of us.ὁράω: to see, perceive.ὅσος, -η, -ον: how many.

οὐ: not.οὐν: well, now.πῶς: how?φημί: to say.

῾Ορᾷς: Second person, singular, present, active, indicative of ὁράω (S. 385). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).

οὐν: The postpositive (normally second position) inferential particle, usually classed as a conjunction, signifies that something follows from what precedes. Inferential οὖν marks a transition to a new thought and continues a narrative, resumes an interrupted narration, and in general states a conclusion or inference. It stands alone or in conjunction with other particles (S. 2964) (D. οὖν, pg. 425-426).

ἡμᾶς: First person, plural, accusative of the personal pronoun ἡμϵῖς (S. 325). Accusative direct object of ῾Ορᾷς (S. 1554).

ἔφη: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of φημί (S. 783). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). The subject ἐκϵῖνος (the antecedent is ὁ Πολέμαρχος) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931).

ὅσοι ἐσμέν: Indirect (dependent) exclamation (Polemarchus is not asking an indirect question “how many are we?” but stating a fact “how many we are!” and hence this is an indirect exclamation rather than an indirect question) (S. 2685).

ὅσοι: Plural, masculine, nominative predicate exclamatory pronoun modifying ἡμϵῖς, the supplied subject of ἐσμέν, after ἐσμέν (S. 340, 1040). A predicate adjective stands in the same case as the subject when coupled to it by a copulative verb (S. 918.d, 1040). The antecedent is ἡμᾶς (S. 2501).

ἐσμέν: First person, plural, present, indicative of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the exclamatory clause (S. 2173). After a primary verb (῾Ορᾷς), the original tense and mood are retained (S. 2677). The subject ἡμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The preceding paroxytone ὅσοι receives no additional accent and the dissyllabic enclitic ἐσμέν retains its accent (S. 183.d). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

Πῶς γὰρ οὔ: The phrase answers “yes” in the form of a question (S. 2680.d). Πῶς: Interrogative adverb of manner (S. 346, 1094). γὰρ: The post-positive particle marks assent in answers (S. 2806). οὔ: The simple negative particle οὐ is the negative of fact and statement (S. 2688). The proclitic takes an acute accent at the end of a sentence (S. 180.a). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

῝Η τοίνυν τούτων, ἔφη, κρϵίττους γένϵσθϵ ἢ μένϵτ´αὐτοῦ. (327.c)

αὐτοῦ: here, right here.γίγνομαι: to become, be, prove to be.ἢ …, ἤ: either …, or ….κρϵίττων, -ον: stronger, mightier, more powerful.

μένω: to stay, tarry, remain.οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this man, woman, or thing.τοίνυν: therefore, accordingly.φημί: to say.

῝Η … ἢ: The repeated disjunctive conjunction connects the two coordinate clauses (S. 2163.C, 2856).

τοίνυν: The postpositive particle is here inferential, meaning “therefore, accordingly” (S. 2987).

τούτων: Plural, masculine, genitive demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is the other men with Polemarchus referred to above (S. 1238). Genitive of comparison with κρϵίττους (S. 1431).

ἔφη: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of φημί (S. 783). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). The subject ἐκϵῖνος (the antecedent is ὁ Πολέμαρχος) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931).

κρϵίττους: Plural, masculine, nominative predicate irregular comparative adjective modifying ὑμϵῖς, the supplied subject of γένϵσθϵ, after γένϵσθϵ (S. 1040). A predicate adjective stands in the same case as the subject when coupled to it by a copulative verb (S. 918.d, 1040). Attic has -ττ- for -σσ- of Ionic and most other dialects (S. 78).

γένϵσθϵ: Second person, plural, aorist, deponent, imperative of γίγνομαι (S. 383). Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: ῝Η … γένϵσθϵ (S. 2162). The aorist tense of the imperative denotes simple occurrence (S. 1864.b). The subject ὑμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).

μένϵτ´: Second person, plural, present, active, imperative of μένω (S. 383). Main verb of the (second) simple coordinate clause: μένϵτ´αὐτοῦ (S. 2162). The present tense of the imperative denotes continued action (S. 1864.a). The subject ὑμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). An elision of μένϵτϵ (S. 70).

αὐτοῦ: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

Οὐκοῦν, ἦν δ´ἐγώ, ἔτι ἐλλϵίπϵται τὸ ἢν πϵίσωμϵν ὑμᾶς, ὡς χρὴ ἡμᾶς ἀφϵῖναι; (327.c)

ἀφίημι: to let go, loose, set free.δέ: and.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ἐλλϵίπομαι: to be left out, left unasked.ἔτι: yet, still.ἡμϵῖς, ἡμῶν: we, of us.ἠμί: to say.

ἤν: whether.οὐκοῦν: not therefore? not then?πϵίθω: to convince, persuade.τό: the (question, phrase, idea, or notion).ὑμϵῖς, ὑμῶν: you (all), of you (all).χρή: it is necessary.ὡς: that.

Οὐκοῦν: Interrogative particle; here the stress lies on the inferential οὖν and an affirmative answer is expected as a matter of course. The particle stands at the beginning of its clause (S. 2951).

ἦν δ´ ἐγώ: This phrase introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). ἦν: First person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ἠμί (S. 792). Main verb of the introductory phrase (S. 903). The irregular verb only occurs in the present and imperfect 1st and 3d singular (= Latin inquam, inquit) (S. 792). δ´: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162). An elision of δὲ (S. 70). ἐγώ: Singular, nominative of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Nominative subject (S. 927, 938). The personal pronoun is usually omitted unless emphatic (here changing subjects) (S. 1190). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

ἔτι: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

ἐλλϵίπϵται: Third person, singular, present, deponent, indicative of ἐλλϵίπομαι (S. 383). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173).

τὸ … ἀφϵῖναι: Nominative subject of ἐλλϵίπϵται (S. 927, 938).

τὸ: Singular, neuter, nominative definite article used substantively (S. 332). The neuter article makes a substantive of the following conditional statement and means “the question, phrase, idea, or notion” (S. 1153.g) (L.S. ὁ B.5).

ἢν πϵίσωμϵν ὑμᾶς ὡς χρὴ ἡμᾶς ἀφϵῖναι: A future, more vivid conditional statement; the protasis is formed by the conjunction ἢν with the subjunctive and the apodosis by the future indicative or equivalent (S. 2323). Here, the dependent clause ὡς … ἀφϵῖναι takes the place of the apodosis (S. 2350). Modern English substitutes the present for the more exact future in ordinary future conditions of this class; and often uses shall in the protasis with an emotional force (S. 2324).

ἢν … ἀφϵῖναι: The protasis of the conditional statement (S. 2282).

ἢν: ἢν, an older form of ἐάν, is a combination of ϵἱ + ἄν and introduces the protasis of the conditional statement (S. 2283.a). Conditional clauses requiring the subjunctive must have ἄν, which is more closely attached to the conditional word than it is to the subjunctive (S. 1768).

πϵίσωμϵν: First person, plural, aorist, active, subjunctive of πϵίθω (S. 383). Main verb of the protasis (S. 2173). The aorist tense of the subjunctive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1860).

ὑμᾶς: Plural, accusative personal pronoun of ὑμϵῖς (S. 325). Accusative direct object of πϵίσωμϵν (S. 1554).

ὡς χρὴ ἡμᾶς ἀφϵῖναι: A dependent statement after πϵίσωμϵν (S. 2577). The idea contained in the dependent clause is identical with the idea that would be expressed by the apodosis if there were one: “then it would be necessary to free us”; when the dependent clause expresses the same idea as the apodosis, the apodosis may be omitted (S. 2352.e).

ὡς: Conjunction introducing the dependent clause (S. 3000).

χρὴ {(ἐστί) = (χρή ἐστιν)}: The main verb of the dependent statement (S. 2173). An indeclinable substantive meaning “necessity” with the verb understood; in the present indicative ἐστί is to be supplied to form a quasi-impersonal verb meaning “it is necessary …” (S. 793, 933). The following infinitive functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal expression (S. 1984-85).

ἡμᾶς ἀφϵῖναι: The infinitive phrase functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal expression χρὴ (S. 1985). ἡμᾶς: Plural, accusative personal pronoun of ἡμϵῖς (S. 325). Accusative direct object of the infinitive (S. 1554, 1967). ἀφϵῖναι: Active, aorist, infinitive of ἀφίημι (S. 777). The aorist tense of the infinitive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1865.b).

῏Η καὶ δύναισθ´ ἄν, ἦ δ´ὅς, πϵῖσαι μὴ ἀκούοντας; (327.c)

ἀκούω: to listen, give an ear.ἄν: would.δέ: and.δύναμαι: to be able, capable.ἦ καί: can it actually be?

ἠμί: to say.μή: if … not.ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: this, that; he, she, it.πϵίθω: to persuade.

῏Η καὶ: The combination of particles is found in animated questions (S. 2865). ῏Η: The interrogative adverb ἦ introduces questions asking merely for information and implies nothing as to the answer expected (yes or no) (S. 2650). καὶ: The addition of the adverbial particle καί indicates inquiry with a certain sense of eagerness meaning “actually” (S. 2865) (D. ἦ, pg. 285).

δύναισθ´ ἄν … ἀκούοντας: A future, less vivid conditional statement (should/would); the protasis is formed by the conjunction ϵἰ with the optative and the apodosis by ἄν with the optative (S. 2329). Here, the participial phrase μὴ ἀκούοντας takes the place of the protasis (S. 2344).

῏Η καὶ δύναισθ´ ἄν … πϵῖσαι: The apodosis of the conditional statement (S. 2280).

δύναισθ´ ἄν: Main verb of the apodosis (S. 2173). δύναισθ´: Second person, plural, aorist, optative, deponent of δύναμαι (S. 416). Elision of δύναισθϵ (S. 70). The aorist tense of the optative denotes simple occurrence (S. 1861). The subject ὑμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). ἄν: The particle in the apodosis denotes what would (should) be or has been (S. 1761, 2289). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

ἦ δ´ ὅς: This phrase introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). ἦ: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ἠμί (S. 792). Main verb of the introductory phrase (S. 903). The irregular verb only occurs in the present and imperfect 1st and 3d singular (= Latin inquam, inquit) (S. 792). δ´: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162). An elision of δὲ (S. 70). ὅς: Singular, masculine, nominative relative pronoun used substantively meaning “he” (S. 338, 1113). Nominative subject (S. 927, 938). The relative pronoun ὃς is occasionally used as a demonstrative pronoun (S. 338.b, 1113). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

πϵῖσαι (ἡμᾶς): Aorist, active infinitive of πϵίθω (S. 383). An object (complementary) infinitive after δύναισθ´ (S.1989). The aorist tense of the infinitive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1865.b). ἡμᾶς: Supply ἡμᾶς (“us”)as the accusative direct object of πϵῖσαι (S. 3017).

μὴ ἀκούοντας: The protasis of the conditional statement (S. 2282).

μὴ: When used with a participle in a protasis, μή is equivalent to ϵἰ μή (L.S. μή B.6). The negative of the protasis is μή because the subordinate clause expresses something that is conceived or imagined (S. 2286).

ἀκούοντας: Plural, masculine, accusative, present, active, circumstantial participle of ἀκούω modifying ἡμᾶς, the supplied object of πϵῖσαι (S. 2054). The aorist tense denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.c).

Οὐδαμῶς, ἔφη ὁ Γλαύκων. ῾Ως τοίνυν μὴ ἀκουσομένων, οὕτω διανοϵῖσθϵ. (327.c)

ἀκούω: to listen, give an ear.Γλαύκων, Γλαύκωνος, ὁ: Glaucon.διανοέομαι: to think, consider, suppose.μή: not.οὐδαμῶς: in no wise.

οὕτω: in this way or manner, so, thus.τοίνυν: therefore, accordingly.φημί: to say.ὡς: inasmuch as, since.

Οὐδαμῶς: The adverb functions as a negative answer to the preceding question (S. 341, 1094, 2680.c).

ἔφη: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of φημί (S. 783). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590).

ὁ Γλαύκων: Nominative subject of ἔφη (S. 927, 938). ὁ: Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136).

῾Ως τοίνυν μὴ ἀκουσομένων: The genitive absolute is here a causal clause explaining the main verb διανοϵῖσθϵ (S. 2070, 2245).

῾Ως: The relative is here a conjunction introducing the genitive absolute (L.S. ὡς B.IV)

τοίνυν: The postpositive particle is here inferential (S. 2987).

μὴ: μή is here substituted for οὐ after the imperative διανοϵῖσθϵ (S. 2737.a).

ἀκουσομένων (ἡμῶν): Plural, masculine, genitive, aorist, active circumstantial participle of ἀκούω modifying the supplied pronoun ἡμῶν to form a genitive absolute (S. 2054, 2058). The aorist tense denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.c). ἡμῶν: Supply the personal pronoun as the genitive subject of the participle (the antecedent is Glaucon and Socrates) (S. 2042).

οὕτω: Demonstrative adverb of manner (S. 346, 1094). The final sigma of οὕτως is dropped before a consonant (S. 136).

διανοϵῖσθϵ: Second person, plural, present deponent imperative of διανοέομαι (S. 385). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). The subject ὑμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The present tense of the imperative denotes continued action (S. 1864.a).

καὶ ὁ᾿Αδϵίμαντος, ῏Αρά γϵ, ἦ δ´ὅς, οὐδ´ ἴστϵ ὅτι λαμπὰς ἔσται πρὸς ἑσπέραν ἀφ´ ἵππων τῇ θϵῷ; (327.c-328.a)

Αδϵίμαντος, -ου ὁ: Adeimantus.ἀπό (+ gen.): from, on.ἆρα γϵ: then at any rate? therefore at any rate?δέ: and.ϵἰμί: to be.ἑσπέρα, -ας, ἡ: evening, nightfall.ἠμί: to say.θϵός, -οῦ, ἡ: goddess.

ἵππος, -ου, ὁ: horse.καί: but, nay.λαμπάς, -άδος, ἡ: a torch-race.οἶδα: to know.ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: this, that; he, she, it.ὅτι: that.οὐδέ: even not, also not.πρός (+ acc.): towards, near, at, about.

καὶ: The conjunction connects this sentence with the previous one (S. 2868). In questions, καί before an interrogative expression (῏Αρά γϵ) marks an objection occasioned by surprise or indignation (S. 2872).

ὁ ᾿Αδϵίμαντος: Nominative noun in apposition to ὅς (S. 988).

῏Αρά γϵ: The interrogative particle ἆρα introduces questions asking merely for information and implies nothing as to the answer expected (yes or no) (S. 2650). ῏Αρά: The acute accent on the properispomenon is thrown back from the following enclitic (S. 183.c). γϵ: The enclitic particle adds liveliness and emphasis to the question (S. 2821). (D. ἆρα, pg. 50). The enclitic throws its accent back onto the preceding properispomenon ῏Αρά (S. 183.c).

ἦ δ´ ὅς: This phrase introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). ἦ: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ἠμί (S. 792). Main verb of the introductory phrase (S. 903). The irregular verb only occurs in the present and imperfect 1st and 3d singular (= Latin inquam, inquit) (S. 792). δ´: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162). An elision of δὲ (S. 70). ὅς: Singular, masculine, nominative relative pronoun used substantively meaning “he” (S. 338, 1113). Nominative subject (S. 927, 938). The relative pronoun ὃς is occasionally used as a demonstrative pronoun (S. 338.b, 1113). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

οὐδ´: The adverb is comprised of the negative οὐ “not” and δέ “even, also” (S. 2930-31). An elision of οὐδὲ (S. 70).

ἴστϵ: Second person, plural, present, indicative of οἶδα (S. 794). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). The subject ὑμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). Although there are two persons being addressed (Socrates and Glaucon), the dual is not used; the dual speaks of dual or a pair, but it is not often used, and the plural (which denotes more than one) is frequently substituted for it (S. 195).

ὅτι … θϵῷ: Dependent statement after ἴστϵ (S. 2110, 2577).

ὅτι: Conjunction introducing the dependent statement (S. 2577).

λαμπὰς: Predicate nominative after ἔσται without the article (S. 939, 1150). The predicate noun has no article, and is thus distinguished from the subject (S. 1150).

ἔσται: Third person, singular, future, indicative of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the dependent clause (S. 2173). The predicate verb means “there will be” (S. 918.b).

πρὸς ἑσπέραν: Prepositional phrase; πρός with the accusative is here temporal and means “towards, near, at, about” (S. 1695.3.b). ἑσπέραν: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128).

ἀφ´ ἵππων: Prepositional phrase, ἀπό with the genitive here means “from, on” (S. 1684.1.a). ἀφ´: An elision and aspiration of ἀπό; the final short vowel is elided and the smooth stop π brought before the rough breathing by the elision is made rough, becoming the aspirate φ (S. 70, 124). ἵππων: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128).

τῇ θϵῷ: Dative of advantage; the person for whose advantage anything is done is put in the dative (S. 1481).

᾿Αφ´ ἵππων; ἦν δ´ ἐγώ· καινόν γϵ τοῦτο. λαμπάδια ἔχοντϵς διαδώσουσιν ἀλλήλοις ἁμιλλώμϵνοι τοῖς ἵπποις; ἢ πῶς λέγϵις; (328.a)

ἀλλήλους, -ας, -α: one another.ἁμιλλάομαι: to compete, vie, contend with.ἀπό (+ gen.): from, on.γϵ: certainly, indeed.δέ: and.διαδίδωμι: to give from hand to hand, pass on.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ἔχω: to have, hold, bear.

ἤ: or.ἠμί: to say.ἵππος, -ου, ὁ: horse.καινός, -ή, -όν: new, newly-invented, new-fangled, novel.λαμπάς, -άδος, ἡ: torch.λέγω: to say, speak, mean.οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this man, woman, or thing.πῶς: how?

᾿Αφ´ ἵππων: The prepositional phrase functions as a direct question without interrogative or verb (S. 2641). Prepositional phrase, ἀπό with the genitive here means “from, on” (S. 1684.1.a). ᾿Αφ´: An elision and aspiration of ἀπό; the final short vowel is elided and the smooth stop π brought before the rough breathing by the elision is made rough, becoming the aspirate φ (S. 70, 124). ἵππων: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128).

ἦν δ´ ἐγώ: This phrase introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). ἦν: First person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ἠμί (S. 792). Main verb of the introductory phrase (S. 903). The irregular verb only occurs in the present and imperfect 1st and 3d singular (= Latin inquam, inquit) (S. 792). δ´: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162). An elision of δὲ (S. 70). ἐγώ: Singular, nominative of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Nominative subject of ἦν (S. 927, 938). The personal pronoun is usually omitted unless emphatic (here changing subjects) (S. 1190). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

καινόν: Singular, neuter, nominative predicate adjective modifying τοῦτο after the supplied verb ἔστιν (S. 1040). The oxytone, followed by an enclitic, retains its accent and does not change from the acute to grave (S. 154.a).

γϵ: The postpositive enclitic particle, when used after an adjective, can have an exclamatory force; here the adjective is preceded by a shocked or surprised repetition of the previous speaker’s words (S. 2821) (D. γϵ, pg. 127, 129). The enclitic loses its accent after the oxytone καινόν (S. 183.a).

τοῦτο {(ἐστί) = (τοῦτ´ ἔστιν)}: Singular, neuter, nominative demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent of the neuter is the general idea of the torch-race from horseback (S. 1238, 1253). Nominative subject of the supplied verb ἔστιν (S. 927, 938). ἔστιν: Supply ἔστιν as the verb (S. 944, 948).

λαμπάδια: Accusative direct object of the participle ἔχοντϵς (S. 1554, 2040). The noun lacks an article (S. 1126).

ἔχοντϵς: Plural, masculine, nominative, present, active circumstantial participle of ἔχω modifying ἐκϵῖνοι, the implied subject of διαδώσουσιν (S. 2042, 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a).

διαδώσουσιν: Third person, plural, future, active, indicative of διαδίδωμι (S. 421). The subject ἐκϵῖνοι (“they”) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931). Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: λαμπάδια … ἵπποις (S. 2162). The moveable -ν is added to words ending in -σι when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).

ἀλλήλοις: Plural, masculine, dative reciprocal pronoun (S. 1277). Dative indirect object of διαδώσουσιν; here the direct object (λαμπάδια) is assumed (S. 1469).

ἁμιλλώμϵνοι: Plural, masculine, nominative, present, deponent circumstantial participle of ἁμιλλάομαι modifying ἐκϵῖνοι, the implied subject of διαδώσουσιν (S. 2042, 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a).

τοῖς ἵπποις: Dative of instrument or means (S. 1507).

ἢ: The conjunction introduces the second direct question and means “or” (S. 2657-58).

πῶς: Interrogative adverb of manner (S. 346, 1094).

λέγϵις: Second person, singular, present, active, indicative (S. 383). Main verb of the (second) simple coordinate clause: πῶς λέγϵις (S. 2162). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).

Οὕτως, ἔφη ὁ Πολέμαρχος· καὶ πρός γϵ παννυχίδα ποιήσουσιν, ἣν ἄξιον θϵάσασθαι. (328.a)

ἄξιος, -ία, -ιον: worthy, fit.θϵάομαι: to gaze at, view, behold, view as a spectator.καὶ … γϵ: yes, and more.ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: who, which.οὕτως: even so, just so.

παννυχίς, -ίδος, ἡ: a night-festival, vigil.ποιέω: to celebrate.Πολέμαρχος, -ου, ὁ: Polemarchus.πρός: besides, over and above.φημί: to say.

Οὕτως: The lone adverb impliesa “yes” answer (S. 2680.c). A final sigma on οὕτω is here retained (S. 136).

ἔφη: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of φημί (S. 783). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590).

ὁ Πολέμαρχος: Nominative subject of ἔφη (S. 927, 938). ὁ: Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136).

καὶ … γϵ: The combination of particles means “yes, and more” (D. pg. 157). καὶ: The conjunction connects this clause with the prior clause (S. 2868). γϵ: The postpositive enclitic particle here stresses the addition made by καί; normally only a single word intervenes between the particles (S. 2821) (D. γϵ, pg. 157). The enclitic loses its accent after the oxytone πρός (S. 183.a).

πρός: The preposition is used as an adverb (S. 1694.4). The oxytone, followed by an enclitic, retains its accent and does not change from the acute to grave (S. 154.a).

παννυχίδα: Accusative direct object of ποιήσουσιν (S. 1554). The noun lacks an article (S. 1126).

ποιήσουσιν: Third person, plural, future, active, indicative of ποιέω (S. 390). The subject ἐκϵῖνοι (there is no true antecedent so translate “they”) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). The moveable -ν is added to words ending in -σι at the end of a clause (S. 135).

ἣν ἄξιον θϵάσασθαι: Relative clause (S. 2488-2573).

ἣν: Singular, feminine, accusative relative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is παννυχίδα (S. 338, 2501). Accusative direct object of the infinitive θϵάσασθαι (S. 1554, 1967).

ἄξιον {ἐστί) = (ἄξιόν ἐστι)}: Singular, neuter, nominative predicate adjective modifying θϵάσασθαι after the supplied verb ἐστι (S. 1041). ἐστι: Supply ἐστι with the neuter adjective to form a quasi-impersonal phrase meaning “it is worthy” (S. 944, 948, 1985).

θϵάσασθαι: Aorist, deponent infinitive of θϵάομαι (S. 385). The infinitive functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal expression ἄξιον (S. 1985). The aorist tense of the infinitive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1865.b).

ἐξαναστησόμϵθα γὰρ μϵτὰ τὸ δϵῖπνον καὶ τὴν παννυχίδα θϵασόμϵθα καὶ ξυνϵσόμϵθά τϵ πολλοῖς τῶν νέων αὐτόθι καὶ διαλϵξόμϵθα. (328.a)

αὐτόθι: on the spot.γάρ: for.δϵῖπνον, -ου, τό: meal, evening meal.διαλέγομαι: to talk, discuss.ἐξανίστημι: to rise up, stand up from one’s seat.θϵάομαι: to gaze at, view, behold, view as a spectator.καί: and.

μϵτά (+ acc.): after.νέος, -ου, ὁ: a young man.ξύνϵιμι: to be with, join with.παννυχίς, -ίδος, ἡ: a night-festival, vigil.πολλοί, -ῶν, οἱ: many men, a great number of men.τϵ … καί: and.

ἐξαναστησόμϵθα: First person, plural, future, passive, indicative of ἐξαναίστημι (S. 420). Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: ἐξαναστησόμϵθα … δϵῖπνον (S. 2162). The subject ἡμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).

γὰρ: Postpositive particle; causal γάρ, as a conjunction, serves to introduce a cause of, or a reason for, an action before mentioned; to justify a preceding utterance; to confirm the truth of a previous statement (S. 2810). Denniston suggests that it here marks an ellipse of “and we can conveniently do so, (for)” (D. γάρ, pg. 62).

μϵτὰ τὸ δϵῖπνον: Prepositional phrase; μϵτά with the accusative here means “after” (S. 1691.1.3). τὸ: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).

καὶ: The conjunction connects the first and second coordinate clauses (S. 2868).

τὴν παννυχίδα: Accusative direct object of θϵασόμϵθα (S. 1554).

θϵασόμϵθα: First person, plural, future, deponent, indicative of θϵάομαι (S. 385). Main verb of the (second) simple coordinate clause: τὴν … θϵασόμϵθα (S. 2162). The subject ἡμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).

καὶ: The conjunction connects the second and third coordinate clauses (S. 2868).

ξυνϵσόμϵθά: First person, plural, future, indicative of ξύνϵιμι (S. 768). Main verb of the (third) simple coordinate clause: ξυνϵσόμϵθά … αὐτόθι (S. 2162). The subject ἡμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The acute accent on the ultima syllable is thrown back from the following enclitic τϵ (S. 183.c).

τϵ … καὶ: The conjunction connects the third and fourth coordinate clauses (S. 2868). τϵ: The anticipatory particle τϵ is often separated from καί by one or more words (S. 2974). When the postpositive particle is preparatory, it is normally placed second in the sentence or clause (D. τϵ, pg. 515). The enclitic throws back its accent onto the previous proparoxytone (S. 183.c).

πολλοῖς: Plural, masculine, dative adjective used substantively without the article (S. 1021, 1130). Dative object of the compound verb ξυνϵσόμϵθά (S. 1544).

τῶν νέων: Partitive genitive with πολλοῖς standing after the substantive (S. 1306).

αὐτόθι: Adverb of place (S. 342, 1094).

διαλϵξόμϵθα: First person, plural, future, deponent, indicative of διαλέγομαι (S. 383). Main verb of the (fourth) simple coordinate clause: διαλϵξόμϵθα (S. 2162). The subject ἡμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).

ἀλλὰ μένϵτϵ καὶ μὴ ἄλλως ποιϵῖτϵ. καὶ ὁ Γλαύκων, ῎Εοικϵν, ἔφη, μϵνϵτέον ϵἶναι. (328.a-b)

ἀλλά: oh but do, come, come now.ἄλλως: otherwise, differently.Γλαύκων, -ωνος, ὁ: Glaucon.ϵἰμί: to be.ἔοικϵ: it is fitting, right, seemly, reasonable.καί: and.

μϵνϵτέον: one must remain.μένω: to stay, tarry, remain.μή: (do) not.ποιέω: to do, act.φημί: to say.

ἀλλὰ: The adversative conjunction connects this sentence with the previous one; it is often used before commands (S. 2784.c). It here marks a transition from arguments for action to a statement of the action required (D. ἀλλά, pg. 14).

μένϵτϵ: Second person, plural, present, active imperative of μένω (S. 383). Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: ἀλλὰ μένϵτϵ (S. 2162). The present tense of the imperative denotes continued action (S. 1864.a). The subject ὑμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The present tense of the imperative denotes continued action (S. 1864.a).

καὶ: The conjunction connects the two coordinate clauses (S. 2868).

μὴ … ποιϵῖτϵ: Negative imperative (S. 1840). μὴ: The negative adverb μή is used in negative imperatives (S. 2689). ποιϵῖτϵ: Second person, plural, present, active, imperative of ποιέω (S. 385). Main verb of the (second) simple coordinate clause: μὴ … ποιϵῖτϵ (S. 2162). In the second person, prohibitions are expressed with μή and the present imperative (as here) or the aorist subjunctive (S. 1840). The subject ὑμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). Although there are two persons being addressed (Socrates and Glaucon), the dual is not used; the dual speaks of dual or a pair, but it is not often used, and the plural (which denotes more than one) is frequently substituted for it (S. 195). The present tense of the imperative denotes continued action (S. 1864.a).

ἄλλως: Adverb of manner (S. 343, 1094).

καὶ: The conjunction connects this sentence with the previous sentence (S. 2868).

ὁ Γλαύκων: Nominative subject of ἔφη (S. 927, 938). ὁ: Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136).

῎Εοικϵν: Third person, singular, prefect (with present sense), active, indicative (S. 383, 1946). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). Quasi-impersonal verb; the following infinitive functions as the subject (S. 1984). The moveable -ν is added to the third person singular ending in -ϵ at the end of a clause (S. 135).

ἔφη: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of φημί (S. 783). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590).

μϵνϵτέον ϵἶναι: The infinitive phrase functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal ᾿Έοικϵν (S. 1984). μϵνϵτέον: The verbal adjective in -τέος is used with the copula ἐιμί and expresses necessity (here there is no dative of agent) (S. 2149). Singular, neuter, nominative; the neuter nominative stands in the impersonal, active construction and means “one must remain” (S. 2149-52, 2150.a). ϵἶναι: Present infinitive of ϵἰμί (S. 768). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865).

Άλλ´ϵὶ δοκϵῖ, ἦν δ´ ἐγώ, οὕτω χρὴ ποιϵῖν. (328.b)

ἀλλά: well, oh well.δέ: and.δοκέω: to seem, to seem good.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ϵἰ: if.

ἠμί: to say.οὕτω: in this way or manner, so, thus.ποιέω: to do.χρή: it is necessary, one must or ought.

Άλλ´: Assentient use of the conjunction; agreement is presented, not as self-evident, but as wrung from the speaker in spite of himself (S. 2784.b) (D. ἀλλά, pg. 16). Elision of Άλλὰ (S. 70).

ϵἰ δοκϵῖ … χρὴ: A simple, present conditional statement; the protasis is formed by the conjunction ϵἰ with the indicative and the apodosis by the indicative (S. 2298).

ϵἰ δοκϵῖ: The protasis of the conditional statement (S. 2282).

ϵἰ: The conjunction introduces the protasis (S. 2282).

δοκϵῖ: Third person, singular, present, active, indicative of δοκέω (S. 385). Quasi-impersonal use of the verb meaning “it seems good”; carry down the infinitive phrase μϵνϵτέον ϵἶναι as the subject (S. 1984-85). Main verb of the protasis (S. 2173).

ἦν δ´ ἐγώ: This phrase introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). ἦν: First person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ἠμί (S. 792). Main verb of the introductory phrase (S. 903). The irregular verb only occurs in the present and imperfect 1st and 3d singular (= Latin inquam, inquit) (S. 792). δ´: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162). An elision of δὲ (S. 70). ἐγώ: Singular, nominative of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Nominative subject of ἦν (S. 927, 938). The personal pronoun is usually omitted unless emphatic (here changing subjects) (S. 1190). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

οὕτω χρὴ ποιϵῖν: The apodosis of the conditional statement (S. 2280).

οὕτω: Demonstrative adverb of manner (S. 346, 1094). The final sigma of οὕτως is dropped before a consonant (S. 136).

χρὴ {(ἐστί) = (χρή ἐστι)}: The main verb of the apodosis of the conditional statement (S. 2173). An indeclinable substantive meaning “necessity” with the verb understood; in the present indicative ἐστί is to be supplied to form a quasi-impersonal verb meaning “it is necessary …” (S. 793, 933). The following infinitive functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal expression (S. 1984-85).

ποιϵῖν: Present, active infinitive of ποιέω (S. 385). The infinitive phrase functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal χρὴ (S. 1984). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865).