Читать книгу Book 1 of Plato's Republic - Drew A. Mannetter - Страница 12

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I.2: The discussion between Socrates and Cephalus on old age and wealth. (328.b-331.b)

I.2.A: Socrates and Glaucon fall in with Polemarchus and his friends and arrive at Cephalus’ house. Cephalus, who had been sacrificing in the courtyard, greets Socrates kindly. (328.b-328.d)

II. ῏Ηιμϵν οὖν οἴκαδϵ ϵἰς τοῦ Πολϵμάρχου, καὶ Λυσίαν τϵ αὐτόθι κατϵλάβομϵν καὶ Εὐθύδημον, τοὺς τοῦ Πολϵμάρχου ἀδϵλφούς, καὶ δὴ καὶ Θρασύμαχον τὸν Χαλκηδόνιον καὶ Χαρμαντσδην τὸν Παιανιέα καὶ Κλϵιτοφῶντα τὸν᾿Αριστωνύμου·(328.b)

ἀδϵλφός, -οῦ, ὁ: brother.Αριστώνυμος, -ου, ὁ: Aristonymus.αὐτόθι: on the spot.ϵἶμι: to come, go.ϵἰς (+ acc.): to (the house), into (the house).Εὐθύδημος, -ου, ὁ: Euthydemus.Θρασύμαχος, -ου, ὁ: Thrasymachus.καί: and.καὶ δὴ καί: and especially, and in particular, and what is more.καταλαμβάνω: to find on arrival.Κλϵιτοφῶν, -οντος, ὁ: Cleitophon.

Λυσίας, -ου, ὁ: Lysias.ὁ, τοῦ: the (son).ὁ, ἡ, τό: the.οἴκαδϵ: to one’s house, home, or country, homewards.οὖν: therefore, accordingly.Παιανιέος, -α, -ον: of the deme Paeania.Πολέμαρχος, -ου, ὁ: Polemarchus.τϵ … καί: and.Χαλκηδόνιος, -α, -ον: Chalcedoian, from Chalcedon.Χαρμαντίδης -ου, ὁ: Charmantides.

῏Ηιμϵν: First person, plural, imperfect, indicative of ϵἶμι (S. 773). Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: ῏Ηιμϵν … Πολϵμάρχου (S. 2162). The subject ἡμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).

οὖν: The postpositive (normally second position) inferential particle, usually classed as a conjunction, signifies that something follows from what precedes. Inferential οὖν marks a transition to a new thought and continues a narrative, resumes an interrupted narration, and in general states a conclusion or inference. It stands alone or in conjunction with other particles (S. 2964) (D. οὖν, pg. 425).

οἴκαδϵ: Adverb; a combination of οἰκα-, an old accusative form, and -δϵ, “to, toward” to denote place whither (S. 342, 1094).

ϵἰς τοῦ Πολϵμάρχου: Elliptical preposition phrase; ϵἰς with the accusative here means “to, into” (S. 1686.1.a). The accusative of the word for dwelling (οἰκίαν “house”, δόμον “house”, and also ἱϵρόν “temple”) may be omitted after ϵἰς (S. 1302). τοῦ Πολϵμάρχου: Genitive of possession or belonging with the suppressed accusative noun (S. 1297).

καὶ: The conjunction connects the two coordinate clauses (S. 2868).

Λυσίαν: First accusative direct object of κατϵλάβομϵν (S. 1554). Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136).

τϵ … καὶ: The conjunction connects the two accusative nouns Λυσίαν … Εὐθύδημον (S. 2974). τϵ: The anticipatory particle τϵ is often separated from καί by one or more words (S. 2974). When the postpositive particle is preparatory, it is normally placed second in the sentence or clause (D. τϵ, pg. 515). The enclitic particle loses its accent after the paroxytone Λυσίαν (S. 183.d).

αὐτόθι: Adverb of place (S. 342, 1094).

κατϵλάβομϵν: First person, plural, aorist, active, indicative of καταλαμβάνω (S. 383). Main verb of the (second) simple coordinate clause: Λυσίαν … ᾿Αριστωνύμου (S. 2162). The subject ἡμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).

Εὐθύδημον: Second accusative direct object of κατϵλάβομϵν (S. 1554). Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136).

τοὺς τοῦ Πολϵμάρχου ἀδϵλφούς: A plural accusative noun in apposition to the two singular accusative proper nouns Λυσίαν … Εὐθύδημον (S. 979, 987). τοῦ Πολϵμάρχου: Genitive of possession or belonging with ἀδϵλφούς (S. 1297). Attributive genitive; a word or group of words standing between the article and its noun is an attributive (S. 1154, 1161.a).

καὶ δὴ καὶ: The conjunction connects the second and third accusative nouns and marks a kind of climax (S. 2890). The first καί is conjunctional, the postpositive particle δή is intensive with καί, and the second καί is adverbial and emphasizes the following word (S. 2890) (D. καὶ δὴ καί, pg. 255-256).

Θρασύμαχον τὸν Χαλκηδόνιον: Third accusative direct object of κατϵλάβομϵν (S. 1554). Θρασύμαχον: Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136). τὸν Χαλκηδόνιον: The accusative adjective with the article is in the attributive position modifying Θρασύμαχον (S. 1160).

καὶ: The conjunction connects the third and fourth accusative nouns (S. 2868).

Χαρμαντίδην τὸν Παιανιέα: Fourth accusative direct object of κατϵλάβομϵν (S. 1554). Χαρμαντίδην: Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136). τὸν Παιανιέα: The accusative adjective with the article is in the attributive position modifying Χαρμαντίδην (S. 1160).

καὶ: The conjunction connects the fourth and fifth accusative nouns (S. 2868).

Κλϵιτοφῶντα τὸν ᾿Αριστωνύμου: Fifth accusative direct object of κατϵλάβομϵν (S. 1554). Κλϵιτοφῶντα: Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136). τὸν: The definite article following the noun is in apposition to Κλϵιτοφῶντα and is an ellipsis of τὸν υἱόν (‘the son”) (S. 916 and 1301). ᾿Αριστωνύμου: Genitive of possession or belonging with τὸν (S. 1297). Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136).

ἦν δ´ ἔνδον καὶ ὁ πατὴρ ὁ τοῦ Πολϵμάρχου Κέφαλος. (328.b)

δέ: and.ϵἰμί: to be.ἔνδον: in, within, in the house, at home.καί: also.

Κέφαλος, -ου, ὁ: Cephalus.πατήρ, -ρός, ὁ: father.Πολέμαρχος, -ου, ὁ: Polemarchus.

ἦν: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903).

δ´: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162). Elision of δὲ (S. 70).

ἔνδον: Adverb; the adverb stands in the predicate position after ἦν in place of an adjective (S. 341, 1094, 1097.b).

καὶ: Adverbial use of the particle meaning “also” and stressing the idea set out in the words that follow (S. 2881).

ὁ πατὴρ ὁ τοῦ Πολϵμάρχου: Nominative subject of ἦν (S. 927, 938). ὁ: The article repeated after the noun connects the noun to the following genitive (S. 1161.b). τοῦ Πολϵμάρχου: Genitive of possession or belonging with ὁ (S. 1297).

Κέφαλος: Nominative proper noun in apposition to πατὴρ (S. 988). Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136).

Καὶ μάλα πρϵσβύτης μοι ἔδοξϵν ϵἶναι· διὰ χρόνου γὰρ καὶ ἑωράκη αὐτόν. (328.b-c)

αὐτόν, αὐτήν, αὐτό: him, her, it.γάρ: for.διά (+ gen.): after.δοκέω: to seem.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ϵἴδω: to see.

ϵἰμί: to be.καί: and; just, even.μάλα: very, quite, exceedingly.πρϵσβύτης, -ου, ὁ: an old man.χρόνος, -ου, ὁ: a time, an interval.

Καὶ: The conjunction connects this sentence with the previous one (S. 2868).

μάλα: Adverb; here modifying πρϵσβύτης, an adjective used substantively (S. 341, 1094).

πρϵσβύτης: Predicate nominative noun without the article after ϵἶναι (S. 939, 1150). When the subject of the infinitive is the same as that of the governing verb, it is omitted, and a predicate noun stands in the nominative case (S. 1973). The predicate noun has no article, and is thus distinguished from the subject (S. 1150).

μοι: Singular, dative, enclitic form of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Dative of reference; the dative of a pronoun often denotes the person in whose opinion a statement holds good (S. 1496). The enclitic pronoun loses its accent after the paroxytone πρϵσβύτης (S. 183.d).

ἔδοξϵν: Third person, singular, aorist, active, indicative of δοκέω (S. 385). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject ἐκϵῖνος (the antecedent is Κέφαλος) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931). The moveable -ν is added to third person singular verbs ending in -ϵ when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).

ϵἶναι: Present infinitive of ϵἰμί (S. 768). An object (complimentary) infinitive after ἔδοξϵν (S. 1989). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865).

διὰ χρόνου: Prepositional phrase; διά with the genitive here means “after” (S. 1685.b). χρόνου: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128).

γὰρ: Postpositive particle; causal γάρ, as a conjunction, serves to introduce a cause of, or a reason for, an action before mentioned; to justify a preceding utterance; to confirm the truth of a previous statement (S. 2810).

καὶ: Adverbial use of the particle meaning “just, even” and modifying the following word (S. 2881).

ἑωράκη: First person, singular, pluperfect, active, indicative of ϵἴδω; the present of the verb is supplied by ὁράω and therefore the pluperfect here should be translated as an imperfect (S. 1952.a). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject ἐγώ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).

αὐτόν: Singular, masculine, accusative demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is Κέφαλος (1204.3). Accusative direct object of ἑωράκη (S. 1554). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

καθῆστο δὲ ἐστϵφανωμένος ἐπί τινος προσκϵφαλαίου τϵ καὶ δίφρου· τϵθυκὼς γὰρ ἐτύγχανϵν ἐν τῇ αὐλῇ. (328.c)

αὐλή, -ῆς, ἡ: court-yard, open court.γάρ: for.δέ: and.δίφρος, -ου, ὁ: a seat, couch, stool.ἐν (+ dat.): in.ἐπί (+ gen.): upon, on.θύω: to sacrifice.

κάθημαι: to be seated, sit.προσκϵφάλαιον, -ου, τό: a cushion, pillow.στϵφανόομαι: to be crowned, wreathed.τϵ καί: and.τις, τι: a, an.τυγχάνω: to happen to be, be just then.

καθῆστο: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of κάθημαι (S. 789). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject ἐκϵῖνος (the antecedent is Κέφαλος) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931).

δὲ: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162).

ἐστϵφανωμένος: Singular, masculine, nominative, perfect, middle, circumstantial participle of στϵφανόω modifying ἐκϵῖνος, the implied subject of καθῆστο (S. 2042, 2054). The perfect tense of the participle denotes completion with permanent results (S. 1872.d). Perfect middle participles are accented as a paroxytone (S. 425.2).

ἐπί τινος προσκϵφαλαίου τϵ καὶ δίφρου: Prepositional phrase; ἐπί with the genitive here means “upon, on” (S. 1689.a). ἐπί: The grave accent on the oxytone is not changed to an acute when followed by an enclitic (S. 145.a). τινος: Singular, neuter, genitive indefinite pronoun used as an adjective modifying προσκϵφαλαίου (S. 1266). The enclitic pronoun loses its accent after the oxytone ἐπί (S. 183.a). προσκϵφαλαίου: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128). τϵ καὶ: The conjunction connects the two genitive nouns in the prepositional phrase; the anticipatory particle τϵ is sometimes placed adjacent to καὶ (S. 2974). τϵ: The enclitic particle loses its accent after the paroxytone προσκϵφαλαίου (S. 183.d). δίφρου: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128).

τϵθυκὼς: Singular, masculine, nominative, perfect, active supplementary participle of θύω modifying ἐκϵῖνος, the supplied subject of ἐτύγχανϵν (S. 2089). The supplementary participle with τυγχάνω is often like an object infinitive after certain verbs and contains the main idea (S. 2094, 2096). The perfect tense of the participle denotes completion with permanent result (S. 1872.d). The perfect participle is accented as an oxytone (S. 425.b).

ἐτύγχανϵν: Third person, singular, imperfect, active, indicative of τυγχάνω (S. 383). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject ἐκϵῖνος (the antecedent is Κέφαλος) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931). The moveable -ν is added to third person singular verbs ending in -ϵ when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).

ἐν τῇ αὐλῇ : Prepositional phrase; ἐν with the dative is here locative and means “in” (S. 1687.1.a). τῇ: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).

ἐκαθϵζόμϵθα οὖν παρ´ αὐτόν· ἔκϵιντο γὰρ δίφροι τινὲς αὐτόθι κύκλῳ. (328.c)

αὐτόθι: on the spot, there.αὐτόν, αὐτήν, αὐτό: him, her, it.γάρ: for.δίφρος, -ου, ὁ: a seat, couch, stool.καθέζομαι: to sit down, take one’s seat.

κϵῖμαι: to lie, be placed.κύκλῳ: in a circle or ring, round about.οὖν: so, then, well, now.παρά (+ acc.): beside, near, by.τις, τι: some, several.

ἐκαθϵζόμϵθα: First person, plural, imperfect, deponent, indicative of καθέζομαι (S. 383). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject ἡμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). Normally, when forming the imperfect in compound verbs, the augment stands between the preposition and the verb; but some verbs, which are not often used except as compounds, are treated like uncompounded verbs and take the augment before the preposition (S. 449-50).

παρ´ αὐτόν: Prepositional phrase; παρά with the accusative here means “beside, near, by” (S. 1692.3.a). παρ´: An elision of παρὰ (S. 70). αὐτόν: Singular, masculine, accusative demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is Κέφαλος (S. 1204). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

ἔκϵιντο: Third person, plural, imperfect, indicative of κϵῖμαι (S. 791). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903).

δίφροι τινὲς: Nominative subject of ἔκϵιντο (S. 927, 938). δίφροι: The noun lacks an article (S. 1126). τινὲς: Plural, masculine, nominative indefinite pronoun used as an adjective (S. 1266). The preceding paroxytone δίφροι receives no additional accent and the dissyllabic enclitic τινὲς retains its accent (S. 183.d).

αὐτόθι: Adverb of place (S. 342, 1094).

κύκλῳ: The adverb is formed from the locative dative of ὁ κύκλος (S. 1535).

ϵὐθὺς οὖν μϵ ἰδὼν ὁ Κέφαλος ἠσπάζϵτό τϵ καὶ ϵἶπϵν ῏Ω Σώκρατϵς, οὐδὲ θαμίζϵις ἡμῖν καταβαίνων ϵἰς τὸν Πϵιραιᾶ· χρῆν μέντοι. (328.c)

ἀσπάζομαι: to welcome kindly, bid welcome, greet.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ϵἶδον: to see, perceive, behold.ϵἶπον: to say.ϵἰς (+ acc.) into, to.ϵὐθύς: straightaway, forthwith, at once.ἡμϵῖς, ἡμῶν: we, of us.θαμίζω: to come often.καταβαίνω: to go down from the inland parts to the sea.

Κέφαλος, -ου, ὁ: Cephalus.μέντοι: really you know.οὐδέ: not at all.οὖν: so, then.Πϵιραιϵύς, -ῶς, ὁ: Piraeus.Σωκράτης, -ους, ὁ: Socrates.τϵ καί: and.χρῆν: it should have been done.ὦ: O.

ϵὐθὺς: Adverb of time (S. 341, 1094).

μϵ: Singular, accusative, enclitic form of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Accusative direct object of both the participle ἰδὼν and the main verb ἠσπάζϵτό (S. 1554, 2040). The enclitic loses its accent and the previous perispomenon οὖν retains its accent unchanged (S. 183.b).

ἰδὼν ὁ Κέφαλος: Nominative subject of ἠσπάζϵτό … ϵἶπϵν (S. 927, 938). ἰδὼν: Singular, masculine, nominative, aorist, active circumstantial participle of ϵἴδω (ϵἶδον) modifying Κέφαλος (S. 2054, L.S. ϵἴδω A). The aorist tense of the participle denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S.1872.c). The aorist participle is accented as an oxytone (S. 425.b). ὁ: Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136).

ἠσπάζϵτό: Third person, singular, imperfect, deponent, indicative of ἀσπάζομαι (S. 383). Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: ϵὐθὺς … ἠσπάζϵτό (S. 2162). The acute accent on the ultima syllable is thrown back from the following enclitic τϵ (S. 183.c). This is an example of an inchoative imperfect; the imperfect may denote the beginning of an action or a series of actions (“began to …, proceeded to …”) (S. 1900).

τϵ καὶ: The conjunction connects the two coordinate clauses; the anticipatory particle τϵ is sometimes placed adjacent to καὶ (S. 2974). τϵ: The enclitic particle throws back its accent onto the previous proparoxytone ἠσπάζϵτό (S. 183.c).

ϵἶπϵν: Third person, singular, aorist, active, indicative of ϵἶπον (L.S. ϵἶπον). Main verb of the (second) complex coordinate clause: ϵἶπϵν … Πϵιραιᾶ (S. 2162). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). The moveable -ν is added to third person singular verbs ending in -ϵ when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).

῏Ω Σώκρατϵς: Vocative; the vocative forms an incomplete sentence (S. 1283). ῏Ω: The exclamation is used with the vocative (S. 1284). Σώκρατϵς: The noun Σωκράτης uses the pure stem in the vocative (S. 248). The vocative is normally found in the interior of a sentence (S. 1285).

οὐδὲ: The adverb is here used as an emphatic negative (D. οὐδέ, pg. 197). Denniston notes that in this instance “οὐδέ is generally considered corrupt: οὔ τι Ast. Schneider supposes an ellipse, “Tu neque alia facis, quae debebas, neque nostram domum frequentas”. [“you neither do other things which you ought, nor do often come to our house” supplying a previous οὐδέ (neque … neque) to balance and mean “neither … nor”] … but Adam may be right in retaining it, comparing R.587c.” (D. οὐδέ, pg. 198).

θαμίζϵις: Second person, singular, present, active, indicative of θαμίζω (S. 383). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).

ἡμῖν: Plural, dative of the personal pronoun ἡμϵῖς (S. 325). Dative of advantage; with verbs of motion (θαμίζϵις) the “dative of the person to whom” is properly a dative of advantage (S. 1485).

καταβαίνων: Singular, masculine nominative, present, active, circumstantial participle of καταβαίνω modifying σύ, the implied subject of θαμίζϵις (S. 2042, 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a).

ϵἰς τὸν Πϵιραιᾶ: Prepositional phrase; ϵἰς with the accusative here means “into, to” (S. 1686.1.a). τὸν: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).

χρῆν: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative, quasi-impersonal verb; the indeclinable substantive χρὴ (“necessity”) is combined with the imperfect verb ἦν (χρὴ + ἦν = χρῆν) (S. 793). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). Supply σὲ καταβαίνϵιν (“that you come down”) as the subject of the quasi-impersonal verb (S. 1985). With the imperfect indicative of impersonal expressions denoting obligation, propriety, necessity, or possibility, the action of a dependent infinitive is usually not realized (S. 1774).

μέντοι: The postpositive particle is here affirmative or emphatic; μέν denotes objective certainty while τοι brings the truth home to another person (D. μέντοι, pg. 399).

ϵἰ μὲν γὰρ ἐγὼ ἔτι ἐν δυνάμϵι ἦν τοῦ ῥᾳδίως πορϵύϵσθαι πρὸς τὸ ἄστυ, οὐδὲν ἄν σϵ ἔδϵι δϵῦρο ἰέναι, ἀλλ´ ἡμϵῖς ἂν παρὰ σὲ ᾖμϵν· (328.c-d)

ἀλλά: but.ἄν: would.ἄστυ, -ϵως, τό: town.δϵῖ: there is need.δϵῦρο: hither, here.δύναμις, -ϵως, ἡ: bodily strength, ability.ἐγώ, ϵμοῦ: I, of me.ϵἰ γάρ: if only.ϵἰμί (ἐν): to be (in a certain state), have.ϵἶμι: to come, go.ἐν (+ dat.): in.

ἔτι: yet, as yet, still.ἡμϵῖς, ἡμῶν: we, of us.μὲν … (δέ): indeed … (but), whereas … (but).οὐδέν: not at all.παρά (+ acc.): to.πορϵύομαι: to go, walk.πρός (+ acc.): towards, to.ῥᾳδίως: easily, readily.σύ, σοῦ: you, of you.τό, τοῦ: the.

ϵἰ … ἦν … ἄν … ἔδϵι … ἀλλ´ … ἂν … ᾖμϵν: A present, unreal conditional statement; the protasis is formed by the conjunction ϵἰ with the imperfect indicative and the apodosis by the imperfect indicative with the particle ἄν (S. 2302).

ϵἰ … ἄστυ: The protasis of the conditional statement (S. 2282). In a present, unreal condition the protasis implies that the supposition cannot be realized because it is contrary to a known fact (S. 2302).

μὲν … (δέ): The two particles μὲν … δέ (δέ being picked up in the next sentence) draw a contrast between the two sentences (S. 2904).

ϵἰ … γὰρ: The combination of particles introduces the idea of a wish (D. γάρ, pg. 89). ϵἰ: The conjunction introduces the protasis (S. 2282). γὰρ: The postpositive particle is used to strengthen a wish (D. γάρ, pg. 90).

ἐγὼ: Singular, nominative of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Nominative subject of ἦν (S. 927, 938). The nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 1190).

ἔτι: Adverb of time (S. 341, 1094).

ἐν δυνάμϵι: Prepositional phrase; ἐν with the dative here means “with” (S. 1687.c). δυνάμϵι: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128).

ἦν: First person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the protasis (S. 2173).

τοῦ ῥᾳδίως πορϵύϵσθαι πρὸς τὸ ἄστυ: The article with the infinitive forms an articular infinitive (S. 2025). The genitive here is used to limit the meaning of the noun δυνάμϵι (“of easily coming to the city”) (S. 2032.b). τοῦ: The singular, neuter, genitive article introduces the articular infinitive (S. 1153.f). ῥᾳδίως: Adverb of manner (S. 343, 1094). πορϵύϵσθαι: Present, middle infinitive of πορϵύω (S. 383). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865). πρὸς τὸ ἄστυ: Prepositional phrase; πρός with the accusative here means “towards, to” (S. 1695.3.a). τὸ: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).

οὐδὲν … ᾖμϵν: The apodosis of the conditional statement (S. 2280). The apodosis states what would be the result if the conditional were realized (S. 2302).

οὐδὲν: Singular, neuter, accusative of the pronomial adjective οὐδϵίς used as an adverb (S. 337, 1609).

ἄν … ἔδϵι: Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause in the apodosis: οὐδὲν … ἰέναι (S. 2162). ἄν: The particle is used in the apodosis to denote the non-fulfillment of the condition (S. 2284). The grave accent on the oxytone is not changed to an acute when followed by an enclitic (S.145.a). ἔδϵι: Third person, singular, imperfect, active, indicative of δϵῖ (L.S. δϵῖ). Quasi-impersonal verb; the following accusative/infinitive functions as the subject (S. 1984-85).

σϵ … ἰέναι: The accusative/infinitive functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal verb ἔδϵι (S. 1984-85). σϵ: Singular, accusative, enclitic form of the personal pronoun σύ (S. 325). The enclitic loses its accent after the oxytone ἄν (S. 183.a). ἰέναι: Present infinitive of ϵἶμι (S. 773). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865).

δϵῦρο: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

ἀλλ´: Adversative conjunction connecting the two coordinate clauses (S. 2775). Elision of ἀλλὰ (S. 70).

ἡμϵῖς: Plural, nominative personal pronoun; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 325, 1190). Nominative subject of ᾖμϵν (S. 927, 938).

ἂν … ᾖμϵν: Main verb of the (second) simple coordinate clause in the apodosis: ἀλλ´ … ᾖμϵν (S. 2162). ἂν: The particle is used in the apodosis to denote the non-fulfillment of the condition (S. 2284). ᾖμϵν: First person, plural, imperfect, indicative of ϵἶμι (S. 773).

παρὰ σὲ: Prepositional phrase; παρά with the accusative here means “to” (S. 1692.3.a). σὲ: Singular, masculine, accusative of the personal pronoun σύ (S. 325).

νῦν δέ σϵ χρὴ πυκνότϵρον δϵῦρο ἰέναι· (328.d)

(μὲν) … δέ: (indeed) … but, (whereas) … but.δϵῦρο: hither.ϵἶμι: to come, go.νῦν: now, as it is, as the case now stands.

πυκνότϵρον: more often, more frequently.σύ, σοῦ: you, of you.χρή: it is necessary.

νῦν δέ: The combination of particles marks a strong contrast (S. 2835). νῦν: Adverb (S. 341, 1094, 2924). δέ: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; here the particle δέ has an adversative sense and serves to mark that something is different from what precedes, but only to offset it, not to exclude or contradict it (S. 2834-35). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162). The postpositive particle draws a contrast with the previous sentence (S. 2904). The oxytone, followed by an enclitic, retains its accent and does not change from the acute to grave (S. 154.a).

σϵ … πυκνότϵρον δϵῦρο ἰέναι: The accusative/infinitive phrase functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal verb χρὴ (S. 1984-85).

σϵ: Singular, accusative, enclitic form of the personal pronoun σύ (S. 325). The enclitic pronoun loses its accent after the oxytone δέ (S. 183.a).

πυκνότϵρον: Comparative adverb of πυκνόν (S. 345, 1094).

δϵῦρο: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

ἰέναι: Present infinitive of ϵἶμι (S. 773). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865).

χρὴ {(ἑστί) = (χρή ἑστιν)}: Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). An indeclinable substantive meaning “necessity” with the verb understood; in the present indicative ἐστί is to be supplied to form a quasi-impersonal verb meaning “it is necessary …” (S. 793, 933). The following infinitive functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal expression (S. 1984-85).

ὡς ϵὖ ἴσθι ὅτι ἔμοιγϵ, ὅσον αἱ κατὰ τὸ σῶμα ἡδοναὶ ἀπομαραίνονται, τοσοῦτον αὔξονται αἱ πϵρὶ τοὺς λόγους ἐπιθυμίαι τϵ καὶ ἡδοναί. (328.d)

ἀπομαραίνομαι: to waste or wither away, die away.αὔξομαι: to grow, wax, increase.ἔγωγϵ, ἐμοῦγϵ: I at least, for my part, for myself.ἐπιθυμία, -ας, ἡ: desire, yearning, longing.ϵὖ: well.ἡδονή, -ῆς, ἡ: delight, enjoyment, pleasure.κατά (+ acc.): in relation to, concerning.λόγος, -ου, ὁ: argument, discourse, conversation.

οἶδα: to know.ὅσον … τοσοῦτον: so far as, so much as … so or thus much.ὅτι: that.πϵρί (+ acc.): concerning, about, with reference to.σῶμα, -ατος, τό: the body.τϵ καί: and.ὡς: very, quite.

ὡς: The relative adverb augments the force of ϵὖ (L.S. ὡς Ab III a).

ϵὖ: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

ἴσθι: Second person, singular, perfect imperative with present force of οἶδα (S. 794). The main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).

ὅτι … ἡδοναί: The conjunction ὅτι introduces a dependent subordinate clause after ἴσθι, a verb of knowing (S. 2577).

ὅτι: Conjunction introducing the dependent clause (S. 2577).

ἔμοιγϵ: Singular, dative form of the personal pronoun ἔγωγϵ (S. 325). Dative of reference; the dative of a pronoun often denotes the person in whose opinion a statement holds good (S. 1496). The suffix -γϵ attached to the pronoun ἐγώ makes it emphatic (S. 325.b). The compound of ἐγώ γϵ becomes a proparoxytone (S. 186.a).

ὅσον … ἀπομαραίνονται: Clause of comparison; the clause is here a sub-dependent clause (S. 2180, 2462).

ὅσον … τοσοῦτον: A comparative clause of quality or degree is introduced by the relative adverb ὅσον in the subordinate clause and the principal clause contains the demonstrative adverb τοσοῦτον (S. 340, 2468).

αἱ κατὰ τὸ σῶμα ἡδοναὶ: Nominative subject of ἀπομαραίνονται (S. 927, 938). κατὰ τὸ σῶμα: Prepositional phrase; κατά with the accusative here means “in relation to, concerning” (S. 1690.2.c). The prepositional phrase is between the article and noun in the attributive position (S. 1154). τὸ: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).

ἀπομαραίνονται: Third person, plural, present, passive, indicative of ἀπομαραίνομαι (there is no active form) (S. 383). Main verb of the sub-dependent clause: ὅσον … ἀπομαραίνονται (S. 2173, 2180).

τοσοῦτον … ἡδοναί: The main dependent clause after ὅτι (S. 2180, 2577).

αὔξονται: Third person, plural, present, passive, indicative of αὔξω (S. 383). Main verb of the dependent clause (S. 2173).

αἱ πϵρὶ τοὺς λόγους ἐπιθυμίαι τϵ καὶ ἡδοναί: Nominative subject of αὔξονται (S. 927, 938). αἱ … ἐπιθυμίαι … ἡδοναί: A single article, used with the first of two or more nouns connected by and, produces the effect of a single notion (S. 1143). πϵρὶ τοὺς λόγους: Prepositional phrase; πϵρί with the accusative here means “concerning, about, with reference to” (S. 1693.3.c). The prepositional phrase is between the article and noun in the attributive position (S. 1154). τοὺς: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128). τϵ καὶ: The conjunction connects the two nominative nouns (S. 2974). τϵ: The anticipatory particle τϵ is sometimes placed adjacent to καὶ (S. 2974). The enclitic particle loses its accent after the paroxytone ἐπιθυμίαι (S. 183.d).

μὴ οὖν ἄλλως ποίϵι, ἀλλὰ τοῖσδέ τϵ τοῖς νϵανίαις ξύνισθι καὶ δϵῦρο παρ´ ἡμᾶς φοίτα ὡς παρὰ φίλους τϵ καὶ πάνυ οἰκϵίους. (328.d)

ἀλλά: but.ἄλλως: otherwise, differently.δϵῦρο: hither.ἡμϵῖς, ἡμῶν: we, of us.μή: (do) not.νϵανίας, -ου, ὁ: young man, youth.ξύνϵιμι: to be with, be joined with, take part with.ὅδϵ, ἥδϵ, τόδϵ: this man, woman, or thing.οἰκϵίοι, -ῶν, οἱ: kinsmen.

οὖν: so, then.πάνυ: nearest, closest.παρά (+ acc.): to.ποιέω: to do.τϵ … καί: and.τϵ καί: and.φίλος, -ου, ὁ: friend.φοιτάω: to visit.ὡς: as.

μὴ … ποίϵι: Negative imperative (S. 1840). μὴ: The negative adverb μή is used in negative imperatives (S. 2689). ποίϵι: Second person, singular, present, active imperative of ποιέω (S. 385). Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: μὴ … ποίϵι (S. 2162). In the second person, prohibitions are expressed with μή and the present imperative (as here) or the aorist subjunctive (S. 1840). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The present tense of the imperative denotes continued action (S. 1864.a).

ἄλλως: Adverb of manner (S. 343, 1094).

ἀλλὰ: Adversative conjunction connecting the first and second coordinate clauses (S. 2775).

τοῖσδέ … τοῖς νϵανίαις: Dative object of the compound verb ξύνισθι (S. 1545). τοῖσδέ: Plural, masculine, dative, demonstrative pronoun used as an adjective modifying νϵανίαις (S. 1238). Normally, a paroxytone will receive no additional accent when followed by an enclitic. Here, however, the inseparable suffix -δϵ is itself enclitic and so receives the accent from the enclitic τϵ (S. 181.d, 183.d, 185).

τϵ … καὶ: The conjunction connects the second and third coordinate clauses (S. 2974). τϵ: The anticipatory particle τϵ is often separated from καί by one or more words (S. 2974). When the postpositive particle is preparatory, it is normally placed second in the sentence or clause (D. τϵ, pg. 515). When several enclitics occur in succession, each receives an accent from the following, only the last having no accent (S. 185).

ξύνισθι: Second person, singular, present imperative of ξύνϵιμι (S. 768). Main verb of the (second) simple coordinate clause: ἀλλὰ … ξύνισθι (S. 2162). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The present tense of the imperative denotes continued action (S. 1864.a).

δϵῦρο: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

παρ´ ἡμᾶς: Prepositional phrase; παρά with the accusative here means “to” (S. 1692.3.a). παρ´: An elision of παρὰ (S. 70). ἡμᾶς: Plural, accusative of the personal pronoun ἡμϵῖς (S. 325).

φοίτα: Second person, singular, present, active, imperative of φοίτάω (S. 385). Main verb of the (third) complex coordinate clause: δϵῦρο … οἰκϵίους (S. 2162). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The present tense of the imperative denotes continued action (S. 1864.a).

ὡς … οἰκϵίους: Comparative clause; the relative adverb ὡς “as” introduces the clause and the verb is commonly omitted if it is the same as the verb of the leading clause (φοίτα) (S. 2463-64).

παρὰ φίλους τϵ καὶ πάνυ οἰκϵίους: Prepositional phrase; παρά with the accusative here means “to” (S. 1692.3.a). φίλους … οἰκϵίους: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128). τϵ καὶ: The conjunction connects the two accusative nouns (S. 2974). τϵ: The anticipatory particle τϵ is sometimes placed adjacent to καὶ (S. 2974). The enclitic particle loses its accent after the paroxytone φίλους (S. 183.d).

πάνυ: Adverb; here modifying οἰκϵίους, an adjective used substantively (S. 341, 1094).

I.2.B: Socrates and Cephalus discuss the positive and negative aspects of old age. (328.d-329.d)

Καὶ μήν, ἦν δ´ ἐγώ, ὦ Κέφαλϵ, χαίρω γϵ διαλϵγόμϵνος τοῖς σφόδρα πρϵσβύταις· (328.d-e)

δέ: and.διαλέγομαι: to converse with, hold converse with.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ἠμί: to say.καὶ μὴν… γϵ: and indeed, and yet, oh, but.

Κέφαλος, -ου, ὁ: Cephalus.πρϵσβύτης, -ου, ὁ: old man.σφόδρα: very, exceedingly.χαίρω: to rejoice at, be glad to.ὦ: O.

Καὶ μήν … γϵ: The combination of particles is here progressive; it expresses agreement or consent, or a generally favorable reaction to the words of the previous speaker (S. 2921) (D. καὶ μήν, pg. 353-355). Καὶ: The particle here connects this sentence with the previous one (S. 2868). μήν: The postpositive adversative particle balances, denoting that a fact coexists with another fact opposed to it meaning “yet, however” (D. μήν, pg. 334). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154). γϵ: Here γϵ emphasizes the word with which it is immediately connected (χαίρω) (S. 2921) (D. γϵ pg. 119-120). The enclitic particle loses its accent after the paroxytone χαίρω (S. 183.d).

ἦν δ´ ἐγώ: This phrase introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). ἦν: First person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ἠμί (S. 792). Main verb of the introductory phrase (S. 903). The irregular verb only occurs in the present and imperfect 1st and 3d singular (= Latin inquam, inquit) (S. 792). δ´: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162). An elision of δὲ (S. 70). ἐγώ: Singular, nominative of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Nominative subject of ἦν (S. 927, 938). The personal pronoun is usually omitted unless emphatic (here changing subjects) (S. 1190). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

ὦ Κέφαλϵ: Vocative; the vocative forms an incomplete sentence (S. 1283). ὦ: The exclamation is used with the vocative (S. 1284). The vocative is normally found in the interior of a sentence (S. 1285).

χαίρω: First person, singular, present, active, indicative of χαίρω (S. 383). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject ἐγώ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).

διαλϵγόμϵνος: Singular, masculine, nominative, present, deponent supplementary participle of διαλέγομαι modifying ἐγώ, the implied subject of χαίρω (S. 2042, 2088). The supplementary participle is often like an object infinitive after certain verbs (S. 2094). With verbs of emotion the supplementary participle often denotes cause (S. 2100). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action (S. 1872.a).

τοῖς σφόδρα πρϵσβύταις: Dative of association with the participle διαλϵγόμϵνος; the dative is used with words denoting friendly or hostile association or intercourse (S. 1523, 2040). σφόδρα: Adverb; here modifying πρϵσβύταις, an adjective used substantively (S. 341, 1094).

δοκϵῖ γάρ μοι χρῆναι παρ´ αὐτῶν πυνθάνϵσθαι, ὥσπϵρ τινὰ ὁδὸν προϵληλυθότων, ἣν καὶ ἡμᾶς ἴσως δϵήσϵι πορϵύϵσθαι, ποία τίς ἐστι, τραχϵῖα καὶ χαλϵπή, ἢ ῥᾳδία καὶ ϵὔπορος· (328.e)

αὐτόν, αὐτήν, αὐτό: him, her, it.γάρ: for.δϵῖ: it is needful for, one must.δοκέω: to seem, to seem good.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ἐιμί: to be.ϵὔπορος, -ον: easy to pass or travel through.ἤ: or.ἡμϵῖς, ἡμῶν: we, of us.ἴσως: equally, in like manner.καί: also; and.ὁδός, -οῦ, ἡ: way, road, path, track, highway.

ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: who, which.παρά (+ gen.): from.ποῖός τις, -α, -ον: of what nature? of what sort?πορϵύομαι: to go, walk, go across, pass.προέρχομαι: to go forward, go on, advance, go before or first.πυνθάνομαι: to learn from, learn by inquiry, hear, learn.ῥᾴδιος, -α, -ον: easy, easy to do.τις, τι: some.τραχύς, -ϵῖα, -ύ: rugged, rough.χαλϵπός, -ή, -όν: hard to bear, difficult, irksome.χρῆναι: to be necessary.ὥσπϵρ: as, just as, as it were.

δοκϵῖ: Third person, singular, present, active indicative of δοκέω (S. 385). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). Quasi-impersonal use of the verb meaning “it seems good”; the infinitive phrase χρῆναι παρ´ αὺτῶν πυνθάνϵσθαι functions as the subject (S. 1984-85).

γάρ: Postpositive particle; causal γάρ, as a conjunction, serves to introduce a cause of, or a reason for, an action before mentioned; to justify a preceding utterance; to confirm the truth of a previous statement (S. 2810). The oxytone, followed by an enclitic, retains its accent and does not change from the acute to grave (S. 154.a).

χρῆναι … πυνθάνϵσθαι: The infinitive phrase functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal verb δοκϵῖ (S. 1984-85).

χρῆναι: Present infinitive; the quasi-impersonal verb is formed by an elision of the indeclinable substantive χρή and the infinitive ϵἶναι (S. 793). The infinitive functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal verb δοκϵῖ (S. 1984-85). The following infinitive phrase παρ´ αὐτῶν πυνθάνϵσθαι functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal infinitive (S. 1984-85). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865).

παρ´ … πυνθάνϵσθαι: The infinitive phrase functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal verb χρῆναι (S. 1984-85).

παρ´ αὐτῶν: Prepositional phrase; παρά with the genitive here denotes source with the infinitive πυνθάνϵσθαι and means “from” (S. 1692.1.b). παρ´: An elision of παρὰ (S. 70). αὐτῶν: Plural, masculine, genitive demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is πρϵσβύταις (S. 1204).

πυνθάνϵσθαι: Present, deponent infinitive of πυνθάνομαι (S. 383). The infinitive functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal verb χρῆναι (S. 1984-85). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865).

ὥσπϵρ … πορϵύϵσθαι: Clause of comparison with two dependent clauses (S. 2462).

ὥσπϵρ: The adverb of comparison denotes that the action of the main verb is compared with an assumed case (S. 2087).

τινὰ ὁδὸν: Accusative direct object of the participle προϵληλυθότω (S.1554, 2040). τινὰ: Singular, feminine, accusative indefinite pronoun used as an adjective (S. 1266). The preceding paroxytone ὥσπϵρ receives no additional accent and the dissyllabic enclitic τινὰ retains its accent (S. 183.d). ὁδὸν: The noun lacks an article (S. 1126).

προϵληλυθότων: Plural, genitive, prefect, active circumstantial participle of προέρχομαι (S. 383). The participle here stand for the main verb in the clause and has been attracted to the case of αὐτῶν, to whom the comparison is being made (S. 2465). The perfect tense of the participle denotes completion with permanent results (S. 1872.d).

ἣν … πορϵύϵσθαι: Relative clause (S. 2488-2573).

ἣν: Singular, feminine, accusative relative pronoun; the antecedent is ὁδὸν (S. 338, 2501). Accusative direct object of the infinitive πορϵύϵσθαι (S.1554, 1967).

καὶ: Adverbial use of the particle meaning “also” (S. 2881).

ἡμᾶς … πορϵύϵσθαι: The infinitive phrase is the subject of the quasi-impersonal verb δϵήσϵι (S. 1984-85). ἡμᾶς: Plural, accusative personal pronoun ἡμϵῖς (S. 325). Accusative subject of the infinitive (S. 1972). πορϵύϵσθαι: Present middle infinitive of πορϵύω (S. 383). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865.a).

ἴσως: Adverb (S. 343, 1094).

δϵήσϵι: Third person, singular, future, active, indicative of the quasi-impersonal verb δϵῖ (L.S. δϵῖ). Main verb of the relative clause (S. 2173). Quasi-impersonal use of the verb; the infinitive phrase ἡμᾶςἴσως … πορϵύϵσθαι functions as the subject (S. 1984-85).

ποία τίς… ϵὔπορος: Indirect question dependent on πυνθάνϵσθαι (S. 2663).

ποία τίς: Predicate nominative modifying αὕτη, the supplied subject of ἐστι, after ἐστι (S. 939). ποία: Singular, feminine, nominative indirect interrogative pronomial adjective; the antecedent is ὁδὸν (S. 340, 1262). τίς: Singular, feminine, nominative indefinite pronoun used as an adjective; when the pronoun is used with ποῖος, it makes the question less definite (S. 1266, 1268, L.S. ποῖος 4). The enclitic pronoun loses its accent after the paroxytone ποία (S. 183.d). The acute accent is thrown back from the following enclitic ἐστι (S. 185).

ἐστι: Third person, singular, present, indicative of ἐιμί (S. 768). Main verb of the indirect question (S. 2173). After a primary tense (δοκϵῖ) the mood and tense of the direct question are retained (S. 2677). Supply αὕτη (the antecedent is ὁδός) as the subject (S. 931.a). When several enclitics occur in succession, each receives an accent from the following, only the last having no accent (S. 185).

τραχϵῖα καὶ χαλϵπή, ἢ ῥᾳδία καὶ ϵὔπορος: An anacoluthon; although not obscure, the adjectives added to the clause modifying ποία τίς do not follow from the structure of the original clause (ποία τίς ἐστι) (S. 3005). “Artificial or rhetorical anacoluthon is the result of a deliberate purpose to give to the written language the vividness, naturalness, and unaffected freedom of the easy flow of conversation, and is best seen in the dialogues of Plato” (S. 3007).

τραχϵῖα καὶ χαλϵπή: Two, singular, feminine, nominative predicate adjectives modifying ποία (S.911). καὶ: The conjunction connects the two adjectives (S. 2868). χαλϵπή: An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

ἢ: Disjunctive conjunction connecting the two sets of adjectives (S. 2856).

ῥᾳδία καὶ ϵὔπορος: Two, singular, feminine, nominative predicate adjectives modifying ποία (S. 911). καὶ: The conjunction connects the two adjectives (S. 2868).

καὶ δὴ καὶ σοῦ ἡδέως ἂν πυθοίμην, ὅ τί σοι φαίνϵται τοῦτο, ἐπϵιδὴ ἐνταῦθαἤδη ϵἶ τῆς ἡλικίας, ὃ δὴ ἐπὶ γήραος οὐδῷ φασὶν ϵἶναι οἱ ποιηταί, πότϵρον χαλϵπὸν τοῦ βίου ἢπῶς σὺ αὐτὸ ἐξαγγέλλϵις. (328.e)

ἄν: would.αὐτόν, αὐτήν, αὐτό: him, her, it.βίος, -ου, ὁ: life.γῆρας, -ος, τό: old age.δή: indeed, in fact, of course, certainly.ϵἰμί: to be.ἐνταῦθα (+ gen.): at this.ἐξαγγέλλω: to report, proclaim, make known.ἐπϵιδή: since, seeing that.ἐπί (+ dat.): upon, at, near.ἡδέως: gladly, pleasantly, with pleasure.ἤδη: now, presently.ἡλικία, -ας, ἡ: time of life, age.

καὶ δὴ καί: and especially, and in particular, and what is more.ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: who, which.ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι: whosoever, whichsoever.οὐδός, -οῦ, ὁ: threshold, verge.οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this man, woman, or thingποιητής, -οῦ, ὁ: poet.πότϵρον … ἤ: whether … or.πυνθάνομαι: to learn, hear.πῶς: how?σύ, σοῦ: you, of you.φαίνομαι: to appear to be.φημί: to say, affirm, assert.χαλϵπός, -ή, -όν: hard to deal with, difficult, irksome.

καὶ δὴ καὶ: The conjunction connects the previous sentence with this one and marks a kind of climax (S. 2890). The first καί is conjunctional, the postpositive particle δή is intensive with καί, and the second καί is adverbial, emphasizing the following word (S. 2890) (D. καὶ δὴ καί, pg. 255).

σοῦ: Singular, genitive form of the personal pronoun σύ (S. 325). Genitive of source (S. 1410-11).

ἡδέως: Adverb of manner (S. 343, 1094).

ἂν πυθοίμην: Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). ἂν: The potential optative with the particle ἄν states a future possibility, propriety, or likelihood, as an opinion of the speaker, here meaning “would” (S. 1824). πυθοίμην: First person, singular, aorist, deponent, optative of πυνθάνομαι (S. 383). The subject ἐγώ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The present and aorist are used of what will be, or what will prove to be, true (S. 1828).

ὅ τί … βίου: Indirect question dependent on πυθοίμην (S. 2663).

ὅ τί {(ὂν) = (ὅ τι ὄν)}: Singular, neuter, nominative indirect interrogative pronomial adjective (S. 339-40). Predicate nominative modifying τοῦτο after φαίνϵται (S. 1262). ὅ: The oxytone, followed by an enclitic, retains its accent and does not change from the acute to grave (S. 154.a). τί: The acute accent is thrown back from the following enclitic σοι (S. 185). ὄν: Supply the supplementary participle ὄν after φαίνϵται; the verb φαίνομαι can govern either the infinitive or a participle with a change of meaning; the infinitive implies that the claim may not be true while the participle implies that the claim does not merely seem true, but actually is (S. 2119,2143).

σοι: Singular, dative, enclitic form of the personal pronoun σύ (S. 325). Dative of reference; the dative of a pronoun often denotes the person in whose opinion a statement holds good (S. 1496). When several enclitics occur in succession, each receives an accent from the following, only the last having no accent (S. 185).

φαίνϵται: Third person, singular, present, middle, indicative of φαίνω (S. 383). Main verb of the indirect question (S. 2173). The mood and tense of the direct question are retained after a potential optative (πυθοίμην) (S. 2677).

τοῦτο: Nominative subject of φαίνϵται (S. 927, 938). Here the neuter pronoun points ahead to the indirect questions πότϵρον … ἐξαγγέλλϵις (S. 1247).

ἐπϵιδὴ … ποιηταί: Causal clause introduced by the causal conjunction ἐπϵιδή (S. 2240).

ἐνταῦθα … τῆς ἡλικίας: The adverb of time ἐνταῦθα is here used with the genitive and means “at this” (L.S. ἐνταῦθα III) (S. 1439.b).

ἤδη: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

ϵἶ: Second person, singular, present, indicative of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the causal clause (S. 2173). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). This is the only form of the present tense of ϵἰμί that is not an enclitic (S. 181.c).

ὃ … ποιηταί: Relative clause (S. 2488-2573).

ὃ … ϵἶναι: Accusative/infinitive construction in indirect discourse after φασὶν (S. 2016). ὃ: Singular, neuter, accusative relative pronoun; the neuter does not agree with its antecedent (τῆς ἡλικίας) but is in agreement with the notion implied in the antecedent meaning “a thing which” (S. 2502.d). Accusative subject of the infinitive (S. 1972). ϵἶναι: Present infinitive of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the indirect discourse; the infinitive represents a finite verbafter verbs of saying and thinking; each tense of direct discourse is retained (with its proper meaning as regards stage of action) when it becomes infinitive in indirect discourse (S. 2019, 2022).

δὴ: The postpositive particle, when following a relative pronoun, stresses the importance of the antecedent or its exact identification with the consequent (S. 2843) (D. δή, pg. 218).

ἐπὶ γήραος οὐδῷ: Prepositional phrase; ἐπί with the dative here means “upon, at, near” (S. 1689.2.a). The prepositional phrase stands in the predicate position after ϵἶναι (S. 917-18). γήραος: Partitive genitive with οὐδῷ without the article; the partitive genitive stands before or after the word denoting the part (S. 1126, 1306-07). οὐδῷ: The article is often omitted in phrases containing prepositions (S. 1128).

φασὶν: Third person, plural, present, indicative of φημί (S. 783). Main verb of the relative clause (S. 2173). The enclitic retains its accent after the improper diphthong ῷ (= ωι) (S. 5, 183.d). The moveable -ν is added to words ending in -σι when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).

οἱ ποιηταί: Nominative subject of φασὶν (S. 927, 938).

πότϵρον … ἢ … ἐξαγγέλλϵις: Indirect alternative questions in apposition to τοῦτο (S. 994).

πότϵρον … ἢ: The interrogative adverb and conjunction introduce the coordinate indirect questions (S. 2675).

χαλϵπὸν {(ἐστί ἐκϵῖο) = (χαλϵπόν ἐστιν ἐκϵῖο)}: Singular, neuter, nominative predicate adjective modifying ἐκϵῖο (“this”), the supplied subject of the supplied verb ἐστιν (S. 910). ἐστιν ἐκϵῖο: Supply ἐστιν as the main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: πότϵρον … βίου and ἐκϵῖο (the antecedent is τοῦτο) as its subject (S. 944, 948).

τοῦ βίου: Partitive genitive; here the noun of which this is a part is implied (“part”, “time”, etc.)

πῶς: Indirect interrogative adverb (S. 346, 1094).

σὺ: Singular, nominative personal pronoun of σύ (S. 325). Nominative subject of ἐξαγγέλλϵις (S. 927, 938). The nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).

αὐτὸ: Singular, neuter, accusative demonstrative pronoun used substantively (S. 1238). The antecedent is the thought expressed above on the difficulties of old age (S. 1247). Accusative direct object of ἐξαγγέλλϵις (S. 1554).

ἐξαγγέλλϵις: Second person, singular, present, active, indicative of ἐξαγγέλλω (S. 383). Main verb of the (second) simple coordinate clause: πῶς … ἐξαγγέλλϵις (S. 2162). The mood and tense of the direct question are retained after a potential optative (πυθοίμην) (S. 2677).

III. ᾿Εγώ σοι, ἔφη, νὴ τὸν Δία ἐρῶ, ὦ Σώκρατϵς, οἷόν γέ μοι φαίνϵται. πολλάκις γὰρ συνϵρχόμϵθά τινϵς ϵἰς ταὐτὸ παραπλησίαν ἡλικίαν ἔχοντϵς, διασώζοντϵς τὴν παλαιὰν παροιμίαν. (328.e-329.a)

αὑτός, αὑτή, ταὐτό: the very one, the same.γάρ: for.γϵ: ever, at least, at any rate.διασώζω: to preserve, maintain, keep in mind.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ϵἴρω: I will tell, proclaim.ϵἰς (+ acc.): for, to seek.ἔχω: to be, have.Ζϵύς, Διός, ὁ: Zeus.ἡλικία, -ίας, ἡ: time of life, age.νή: yea, by.οἷον how?

παλαιός, -ά, -όν: of old date, ancient.παραπλήσιος, -α, -ον, and -ος, -ον: about equal, nearly equal.παροιμία, -ίας, ἡ: proverb, maxim, saw.πολλάκις: many times, often.σύ, σοῦ: you, of you.συνέρχομαι: to come together, assemble, meet.Σωκράτης, -ους, ὁ: Socrates.τις, τι: some.φαίνομαι: to appear to be.φημί: to say.ὦ: O.

᾿Εγώ: Singular, nominative of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Nominative subject of ἐρῶ (S. 927, 938). The nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The oxytone, followed by an enclitic, retains its accent and does not change from the acute to grave (S. 154.a).

σοι: Singular, dative, enclitic form of the personal pronoun σύ (S. 325). Dative indirect object of ἐρῶ (S. 1471). The enclitic pronoun loses its accent after the oxytone ᾿Εγώ (S. 183.a).

ἔφη: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of φημί (S. 783). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). The subject ἐκϵῖνος (the antecedent is Κέφαλος) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931).

νὴ τὸν Δία: The accusative τὸν Δία is used in asseverations with the adverb of swearing νή (S. 1596.b, 2894, 2923). τὸν: Names of deities omit the article except where emphatic (S. 1137). For the article with Δία see also 334.B. Δία: This is an irregular substantive; Ζϵύς is from Διϵυς (S. 285.12).

ἐρῶ: First person, singular, future, active, indicative of ϵἴρω (S. Appendix, list of verbs). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173).

ὦ Σώκρατϵς: Vocative; the vocative forms an incomplete sentence (S. 1283). ὦ: The exclamation is used with the vocative (S. 1284). Σώκρατϵς: The noun Σωκράτης uses the pure stem in the vocative (S. 248). The vocative is normally found in the interior of a sentence (S. 1285).

οἷόν … φαίνϵται: Indirect question dependent on ἐρῶ (S. 2663).

οἷόν: The singular, neuter of οἷος is used as an adverb introducing the indirect question (S. 2663). The acute accent on the properispomenon is thrown back from the following enclitic γέ (S. 183.c).

γέ: The postpositive, enclitic particle here emphasizes the preceding word (S. 2821). The acute accent is thrown back from the following enclitic μοι (S. 185).

μοι: Singular, dative, enclitic form of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Dative of reference; the dative of a pronoun often denotes the person in whose opinion a statement holds good (S. 1496). When several enclitics occur in succession, each receives an accent from the following, only the last having no accent (S. 185).

φαίνϵται: Third person, singular, present, passive, indicative of φαίνομαι (S. 383). Main verb of the indirect question (S. 2173). The subject τοῦτο (“this thing, matter, or affair”) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931). After a primary tense (ἐρῶ) the mood and tense of the direct question are retained (S. 2677).

πολλάκις: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

γὰρ: The postpositive explanatory particle is used after an expression denoting the giving or receiving of information (S. 2808) (D. γάρ, pg. 59).

συνϵρχόμϵθά: First person, plural, present, deponent, indicative of συνέρχομαι (S. 383). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject ἡμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The acute accent on the ultima syllable is thrown back from the following enclitic τινϵς (S. 183.c).

τινϵς … ἔχοντϵς … διασώζοντϵς: Nominatives in apposition to ἡμϵῖς, the supplied subject of συνϵρχόμϵθά (S. 927, 938). τινϵς: Plural, masculine, nominative indefinite adjective used substantively meaning “some men” (S. 1266). The enclitic pronoun throws back its accent onto the previous proparoxytone συνϵρχόμϵθά (S. 183.c).

ϵἰς ταὐτὸ: Prepositional phrase; ϵἰς with the accusative here means “for, to seek” (S. 1686.1.d). ταὐτὸ: Singular, neuter, accusative personal pronoun used substantively with the article meaning “the same thing” (S. 1212). Crasis of τὸ αὐτό (S. 328 Note).

παραπλησίαν ἡλικίαν: Accusative direct object of the participle ἔχοντϵς (S. 1554, 2040).

ἔχοντϵς διασώζοντϵς: Notice the lack of a connective between the two participles (asyndeton) (S. 3016).

ἔχοντϵς: Plural, masculine, nominative, present, active circumstantial participle of ἔχω modifying τινϵς (S. 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a).

διασώζοντϵς: Plural, masculine, nominative, present, active circumstantial participle of διασώζω modifying τινϵς (S. 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a).

τὴν παλαιὰν παροιμίαν: Accusative direct object of the participle διασώζοντϵς (S.1554, 2040). παλαιὰν: The adjective is between the article and noun in the attributive position (S. 1154).

οἱ οὖν πλϵῖστοι ἡμῶν ὀλοφύρονται ξυνιόντϵς, τὰς ἐν τῇ νϵότητι ἡδονὰς ποθοῦντϵς καὶ ἀναμιμνησκόμϵνοι πϵρί τϵ τἀφροδίσια καὶ πϵρὶ πότους καὶ ϵὐωχίας καὶ ἄλλ´ ἄττα ἃ τῶν τοιούτων ἔχϵται, καὶ ἀγανακτοῦσιν ὡς μϵγάλων τινῶν ἀπϵστϵρημένοι καὶ τότϵ μὲν ϵὖ ζῶντϵς, νῦν δὲ οὐδὲ ζῶντϵς· (329.a)

ἀγανακτέω: to be displeased, vexed, angry.ἄλλα, -ῶν, τά: the other things, the rest.ἀναμιμνήσκομαι: to remember, recall to mind.ἀποστϵρέομαι: to be robbed, deprived of.ἄττα: see τις.ἀφροδίσια, -ων, τά: sexual pleasures.ἐν (+ dat.): in, during.ϵὖ: well, fortunately, happily, in good case.ϵὐωχία, -ας, ἡ: good cheer, feasting.ἔχομαι: to pertain to.ζάω: to live.ἡδονή, -ῆς, ἡ: enjoyment, pleasure, delight.ἡμϵῖς, ἡμῶν: we, of us.καί: and.μέγας, μϵγάλη, μέγα: big, great, weighty, important.μὲν … δέ: on the one hand … on the other hand.

νϵότης, -ητος, ἡ: youth, one’s youth.νῦν: now, as it is, as the case now stands.ξύνϵιμι: to go or come together, assemble.ὀλοφύρομαι: to lament, moan, wail, bewail.ὅς, ἥ, ὄ: who, which.οὐδέ: not even.οὖν: so, then, well, now.πϵρί (+ acc.): about.πλϵῖστοι, -ων, οἱ: very many men, most men.ποθέω: to long for, yearn after, miss, regret.πότος, -ου, ὁ: drinking, a drinking-bout.τϵ … καί: and.τις, τι: some; someone, something.τοιοῦτο, -ου, τό: such a thing, such-like.τότϵ: at that time, then, formerly.ὡς: as if, as, in the opinion that, on the ground that.

οἱ … πλϵῖστοι: … ξυνιόντϵς … ποθοῦντϵς … ἀναμιμνησκόμϵνοι … ἀπϵστϵρημένοι … ζῶντϵς … ζῶντϵς: Nominative subject of ὀλοφύρονται and ἀγανακτοῦσιν (S. 927, 938). οἱ … πλϵῖστοι: Plural, masculine, nominative superlative adjective of πολύς used substantively with the article (S. 1021, 1153.a).

οὖν: The postpositive connecting particle marks a new stage in the sequence of events (S. 2956) (D. οὖν, pg. 425).

ἡμῶν: Plural, genitive of the personal pronoun ἡμϵῖς (S. 325). Partitive genitive with πλϵῖστοι (S. 1306).

ὀλοφύρονται: Third person, plural, present, deponent, indicative of ὀλοφύρομαι (S. 383). Main verb of the (first) complex coordinate clause: οἱ … ἔχϵται (S. 2162).

ξυνιόντϵς: Plural, masculine, nominative, present, circumstantial participle of ξύνϵιμι modifying πλϵῖστοι (S. 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a).

τὰς ἐν τῇ νϵότητι ἡδονὰς: Accusative direct object of the participle ποθοῦντϵς (S.1554, 2040). ἐν τῇ νϵότητι: Prepositional phrase; ἐν with the dative here means “in, during” (S. 1687.1.b). The prepositional phrase is between the article and noun in the attributive position (S. 1154). τῇ: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).

ποθοῦντϵς: Plural, masculine, nominative, present, active circumstantial participle of ποθέω modifying πλϵῖστοι (S. 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a).

καὶ: The conjunction connects the two participial phrases (S. 2868).

ἀναμιμνησκόμϵνοι: Plural, masculine, nominative, present, passive circumstantial participle of ἀναμιμνήσκομαι modifying πλϵῖστοι (S. 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a). The verb can be either followed by a genitive object or the preposition πϵρί (L.S. ἀναμιμνήσκω II).

πϵρί … τἀφροδίσια: Prepositional phrase; πϵρί with the accusative here means “about” (S. 1693.3.c). πϵρί: The oxytone, followed by an enclitic, retains its accent and does not change from the acute to grave (S. 154.a). τἀφροδίσια: Crasis of τὰ᾿ Αφροδίσια (S. 62). A euphemism (S. 3024). τ-: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).

τϵ … καὶ: The conjunction connects the two prepositional phrases (S. 2974). τϵ: The anticipatory particle τϵ is often separated from καί by one or more words (S. 2974). When the postpositive particle is preparatory, it is normally placed second in the sentence or clause (D. τϵ, pg. 515). The enclitic loses its accent after the oxytone πϵρί (S. 183.a).

πϵρὶ πότους καὶ ϵὐωχίας καὶ ἄλλ´ ἄττα: Prepositional phrase; πϵρί with the accusative here means “about” (S. 1693.3.c). πότους … ϵὐωχίας: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128). καὶ: The conjunction connects the first and second accusative nouns (S. 2868). καὶ: The conjunction connects the second and third accusative nouns (S. 2868). ἄλλ´: Plural, neuter, accusative adjective of ἄλλος used substantively without the article meaning “other things” (S. 1021). Elision of ἄλλα (S. 70). ἄττα: Plural, neuter, accusative non-enclitic form (for τινά) of the indefinite pronoun τὶς used as an adjective modifying ἄλλ´ (S. 334.a, 1266).

ἃ τῶν τοιούτων ἔχϵται: Relative clause (S. 2488-2573).

ἃ: Plural, neuter, nominative relative pronoun used substantively (S. 338). The antecedent is ἄλλ´ ἄττα (S. 2501). Nominative subject of ἔχϵται (S. 927, 938).

τῶν τοιούτων: Plural, neuter, genitive of the pronoun τοιοῦτος used substantively with the article; the antecedent is the ideas above of sex, drinking, and feasting (S. 1153.g, 1245). Genitive object of ἔχϵται (S. 1391).

ἔχϵται: Third person, singular, present, indicative, middle of ἔχω (S. 383). Main verb of the relative clause (S. 2173). A neuter plural subject is regarded as collective, and has its verb in the singular (S. 958).

καὶ: The conjunction connects the two coordinate clauses (S. 2868).

ἀγανακτοῦσιν: Third person, plural, present, active, indicative of ἀγανακτέω (S. 385). Main verb of the (second) simple coordinate clause: ἀγανακτοῦσιν … ζῶντϵς (S. 2162). The moveable -ν is added to words ending in -σι when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).

ὡς: The adverb sets forth clearly the relation of cause implied in the following participles (S. 2079). This particle sets forth the ground of belief on which the agent acts, and denotes the thought, assertion, real or presumed intention, in the mind of the subject of the principal verb, without implicating the speaker or writer (S. 2086).

μϵγάλων τινῶν: Genitive of separation after the idea of depriving in the participle ἀπϵστϵρημένοι (S. 1394). τινῶν: Plural, neuter, genitive indefinite pronoun used substantively (S. 1266). The preceding paroxytone μϵγάλων receives no additional accent and the dissyllabic enclitic τινῶν retains its accent (S. 183.d).

ἀπϵστϵρημένοι: Plural, masculine, nominative, perfect, passive circumstantial participle of ἀποστϵρέω modifying πλϵῖστοι (S. 2054). The perfect tense of the participle denotes completion with permanent results (S. 1872.d).

καὶ: The conjunction connects the first participle in the second coordinate clause with the second two in the μὲν … δέ clause (S. 2868).

τότϵ μὲν … νῦν δὲ: The two particles μὲν … δέ draw a contrast between the two participles which is further clarified or strengthened by the two adverbs τότϵ … νῦν (S. 341, 1094, 2904).

ϵὖ: Adverb (S. 341, 1094). Participles are modified by adverbs, not adjectives (S. 2040).

ζῶντϵς: Plural, masculine, nominative, present, active circumstantial participle of ζάω modifying πλϵῖστοι, the subject of ἀγανακτοῦσιν (S. 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a).

οὐδὲ: Adverb (S. 2931). Participles are modified by adverbs, not adjectives (S. 2040). Denniston notes that οὐδέ here “negatives the succeeding idea in toto, passing beyond the mere negation of it in some qualified form.” (D. οὐδέ, pg. 196).

ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ τὰς τῶν οἰκϵίων προπηλακίσϵις τοῦ γήρως ὀδύρονται, καὶ ἐπὶ τούτῳ δὴ τὸ γῆρας ὑμνοῦσιν ὅσων κακῶν σφίσιν αἴτιον. (329.a-b)

αἴτιον, -ου, τό: the cause, the reason.γῆρας, -ος, τό: old age.δέ: and.ἔνιοι, -ων, οἱ: some men.ἐπί (+ dat.): in addition to, beside.καί: also, even.καὶ … δή: and in fact, and then, and in particular.κακόν, -οῦ, τό: evil, ill.

ὀδύρομαι: to lament, bewail.οἰκϵῖοι, -ων, οἱ: kinsmen, relatives.ὅσος, -η, -ον: how many, how great.οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this man, woman, or thing.προπηλάκισις, -ϵως, ἡ: contumelious or abusive treatment, neglect.σφϵῖς, σφέων: they, of them.ὑμνέω: to tell over and over again, harp upon.

ἔνιοι: Plural, masculine, nominative adjective used substantively without the article (S. 1021, 1126). Nominative subject of ὀδύρονται and ὐμνοῦσιν (S. 927, 938).

καὶ: Adverbial use of the particle meaning “also” (S. 2881).

τὰς τῶν οἰκϵίων προπηλακίσϵις: Accusative direct object of ὀδύρονται (S. 1554). τῶν οἰκϵίων: Genitive of source (S. 1410). Attributive genitive; a word or group of words standing between the article and its noun is an attributive (S. 1154, 1161.a).

τοῦ γήρως: Genitive of cause with ὀδύρονται, a verb of emotion (“because of …”) (S. 1405).

ὀδύρονται: Third person, plural, present, deponent, indicative of ὀδύρομαι (S. 383). Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: ἔνιοι … ὀδύρονται (S. 2162).

καὶ … δὴ: The combination of particles signify that the addition made by καί is an important one (D. καὶ … δή, pg. 253). καὶ: The conjunction connects the two coordinate clauses (S. 2868). δὴ: The postpositive particle introduces a climax and stands after the word it emphasizes (τούτῳ) (S. 2840, 2847).

ἐπὶ τούτῳ: Prepositional phrase; ἐπί with the dative here means “in addition to, beside” (S. 1689.2.c). τούτῳ: Singular, neuter, dative demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is the idea of shabby treatment being lamented in the previous clause (S. 1238, 1247).

τὸ γῆρας: Accusative direct object of ὑμνοῦσιν (S. 1554).

ὑμνοῦσιν: Third person, plural, present, active, indicative of ὑμνέω (S. 385). Main verb of the (second) complex coordinate clause: ἐπὶ … αἴτιον (S. 2162). The moveable -ν is added to words ending in -σι when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).

ὅσων … αἴτιον: Indirect question after ὑμνοῦσιν (S. 2663).

ὅσων κακῶν: Partitive genitive with αἴτιον (S. 1306). ὅσων: Plural, neuter, genitive relative pronoun used as an adjective modifying κακῶν (S. 340). κακῶν: Plural, neuter, genitive adjective of κακός used substantively without the article (S. 1126, 1153.a).

σφίσιν: Third person, plural, dative of the personal pronoun σφϵῖς (S. 325). Dative of disadvantage; the person to whose disadvantage anything occurs is put in the dative (S. 1481). The moveable -ν is added to words ending in -σι when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).

αἴτιον {(ἐστί τὸ γῆρας) = (αἴτιόν ἐστι τὸ γῆρας)}: Singular, neuter, nominative predicate noun modifying τὸ γῆρας, the supplied subject of the supplied verb ἐστι, after ἐστι (S. 939). The predicate noun has no article, and is thus distinguished from the subject (S. 1150). ἐστι τὸ γῆρας: Supply ἐστι as the main verb; τὸ γῆρας as the subject (“old age is …”) (S. 927, 944, 2677).

ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκοῦσιν, ὦ Σώκρατϵς, οὗτοι οὐ τὸ αἴτιον αἰτιᾶσθαι. (329.b)

αἰτιάομαι: to allege, charge, impute.αἴτιον, -ου, τό: the real cause.δέ: but.δοκέω: to seem.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.

οὐ: not.οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this man, woman, or thing.Σωκράτης, -ους, ὁ: Socrates.ὦ: O.

ἐμοὶ: Singular, dative, of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Dative of reference; the dative of a pronoun often denotes the person in whose opinion a statement holds good (S. 1496).

δὲ: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; here the particle δέ has an adversative sense and serves to mark that something is different from what precedes, but only to offset it, not to exclude or contradict it (S. 2834-35). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162).

δοκοῦσιν: Third person, plural, present, active, indicative of δοκέω (S. 385). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The moveable -ν is added to words ending in -σι at the end of a clause (S. 135).

οὗτοι: Plural, masculine, nominative demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is ἔνιοι (S. 1238). Nominative subject of δοκοῦσιν (S. 927, 938).

οὐ: The simple negative particle οὐ is the negative of fact and statement (S. 2688).

τὸ αἴτιον: Accusative direct object of the infinitive αἰτιᾶσθαι (S.1554, 1967).

αἰτιᾶσθαι: Present, deponent infinitive of αἰτιάομαι (S. 385). An object (complementary) infinitive after δοκοῦσιν (S. 1989). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865).

ϵἰ γὰρ ἦν τοῦτ´ αἴτιον, κἂν ἐγὼ τὰ αὐτὰ ταῦτα ἐπϵπόνθη ἕνϵκά γϵ γήρως καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι πάντϵς ὅσοι ἐνταῦθα ἦλθον ἡλικίας. (329.b)

αἴτιον, -ου, τό: the cause, the reason.ἄλλοι, -ων, οἱ: the other men.ἄν: would.αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό: the same man, woman, or thing.γάρ: for.γϵ: at least, at any rate.γῆρας, -ος, τό: old age.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ϵἰ: if.ϵἰμί: to be.ἕνϵκα (+ gen.): on account of, because of.

ἐνταῦθα (+ gen.): to this.ἔρχομαι: to come, come or go back, return.ἡλικία, -ας, ἡ: time of life, age.καὶ … καί: not only … but also, both … and.κἄν: see καί and ἄν.ὅσος, -η, -ον: as many as.οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this man, woman, or thing.τοῦτο, -ου, τό: this thing.πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν: all.πάσχω: to suffer.

ϵἰ … ἦν … ἂν … ἐπϵπόνθη: Past, unreal conditional statement; the protasis is formed by the conjunction ϵἰ with the imperfect indicative and the apodosis by the particle ἄν with the pluperfect indicative (S. 2302).

ϵἰ … αἴτιον: The protasis of the conditional statement; in a past, unreal condition the protasis implies that the supposition could not be realized because it is contrary to a known fact (S. 2282, 2302).

ϵἰ: The conjunction introduces the protasis (S. 2282).

ἦν: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the protasis (S. 2173). The imperfect refers to present time (S. 2304).

τοῦτ´: Singular, neuter, nominative demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is the idea two sentences prior of old age being the cause of misery (S. 1238, 1247). Nominative subject of ἦν (S. 927, 938). Elision for τοῦτο (S. 70).

αἴτιον: Singular, neuter, nominative predicate noun modifying τοῦτ´ after ἦν (S. 939). The predicate noun has no article, and is thus distinguished from the subject (S. 1150).

κἂν … ἡλικίας: The apodosis of the conditional statement; in a past, unreal condition the apodosis states what would have be the result if the conditional had been realized (S. 2302).

κἂν … καὶ: κἂν: Crasis of καὶ ἂν (S. 62). καὶ … καὶ: The combination of conjunctions connects the two nominative nouns and means“not only … but also, both … and” (S. 2877). ἂν: See below with ἐπϵπόνθη.

ἐγὼ: Singular, nominative of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). The nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). First nominative subject of ἐπϵπόνθη (S. 927, 938).

τὰ αὐτὰ ταῦτα: Accusative direct object of ἐπϵπόνθη (S. 1554). τὰ … ταῦτα: Plural, neuter, accusative demonstrative pronoun used substantively with the article; the antecedent is the litany of problems associated with old age enumerated above (S. 1153.g, 1238). αὐτὰ: Plural, neuter, accusative demonstrative pronoun used as an adjective modifying ταῦτα; after the article, in the attributive position, αὐτός in any case means “same” (S. 1204, 1210).

(ἂν) ἐπϵπόνθη: Main verb of the apodosis (S. 2173). ἂν: The particle is used in the apodosis with the past tense of the indicative to denote the non-fulfillment of the condition (S. 2284). ἐπϵπόνθη: First person, singular, pluperfect, active, indicative of πάσχω (S. 383). The pluperfect is used only when stress is laid on the completion of the act or on the continuance of the result of the act, and generally refers to present time (S. 2306). When there is more than one subject, the verb may agree with the nearest (S. 969).

ἕνϵκά γϵ γήρως: Prepositional phrase; ἕνϵκα with the genitive here means “on account of, because of” (L.S. ἕνϵκα). ἕνϵκά: The acute accent on the ultima syllable is thrown back from the following enclitic γϵ (S. 183.c). γϵ: The postpositive enclitic article is here limitative; when the emphatic word is preceded by a preposition, γϵ is normally placed after the preposition and before the stressed word (S. 2821) (D. γϵ, pg. 146). The enclitic particle throws back its accent onto the previous proparoxytone ἕνϵκά (S. 183.c). Professor Denis Feeney once remarked in a Greek course that the particle γϵ sometimes seemed equivalent to the British expression “bloody”; this seems to me to be one of those instances. γήρως: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128).

οἱ ἄλλοι πάντϵς: Second nominative subject of ἐπϵπόνθη (S. 927, 938). οἱ ἄλλοι: Plural, masculine, nominative adjective of ἄλλος used substantively with the article (S. 1153.a, 1188). πάντϵς: In the predicate position, the adjective means “all” (S. 1168, 1174.b).

ὅσοι … ἡλικίας: Relative clause (S. 2488-2573).

ὅσοι: Singular, masculine, nominative, pronomial adjective used substantively; the antecedent is ἄλλοι (S. 340, 2501). Nominative subject of ἦλθον (S. 927, 938).

ἐνταῦθα … ἡλικίας: The adverb of time ἐνταῦθα is here used with the genitive and means “to” (Lat. ad hoc aetatis) (S. 1439) (L.S. ἐνταῦθα II.2). ἡλικίας: The noun lacks an article (S. 1126).

ἦλθον: Third person, plural, aorist, active, indicative of ἔρχομαι (S. 384). Main verb of the relative clause (S. 2173). Although ἔρχομαι is a deponent verb, the second aorist form is active (S. 801).

νῦν δ´ ἔγωγϵ ἤδη ἐντϵτύχηκα οὐχ οὕτως ἔχουσι καὶ ἄλλοις καὶ δὴ καὶ Σοφοκλϵῖ ποτὲ τῷ ποιητῇ παρϵγϵνόμην ἐρωτωμένῳ ὑπό τινος Πῶς, ἔφη, ὦ Σοφόκλϵις, ἔχϵις πρὸς τἀφροδίσια;ἔτι οἷός τϵ ϵἶ γυναικὶ συγγίγνϵσθαι; (329.b-c)

ἄλλοι, -ων, οἱ: the other men.ἀφροδίσια, -ων, τά: sexual pleasures.γυνή, -αικός, ἡ: woman.ἔγωγϵ, ἔμοῦγϵ: I at least, for my part, for myself.ϵἰμί: to be.ἐντυγχάνω: to meet with, converse with, talk to.ἐρωτάω: to ask, enquire, question.ἔτι: yet, as yet, still.ἔχω: to hold, consider; to hold oneself, keep, be.ἤδη: already.καί: also, even.καὶ δὴ καί: and especially, and in particular, and what is more.νῦν δέ: but in fact, but as the case now stands.οἷός τϵ, οἵα τϵ, οἷον τϵ: fit or able to.

οὐ: not.οὕτως: in this way or manner, so, thus.παραγίγνομαι: to be beside, by, or near.ποιητής, -οῦ, ὁ: the composer of a poem, author, poet.ποτέ: once.πρός (+ acc.): in reference to, in respect of.πῶς: how?Σοφοκλέης, -έους, ὁ: Sophocles.συγγίγνομαι: to have sexual intercourse with.τις, τι: someone, something.ὑπό (+ gen.): by.φημί: to say.ὦ: O.

νῦν δ´: The combination of particles marks a strong contrast (S. 2835). νῦν: Adverb (S. 341, 1094, 2924). δ´: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; here the particle δέ has an adversative sense and serves to mark that something is different from what precedes, but only to offset it, not to exclude or contradict it (S. 2834-35). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg.162). An elision of δὲ before a short vowel (S. 70).

ἔγωγϵ: Singular, nominative form of the personal pronoun ἔγωγϵ (S. 325.b). Nominative subject of ἐντϵτύχηκα and παρϵγϵνόμην (S. 927). The nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The suffix -γϵ attached to the pronoun ἐγώ makes it emphatic (S. 325.b). The compound of ἐγώ γϵ becomes a proparoxytone (S. 186.a).

ἤδη: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

ἐντϵτύχηκα: First person, singular, perfect, active, indicative of ἐντυγχάνω (S. 383). Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: νῦν … ἄλλοις (S. 2162).

οὐχ: The simple negative particle οὐ is the negative of fact and statement (S. 2688). The -χ is added to οὐ before a rough breathing (S. 137). The negative goes with ἔχουσι rather than ἐντϵτύχηκα.

οὕτως: Demonstrative adverb of manner with ἔχουσι (S. 346, 1094). Adverbs, rather than adjectives, modify participles (S. 2040). A final sigma is added to οὕτω before a vowel (S. 136).

ἔχουσι … ἄλλοις: Dative object of ἐντϵτύχηκα, a verb of meeting (S. 1463). ἔχουσι: Plural, masculine, dative, present, active circumstantial participle of ἔχω modifying ἄλλοις (S. 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a). ἄλλοις: Plural, masculine, dative adjective of ἄλλος used substantively without the article (S. 1126, 1271).

καὶ: Adverbial use of the particle meaning “even” (S. 2881).

καὶ δὴ καὶ: The conjunction connects the two coordinate clauses and lays stress on the following word (S. 2868). The first καί is conjunctional, the particle δή is intensive with the following καί, and the second καί is adverbial (S. 2843, 2890) (D. καὶ δὴ καί, pg. 255).

Σοφοκλϵῖ ποτὲ τῷ ποιητῇ … ἐρωτωμένῳ: Dative object of the compound verb παρϵγϵνόμην (S. 1544-45). Σοφοκλϵῖ: Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136). ποτὲ: Indefinite enclitic particle (S. 346, 1094). The enclitic normally loses its accent; however, enclitics can retain their accents when drawing a contrast (here, with νῦν) (S. 187.a). τῷ ποιητῇ: A noun in apposition to the proper noun Σοφοκλϵῖ (S. 987). ἐρωτωμένῳ: Singular, masculine, dative, present, passive circumstantial participle of ἐρωτάω modifying Σοφοκλϵῖ (S. 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a).

παρϵγϵνόμην: First person, singular, aorist, deponent, indicative of παραγίγνομαι (S. 384). Main verb of the (second) complex coordinate clause: Σοφοκλϵῖ … συγγίγνϵσθαι (S. 2162).

ὑπό τινος: Prepositional phrase; ὑπό with the genitive here expresses agent and means “by” (S. 1491, 1698.b). ὑπό: The oxytone, followed by an enclitic, retains its accent and does not change from the acute to grave (S. 154.a). τινος: Singular, masculine, genitive indefinite pronoun used substantively (S. 1266). The enclitic loses its accent after the oxytone ὑπό (S. 183.a).

Πῶς: Interrogative adverb of manner introducing a direct question (S. 346, 1094).

ἔφη: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of φημί (S. 783). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). The subject ἐκϵῖνος (the antecedent is τινος) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931). An anacoluthon; although not obscure, the thought contained in ἐρωτωμένῳ could have introduced the direct speech without the addition of the verb ἔφη (S. 3005, 3007).

ὦ Σοφόκλϵις: Vocative; the vocative forms an incomplete sentence (S. 1283). ὦ: The exclamation is used with the vocative (S. 1284). Σοφόκλϵις: The noun Σοφοκλέης uses the pure stem in the vocative (S. 248). The vocative is normally found in the interior of a sentence (S. 1285).

ἔχϵις: Second person, singular, present, active, indicative of ἔχω (S. 383). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).

πρὸς τἀφροδίσια: Prepositional phrase; πρός with the accusative here means “in reference to, in respect of” (S. 1695.3.c). τἀφροδίσια: Crasis of τὰ᾿ Αφροδίσια (S. 62). A euphemism (S. 3024). τ-: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).

ἔτι: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

οἷός … συγγίγνϵσθαι: Relative clause; many relative clauses are equivalent to coordinate clauses where the relative has the force of a demonstrative or personal pronoun with a connective (S. 2490).

οἷός τϵ: Singular, masculine, nominative relative pronoun used as a predicate adjective modifying σύ, the supplied subject of ϵἶ, after ϵἶ (S. 338, 910, 2501). The acute accent on the ultima syllable is thrown back from the following enclitic τϵ (S. 183.c). τϵ: The enclitic τϵ is probably connective (not indefinite), and belongs to the whole clause. It has the effect of showing that its clause corresponds in some way to the preceding clause (S. 338, 2970). The enclitic throws its accent back onto the properispomenon οἷός (S. 183.c).

ϵἶ: Second person, singular, present, indicative of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the relative clause (S. 2173). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).

γυναικὶ: Dative object of the compound infinitive συγγίγνϵσθαι (S. 1545, 1967.b). The noun lacks an article (S. 1126).

συγγίγνϵσθαι: Present, deponent infinitive of συγγίγνομαι (S. 383). An object (complementary) infinitive after οἷός τϵ (S.2000). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865).

καὶ ὅς, Εὐφἡμϵι, ἔφη, ὦ ἄνθρωπϵ· (329.c)

ἄνθρωπος, -ου, ὁ: man; my good fellow.ϵὐφημέω: to hush, be still.καί: and.

ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: he, she, it; this, that.φημί: to say.ὦ: O.

καὶ: The conjunction connects this sentence with the previous one (S. 2868).

ὅς: Singular, masculine, nominative relative pronoun used as a demonstrative pronoun meaning “he” (L.S. ὅς A). Nominative subject of ἔφη (S. 927).

Εὐφήμϵι: Second person, singular, present, active imperative of ϵὐφημέω (S. 385). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The present tense of the imperative denotes continued action (S. 1864.a).

ἔφη: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of φημί (S. 783). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590).

ὦ ἄνθρωπϵ: Vocative; the vocative forms an incomplete sentence (S. 1283). ὦ: The exclamation is used with the vocative (S. 1284). The vocative is normally found in the interior of a sentence (S. 1285).

ἀσμϵναίτατα μέντοι αὐτὸ ἀπέφυγον, ὥσπϵρ λυττῶντά τινα καὶ ἄγριον δϵσπότην ἀποφυγών. (329.c)

ἄγριος, -α, -ον: wild, savage, cruel, harsh, fierce.ἀποφϵύγω: to flee from, escape.ἀσμϵναίτατα: most gladly, most readily.αὐτόν, αὐτήν, αὐτό: him, her, it.δϵσπότης, -ου, ὁ: master, lord, owner.

καί: and.λυττάω: to rave, be mad.μέντοι: really you know, yes, you know.τις, τι: some.ὥσπϵρ: as, just as, as it were.

ἀσμϵναίτατα: Superlative form of the adverb ἀσμένως (S. 345, 1094).

μέντοι: A postpositive particle from μέν (=μήν) + τοί; when the particle is emphatic μέν denotes objective certainty, while τοι brings the truth home to another person meaning “really you know” (S. 2917-18) (D. μέντοι, pg. 399-400).

αὐτὸ: Singular, neuter, accusative demonstrative pronoun; the antecedent is the previous idea of sexual lusts (S. 1204.3, 1212). Accusative direct object of ἀπέφυγον (S. 1554).

ἀπέφυγον: First person, singular, aorist, active, indicative of ἀποφϵύγω (S. 384). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). In Greek the aorist, which simply states a past occurrence, is often employed where English uses the perfect denoting a present condition resulting from a past action (S. 1940). The subject ἐγώ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).

ὥσπϵρ: The adverb of comparison denotes that the action of the main verb is compared with an assumed case (S. 2087).

λυττῶντά τινα καὶ ἄγριον δϵσπότην: Accusative direct object of the participle ἀποφυγών (S. 1554, 2040). λυττῶντά: Singular, masculine, accusative active participle of λυττάω used as an attributive adjective modifying δϵσπότην (S. 2049). The acute accent on the ultima of the properispomenon is thrown back from the following enclitic τινα (S. 183.c). τινα: Singular, masculine, accusative indefinite pronoun used as an adjective modifying δϵσπότην (S. 1266). The enclitic throws its accent back onto the properispomenon λυττῶντά (S. 183.c). καὶ: The conjunction connects the two adjectives modifying δϵσπότην (S. 2868). ἄγριον: Attributive adjective modifying δϵσπότην (S. 912). δϵσπότην: The noun lacks an article (S. 1126).

ἀποφυγών: Singular, masculine, nominative, aorist, active circumstantial participle of ἀποφϵύγω modifying ἐγώ, the supplied subject of ἀπέφυγον (S. 2054). The aorist tense of the participle denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S.1872.c). The aorist participle is accented as an oxytone (S. 425.b). An acute at the end of a sentence does not change to a grave (S. 154).

ϵὖ οὖν μοι καὶ τότϵ ἔδοξϵν ἐκϵῖνος ϵἰπϵῖν καὶ νῦν οὐχ ἧττον. (329.c)

δοκέω: to seem.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ϵἶπον: to speak.ἐκϵῖνος, -η, -ο: that man, woman, or thing.ϵὖ: well.ἧττον: less.

καί: even; and.νῦν: now, as it is, as the case now stands.οὐ: not.οὖν: well, now.τότϵ: then, at that time.

ϵὖ: Adverb with ϵἰπϵῖν (S. 341, 345, 1094).

οὖν: The postpositive connecting particle marks a new stage in the sequence of events (S. 2956) (D. οὖν, pg. 425).

μοι: Singular, dative, enclitic form of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Dative of reference; the dative of a pronoun often denotes the person in whose opinion a statement holds good (S. 1496). The enclitic loses its accent after the perispomenon οὖν (S. 183.b).

καὶ: Adverbial use of the particle meaning “even” modifying τότϵ (S. 2881).

τότϵ: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

ἔδοξϵν: Third person, singular, aorist, active, indicative of δοκέω (S. 385). Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: ϵὖ … ϵἰπϵῖν (S. 2162). The moveable -ν is added to third person singular verbs ending in -ϵ when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).

ἐκϵῖνος: Singular, masculine, nominative demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is Σοφοκλϵῖ (S. 1238). Nominative subject of ἔδοξϵν (S. 927).

ϵἰπϵῖν: Aorist, active infinitive of ϵἶπον (S. 529.3). An object (complimentary) infinitive after ἔδοξϵν (S. 1989). The aorist tense of the infinitive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1865.b).

καὶ: The conjunction connects the two coordinate clauses (S. 2868).

νῦν οὐχ ἧττον: Second coordinate clause; brachylogy of νῦν μοι δοκϵῖ ἐκϵῖνος ϵἰπϵῖν οὐ ἧττον ϵὖ which balances the previous clause (S. 3018.b).

νῦν: Adverb here balancing τότϵ (S. 341, 1094, 2924).

οὐχ: The simple negative particle οὐ is the negative of fact and statement (S. 2688). The -χ is added to οὐ before a rough breathing (S. 137).

ἧττον: Comparative adverb (S. 345, 1094). Attic has -ττ- for -σσ- of Ionic and most other dialects (S. 78).

παντάπασι γὰρ τῶν γϵ τοιούτων ἐν τῷ γήρᾳ πολλὴ ϵἰρήνη γίγνϵται καὶ ἐλϵυθϵρία, ἐπϵιδὰν αἱ ἐπιθυμίαι παύσωνται κατατϵίνουσαι καὶ χαλάσωσι, παντάπασι τὸ τοῦ Σοφοκλέους γίγνϵται· (329.c-d)

γάρ: for.γϵ: at least, at any rate.γῆρας, -αος, τό: old age.γίγνομαι: to become; be valid.ϵἰρήνη, -ης, ἡ: peace, time of peace.ἐλϵυθϵρία, -ας, ἡ: freedom, liberty.ἐν (+ dat.): in.ἐπϵιδάν: whenever.ἐπιθυμία, -ας, ἡ: desire, yearning, passion, appetite.

καί: and.κατατϵίνω: to rack, torture.παντάπασι: by all means, undoubtedly; altogether, absolutely.παύομαι: to leave off from, rest or cease from.πολύς, πολλή, πολύ: much, great, profound.Σοφοκλέης, -έους, ὁ: Sophocles.τό: the saying.τοιοῦτο, -ου, τό: such a thing.χαλάω: to slacken, loosen.

παντάπασι: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

γὰρ: The postpositive particle here functions as a causal conjunction and confirms the truth of the previous statement (S. 2803, 2810).

τῶν γϵ τοιούτων: Genitive of separation with ϵἰρήνη (S. 1392). τοιούτων: Plural, neuter, genitive demonstrative pronoun used substantively with the article; the antecedent is the preceding idea of sexual pleasures (S. 1153.g, 1245). γϵ: The postpositive enclitic particle is here limitative (although old age brings freedom from sexual anxiety, it does not relieve all anxiety); when the emphatic word is preceded by an article, γϵ is normally placed after the article and before the stressed word (S. 2821) (D. γϵ, pg. 146). The enclitic particle loses its accent after the perispomenon τῶν (S. 183.b).

ἐν τῷ γήρᾳ: Dative of time with the preposition ἐν meaning “in” (S. 1539-42). τῷ: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).

πολλὴ ϵἰρήνη: First nominative subject of γίγνϵται (S. 927, 938). πολλὴ: Attributive adjective (S. 912). ϵἰρήνη: The noun lacks an article (S. 1126).

γίγνϵται: Third person, singular, present, deponent, indicative of γίγνομαι (S. 383). Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: παντάπασι … ἐλϵυθϵρία (S. 2162). Singular verb with two subjects; the verb may agree with the nearest or most important of two or more subjects. The verb may be placed after the first subject (S. 966.b).

καὶ: The conjunction connects the two nominative subjects (S. 2868).

ἐλϵυθϵρία: Second nominative subject of γίγνϵται (S. 927, 938). The noun lacks an article (S. 1126).

ἐπϵιδὰν … χαλάσωσι: Temporal clause (S. 2383).

ἐπϵιδὰν: A combination of the temporal conjunction ἐπϵιδή and the particle ἄν; temporal clauses requiring the subjunctive must have ἄν, which is more closely attached to the temporal word than it is to the subjunctive (S. 1768).

αἱ ἐπιθυμίαι: Nominative subject of παύσωνται (S. 927, 938).

παύσωνται: Third person, plural, aorist, middle, subjunctive of παύω (S. 383). Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause in the temporal clause: αἱ … κατατϵίνουσαι (S. 2162). Temporal clauses referring indefinitely to the future take the subjunctive with ἄν (S. 2399). The aorist tense of the subjunctive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1860).

κατατϵίνουσαι: Plural, feminine, nominative, present, active supplementary participle modifying ἐπιθυμίαι after παύσωνται; the supplementary participle is often like an object infinitive after certain verbs (S. 2088, 2098). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action (S. 1872.a).

καὶ: The conjunction connects the two coordinate clauses in the temporal clause (S. 2868).

χαλάσωσι: Third person, plural, aorist, active, subjunctive of χαλάω (S. 385). Main verb of the (second) simple coordinate clause in the temporal clause: χαλάσωσι (S. 2162). Temporal clauses referring indefinitely to the future take the subjunctive with ἄν (S. 2399). The aorist tense of the subjunctive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1860).

παντάπασι: Adverb modifying γίγνϵται (S. 341, 1094).

τὸ τοῦ Σοφοκλέους: Nominative subject of γίγνϵται (S. 927, 938). τὸ: The neuter pronoun can be used alone to mean “the saying” (L.S. ὁ, ἡ, τό B.3.1). Here, it is in apposition to the following statement (S. 994). τοῦ Σοφοκλέους: Genitive of possession or belonging (more specifically, genitive of origin) with τὸ (S. 1297, 1299).

γίγνϵται: Third person, singular, present, deponent, indicative of γίγνομαι (S. 383). Main verb of the (second) complex coordinate clause: ἐπϵιδὰν … γίγνϵται (S. 2162). The verb, which has the basic meaning “to come into being”, when combined with the adverb παντάπασι, means “to have force, be applicable” (L.S. γίγνομαι II.2).

δϵσποτῶν πάνυ πολλῶν ἔστι καὶ μαινομένων ἀπηλλάχθαι. (329.d)

ἀπαλλάττω: to set free or release, get rid of.δϵσπότης, -ου, ὁ: master, lord, owner.ἔστι: it is possible.καί: and.

μαίνομαι: to rage, be furious.πάνυ: very, exceedingly.πολύς, πολλή, πολύ: many, mighty.

There is no connective between this sentence and the previous one because the entire sentence is in apposition to the previous article τὸ; in English we would separate them with a colon (S. 994).

δϵσποτῶν πάνυ πολλῶν … καὶ μαινομένων: Genitive of separation after ἀπηλλάχθαι (S. 1392, 1967). δϵσποτῶν: The noun lacks an article (S. 1126). πάνυ: Adverb modifying πολλῶν (S. 341, 1094). καὶ: The conjunction connects the two adjectives modifying δϵσποτῶν (S. 2868). μαινομένων: Plural, masculine, genitive deponent participle of μαίνομαι used as an attributive adjective modifying δϵσποτῶν (S. 2049).

ἔστι: Third person, singular, present, indicative of ϵἰμί used quasi-impersonally with the infinitive like πάρϵστι (S. 768, 1985). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The following infinitive functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal verb (S. 1984-85). The normally enclitic form retains its accent when it expresses existence (“it is …”) (S. 187.b).

ἀπηλλάχθαι: Aorist, passive infinitive of ἀπαλλάττω (S. 383). The infinitive is the subject of the quasi-impersonal verb ἔστι (S. 1984-85). The aorist tense of the infinitive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1865.b).

ἀλλὰ καὶ τούτων πέρι καὶ τῶν γϵ πρὸς τοὺς οἰκϵσους μία τις αἰτία ἐστίν, οὐ τὸ γῆρας, ὦ Σώκρατϵς, ἀλλ´ ὁ τρόπος τῶν ἀνθρώπων. (329.d)

αἰτία, -ας, ἡ: the cause, the reason.ἀλλά: but.ἄνθρωπος, -ου, ὁ: man.γῆρας, -αος, τό: old age.ϵἰμί: to be.ϵἷς τις, μία τις, ἕν τι: someone, somethingκαὶ … καί: both … and, not only … but also.ὅ γϵ, ἥ γϵ, τό γϵ: that.

οἰκϵίοι, -ῶν, οἱ: kinsmen, relatives.οὐ: not.οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this man, woman, or thing.πϵρί (+ gen.): about, concerning.πρός (+ acc.): to do with, in reference to, touching.Σωκράτης, -ους, ὁ: Socrates.τρόπος, -ου, ὁ: character, temper.ὦ: O.

ἀλλὰ: Adversative conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one (S. 2775).

καὶ τούτων πέρι καὶ τῶν γϵ πρὸς τοὺς οἰκϵίους: Prepositional phrase; πϵρί with the two genitives here means “about, concerning” (S. 1693.1.b). καὶ … καὶ: The repeated conjunction, connecting the two genitives τούτων … τῶν, means “both … and, not only … but also” (S. 2877). τούτων: Plural, neuter, genitive demonstrative pronoun used substantively as the object of the preposition πϵρί meaning “these things”; the antecedent is the general complaints outlined above (S. 1238, 1245). πέρι: Anastrophe, meaning an oxytone preposition of two syllables throws the accent back on the first syllable, occurs when the preposition follows its case (for πϵρὶ τούτων) (S. 175). τῶν γϵ: Plural, neuter, genitive object of the preposition πϵρί meaning “those (things)”; the article makes a substantive of the following prepositional phrase (S. 1153.c). γϵ: The enclitic particle attached to the article makes it more emphatic (L.S. ὅ γϵ). The enclitic loses its accent after the perispomenon τῶν (S. 183.b). πρὸς τοὺς οἰκϵίους: Prepositional phrase; πρός with the accusative here means “to do with” (S. 1695.3.c). The reference is back to the complaints of ill treatment by kinsmen above. τοὺς: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).

μία τις: Nominative subject of ἐστίν (S. 927, 938). μία: Singular, feminine, nominative cardinal number used substantively (908). τις: Singular, feminine, nominative indefinite pronoun used as an adjective modifying μία (S. 1266). The monosyllabic enclitic pronoun loses its accent after the paroxytone μία (S. 183.d).

αἰτία: Predicate nominative noun modifying μία τις after ἐστίν (S. 939). The predicate noun has no article, and is thus distinguished from the subject (S. 1150).

ἐστίν: Third person, singular, present, indicative of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The dissyllabic enclitic verb retains its accent after the paroxytone αἰτία (S. 183.d). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154). The moveable -ν is added to ἐστί at the end of a clause (S. 135).

οὐ: The simple negative particle οὐ is the negative of fact and statement (S. 2688).

τὸ γῆρας: First noun in apposition to αἰτία (S. 987).

ἀλλ´: Adversative conjunction connecting the two nouns in apposition to αἰτία (S. 2775). Elision of ἀλλὰ before a short vowel (S. 70).

ὁ τρόπος: Second noun in apposition to αἰτία (S. 987).

τῶν ἀνθρώπων: Genitive of possession or belonging with τρόπος (S. 1297).

ἂν μὲν γὰρ κόσμιοι καὶ ϵὔκολοι ὦσι, καὶ τὸ γῆρας μϵτρίως ἐστὶν ἐπίπονον· (329.d)

ἄν: if by chance, if.γάρ: for.γῆρας, -αος, τό: old age.ἐιμί: to be.ἐπίπονος, -ον: painful, toilsome, laborious.

ϵὔκολος, - ον: easily satisfied, contented, good-natured.καί: and; even.κόσμιος, -α, -ον and -ος, -ον: orderly, well-behaved.μὲν … (δέ): on the one hand … (on the other hand).μϵτρίως: moderately, within due limits, in due measure.

ἂν … ὦσι, … ἐστὶν: A present, general conditional statement; the protasis is formed by the conjunction ἄν with the subjunctive and the apodosisby the present indicative (S. 2337). General conditions refer indefinitely to any act or series of acts that are supposed to occur or to have occurred at any time; and without any implication as to fulfillment. The if clause has the force of “if ever” (whenever), while the conclusion expresses a repeated or habitual action or a general truth (S. 2335).

ἂν … ὦσι: The protasis of the conditional statement (S. 2282).

ἂν: (= ἐάν = ϵἰ ἄν) ἄν is commoner in Plato than ἐάν; the conjunction introduces the protasis (S. 2283). Conditional clauses requiring the subjunctive must have ἄν, which is more closely attached to the conditional word than it is to the subjunctive (S. 1768).

μὲν … (δέ): The postpositive particle draws a contrast with the following sentence (S. 2904).

κόσμιοι καὶ ϵὔκολοι: Two plural, masculine, nominative predicate adjectives modifying οἱ ἄνδρϵς, the supplied subject of ὦσι, after ὦσι (S. 910). καὶ: The conjunction connects the two adjectives (S. 2868).

ὦσι: Third person, plural, present, subjunctive of ἐιμί (S. 768). Main verb of the protasis (S. 2173). The subject οἱ ἄνδρϵς (“men”) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931).

καὶ … ἐπίπονον: The apodosis of the conditional statement (S. 2280).

καὶ: Adverbial use of the particle meaning “even” (S. 2881).

τὸ γῆρας: Nominative subject of ἐστὶν (S. 927, 938).

μϵτρίως: Adverb (S. 343, 1094).

ἐστὶν: Third person, singular, present, indicative of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the apodosis (S. 2173). The dissyllabic enclitic verb retains its accent after the paroxytone μϵτρίως (S. 183.d). The moveable -ν is added to ἐστί when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).

ἐπίπονον: Singular, neuter, nominative predicate adjectives modifying τὸ γῆρας after ἐστὶν (S. 910).

ϵἰ δὲ μή, καὶ γῆρας, ὦ Σώκρατϵς, καὶ νϵότης χαλϵπὴ τῷ τοιούτῳ ξυμβαίνϵι. (329.d)

γῆρας, -αος, τό: old age.(μὲν) … δέ: (on the one hand) … on the other hand.ϵἰ: if.καὶ … καί: both … and, not only … but also.μή: not.νϵότης, -ητος, ἡ: youth.

ξυμβαίνω: to turn out.Σωκράτης, -ους, ὁ: Socrates.τοιοῦτος, ὁ, -αύτη, ἡ, -οῦτο, τό: such a man, woman, orthing.χαλϵπός, -ή, -όν: hard to bear, painful, grievous.ὦ: O.

ϵἰ δὲ μή … ξυμβαίνϵι: A simple, present conditional statement; the protasis is formed by the conjunction ϵἰ with the indicative (here omitted) and the apodosis by the present indicative (S. 2298). Notice that the form of the conditional statement has changed from the first half of Cephalus’ thought above. Above, he was expressing an indefinite truth about human behavior (“if ever … then”) while here he is stating a fact about human behavior (“if … then”) (S. 2298, 2335).

ϵἰ δὲ μή: The protasis of the conditional statement (S. 2282). Brachylogy of ϵἰ δὲ μὴ κόσμιος καὶ ϵὔκολός ἐστιν which balances the previous protasis (substituting singular for plural); the entire thought need not be translated, simply the supplied words (S. 3018.b). The phrase ϵἰ δὲ μή, in alternatives, introduces a supposition opposed to something just said and means “but if not, otherwise” (S. 2346.d). ϵἰ: The conjunction introduces the protasis (S. 2283). δὲ: The postpositive particle draws a contrast with μέν in the previous sentence (S. 2904). μή: The negative in a protasis is μή, not οὐ (S. 2286, 2702.2). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

καὶ … ξυμβαίνϵι: The apodosis of the conditional statement (S. 2280).

καὶ … καὶ: The repeated conjunction, connecting the two nominatives γῆρας … νϵότης, means “both … and” or even the stronger contrast of “not only … but also” (S. 2877).

γῆρας: First nominative subject of ξυμβαίνϵι (S. 927, 938). The noun lacks an article (S. 1126).

νϵότης: Second nominative subject of ξυμβαίνϵι (S. 927, 938). The noun lacks an article (S. 1126).

χαλϵπὴ (ϵἶναι): The predicate nominative adjective modifies and agrees with the nearer noun νϵότης, but should also be construed with γῆρας (S. 910, 1053, 1975). ϵἶναι: Supply ϵἶναι as the object (complimentary) infinitive after ξυμβαίνϵι (S. 1989).

τῷ τοιούτῳ: Singular, masculine, dative demonstrative pronoun used substantively with the article; the antecedent is the subject of the supplied verb of the protasis ἐστιν (S. 1238). Dative with the adjective χαλϵπὴ (S. 1499).

ξυμβαίνϵι: Third person, singular, present, active, indicative of ξυμβαίνω (S. 383). Main verb of the apodosis (S. 2173). With two subjects, the verb may agree with the nearest or most important and be placed after both subjects (S. 966, 966.c).

I.2.C: Socrates questions Cephalus on the advantages of wealth for the elderly. Cephalus maintains that it is easier to live a just life with wealth and to have a free conscience by not having to neglect sacrifices to the gods or doing wrong to humans. (329.d-331.b)

IV. Καὶ ἐγὼ ἀγασθϵὶς αὐτοῦ ϵἰπόντος ταῦτα, βουλόμϵνος ἔτι λέγϵιν αὐτὸν ἐκίνουν καὶ ϵἶπον ῏Ω Κέφαλϵ, οἶμαί σου τοὺς πολλούς, ὅταν ταῦτα λέγῃς, οὐκ ἀποδέχϵσθαι, ἀλλ´ ἡγϵῖσθαί σϵ ῥᾳδίως τὸ γῆρας φέρϵιν οὐ διὰ τὸν τρόπον, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ πολλὴν οὐσίαν κϵκτῆσθαι· (329.d-e)

ἄγαμαι: to wonder at.ἀλλά: but.ἀποδέχομαι: to accept, approve, believe, agree.αὐτόν, αὐτήν, αὐτό: him, her, it.βούλομαι: to will, wish, be willing.γῆρας, -αος, τό: old age.διά (+ acc.): owing to, thanks to, on account of.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ϵἶπον: to speak, say.ἔτι: further.ἡγέομαι: to suppose, believe, hold.καί: and.Κέφαλος, -ου, ὁ: Cephalus.κινέω: to urge on.κτάομαι: to procure for oneself, get, acquire.

λέγω: to say.οἶμαι: to think, suppose, believe.ὅταν: whenever.οὐ: not.οὐσία, -ας, ἡ: that which is one’s own, one’s substance, property.οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this man, woman, or thing.πολλοί, -ῶν, οἱ: the multitude, the vulgar crowd.πολύς, πολλή, πολύ: great, large.ῥᾳδίως: easily, lightly, with equanimity.σύ, σοῦ: you, of you.τό, τοῦ: the.τρόπος, -ου, ὁ: character, temper.φέρω: to bear.ὦ: O.

Καὶ: The conjunction connects this sentence with the previous one (S. 2868).

ἐγὼ ἀγασθϵὶς … βουλόμϵνος: Nominative subject of both ἐκίνουν and ϵἶπον (S. 927, 938). ἐγὼ: Singular, nominative of the personal pronoun ἐγώ; the pronoun is only used when emphatic (S. 325, 929). ἀγασθϵὶς … βουλόμϵνος: Notice the lack of a connective between the two participles (asyndeton) (S. 3016). ἀγασθϵὶς: Singular, masculine, nominative, aorist, passive circumstantial participle of ἄγαμαι modifying ἐγὼ (S. 489.e, 2054). The aorist tense of the participle denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.c). The aorist participle is accented as an oxytone (S. 425.b).

αὐτοῦ ϵἰπόντος: Genitive object of the participle ἀγασθϵὶς (S. 1388-89, 2040). αὐτοῦ: Singular, masculine, genitive personal pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is Κέφαλϵ (S. 12104.3). ϵἰπόντος: Singular, masculine, genitive, aorist, active, circumstantial participle of ϵἶπον (S. 2054). The aorist tense of the participle denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.c).

ταῦτα: Plural, neuter, accusative demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is Cephalus’ speech above (S. 1238). Accusative direct object of the participle ϵἰπόντος (S. 1554, 2040).

βουλόμϵνος: Singular, masculine, nominative, present, deponent, circumstantial participle of βούλομαι modifying ἐγὼ (S. 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a). Notice the force of the switch in tense of the two participles modifying ἐγώ.

ἔτι: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

λέγϵιν αὐτὸν: Verbs of will or desire (βουλόμϵνος) with an accusative subject and the infinitive form one of the classes of substantive clauses introduced in English by that (S. 1991.a). λέγϵιν: An object (complimentary) infinitive after the participle βουλόμϵνος (S. 1991). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865). αὐτὸν: Singular, masculine, accusative personal pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is Κέφαλϵ (S. 1204.3). Accusative subject of the infinitive (S. 1972).

ἐκίνουν: First person, singular, imperfect, active, indicative of κινέω (S. 385). Main verb of the (first)complex coordinate clause: ἐγὼ … ἐκίνουν (S. 2162).

καὶ: The conjunction connects the two coordinate clauses (S. 2868).

ϵἶπον: First person, singular, aorist, active, indicative of ϵἶπον (S. 384). Main verb of the (second) complex coordinate clause: ϵἶπον … κϵκτῆσθαι (S. 2162). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590).

῏Ω Κέφαλϵ: Vocative; the vocative forms an incomplete sentence (S. 1283). ὦ: The exclamation is used with the vocative (S. 1284). The vocative is normally found in the interior of a sentence (S. 1285).

οἶμαί: First person, singular, present, deponent, indicative of οἶμαι (S. 383). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). The subject ἐγώ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). An Attic contraction of οἴομαι (L.S. οἴομαι). The acute accent on the ultima of the properispomenon is thrown back from the following enclitic σου (S. 183.c). This verb introduces indirect discourse (accusative/infinitive) for the remainder of the sentence (S. 2592.b).

σου: Singular, genitive enclitic form of the personal pronoun σύ (S. 325). Genitive of source after the infinitive ἀποδέχϵσθαι (S. 1410). The enclitic throws its accent back onto the properispomenon οἶμαί (S. 183.c).

τοὺς πολλοὺς ... ἀποδέχϵσθαι: First accusative/infinitive construction in indirect discourse after οἶμαί (S. 2016, 2589). τοὺς πολλούς: Plural, masculine, accusative adjective used substantively with the article meaning “the multitude, the vulgar crowd” (S. 1153.g, 1189). Accusative subject of the infinitive (S. 1972). Socrates does not hold the opinion of “the multitude” in high regard; for example see the Crtio. ἀποδέχϵσθαι: Present, deponent infinitive ἀποδέχομαι (S. 383). Main verb of the indirect discourse. The infinitive represents a finite verb after verbs of saying and thinking; each tense of direct discourse is retained (with its proper meaning as regards stage of action) when it becomes infinitive in indirect discourse (S. 2019, 2022).

ὅταν … λέγῃς: Subordinate temporal clause in indirect discourse after οἶμαί (S. 2383, 2399). Temporal clauses referring indefinitely to the future take either the subjunctive with ἄν or the optative without ἄν (S. 2399).

ὅταν: (= ὅτ´ἄν = ὅτϵ ἄν) Adverb of time, meaning “whenever” introducing the temporal clause; with conditional force, so as to nearly equal ἐάν, referring to an indefinite future (L.S. ὅταν).

ταῦτα: Plural, neuter, accusative demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is the content of Cephalus’ speech above (S. 1238). Accusative direct object of λέγῃς (S. 1554).

λέγῃς: Second person, singular, present, active, subjunctive of λέγω (S. 383). Main verb of the temporal clause (S. 2173). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). After primary tenses (οἶμαί), all subordinate verbs retain the original mood and tense (S. 2618). The present tense of the subjunctive denotes continual action (S. 1860).

οὐκ: The simple negative particle οὐ is the negative of fact and statement (S. 2688). The -κ is added to οὐ before a smooth breathing (S. 137).

ἀλλ: Adversative conjunction connecting the two accusative/infinitive constructions (S. 2775). Elision of ἀλλὰ (S. 70).

(τοὺς πολλούς) ἡγϵῖσθαί: Second accusative/infinitive construction in indirect discourse after οἶμαί (S. 2016, 2589). τοὺς πολλούς: Carry down the substantive as the accusative subject (S. 1972). ἡγϵῖσθαί: Present, deponent infinitive of ἡγέομαι (S. 385). Main verb of the indirect discourse. The infinitive represents a finite verb after verbs of saying and thinking; each tense of direct discourse is retained (with its proper meaning as regards stage of action) when it becomes infinitive in indirect discourse (S. 2019, 2022). The acute accent on the ultima of the properispomenon is thrown back from the following enclitic σϵ (S. 183.c).

σϵ … φέρϵιν: Accusative/infinitive construction in indirect discourse after ἡγϵῖσθαί (S. 2016, 2589). σϵ: Singular, accusative, enclitic form of the personal pronoun σύ (S. 325). Accusative subject of the infinitive (S. 1972). The enclitic throws its accent back onto the properispomenon ἡγϵῖσθαί (S. 183.c). φέρϵιν: Present, active infinitive of φέρω (S. 383). Main verb of the indirect discourse. The infinitive represents a finite verb after verbs of saying and thinking; each tense of direct discourse is retained (with its proper meaning as regards stage of action) when it becomes infinitive in indirect discourse (S. 2019, 2022).

ῥᾳδίως: Adverb of manner (S. 343, 1094).

τὸ γῆρας: Accusative direct object of the infinitive φέρϵιν (S.1554, 1967).

οὐ: The simple negative particle οὐ is the negative of fact and statement (S. 2688).

διὰ τὸν τρόπον: Prepositional phrase; διά with the accusative here means “owing to, thanks to, on account of” (S. 1685.2.b). τὸν: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).

ἀλλὰ: Adversative conjunction connecting the two prepositional phrases (S. 2775).

διὰ τὸ πολλὴν οὐσίαν κϵκτῆσθαι: Prepositional phrase; διά with the accusative here means “owing to, thanks to, on account of, in consequence of” (S. 1685.2.b, 2034.B). τὸ … κϵκτῆσθαι: The article with the infinitive forms an articular infinitive (S. 2025). τὸ: The singular, neuter, accusative article introduces the articular infinitive (S. 1153.f). κϵκτῆσθαι: Perfect, deponent infinitive of κτάομαι (S. 385). The perfect tense of the infinitive denotes completion with permanent result (S. 1865.c). πολλὴν οὐσίαν: Accusative direct object of the infinitive κϵκτῆσθαι (S. 1554, 1967). οὐσίαν: The noun lacks an article (S. 1126).

τοῖς γὰρ πλουσίοις πολλὰ παραμύθιά φασιν ϵἶναι. (329.e)

γάρ: for.ϵἰμί: to be.παραμυθία, -ας, ἡ: consolation, diversion, distraction.

πλούσιος, -ου, ὁ: a rich, wealthy, or opulent man.πολύς, πολλή, πολύ: many, great.φημί: to say.

τοῖς … πλουσίοις: Plural, masculine, dative of the adjective πλούσιος used substantively with the article (S. 1153.a). Dative of the possessor; the person for whom a thing exists is put in the dative with ϵἶναι when he is regarded as interested in its possession (S. 1476).

πολλὰ παραμύθιά … ϵἶναι: Accusative/infinitive construction in indirect discourse after φασιν (S. 2016, 2589). πολλὰ παραμύθιά: Predicate accusative after ϵἶναι (S. 1975). παραμύθιά: The predicate noun has no article, and is thus distinguished from the subject (S. 1150). The acute accent on the ultima of the proparoxytone is thrown back from the following enclitic φασιν (S. 183.c). ϵἶναι: Present infinitive of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Each tense of direct discourse is retained (with its proper meaning as regards stage of action) when it becomes infinitive in indirect discourse (S. 2019). The verb here forms a complete predicate meaning “there are …” (S. 918.b).

φασιν: Third person, plural, present, indicative of φημί (S. 783). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). The subject ἐκϵῖνοι (the antecedent is τοὺς πολλούς) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931). The moveable -ν is added to words ending in -σι when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134). The enclitic verb throws back its accent onto the proparoxytone παραμύθιά (S. 183.c).

᾿Αληθῆ, ἔφη, λέγϵις· οὐ γὰρ ἀποδέχονται. (329.e)

ἀληθῆ: truly.ἀποδέχομαι: to accept, approve, believe, agree.γάρ: for.

λέγω: to speak.οὐ: not.φημί: to say.

᾿Αληθῆ: Plural, neuter, accusative of the adjective ἀληθής used as an adverb (S. 341, 1094).

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