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1 The Latin text of Gregory’s bull is included in Magnum bullarium Romanum: bullarum, privilegiorum ac diplomatum Romanorum Pontificum amplissima collectio (Graz, Austria: Akademische Drucku. Verlagsanstalt, 1964-1966). It is available online at the Notre Dame Archives, http://classic.archives.nd.edu/bull.htm.

2 William Thomas Brande, A Dictionary of Science, Literature and Art (London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1842).

3 The Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), vol. 5, English Traits, p. 25.

4 Lippmann refers to “the manufacture of consent” in his Public Opinion, which appeared in 1922 (New York: Free Press, 1997), p. 158).

5 For an invaluable study of the intellectual uneasiness concerning “propaganda” in the post-war years, see Brett Gary, The Nervous Liberals: Propaganda Anxieties from World War I to the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), esp. pp. 15-53.

6 George Creel, How We Advertised America (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1920), p. 3.

7 Bernays, E. L. (1929). “Are We Victims of Propaganda?” The Forum, 81 (3), March, 1929, 142-149. Bernays’s piece appeared in a robust exchange with social psychologist Everett Dean Martin, who took the anti-propaganda view. This contention is noteworthy, as Martin’s The Behavior of Crowds: A Psychological Study (1911) had exerted a strong influence on Bernays’s thinking. Stuart Ewen, PR! The Social History of Spin (New York: Basic Books, 1996), p. 144.

8 See Bernays’s discussion of the word in his Biography of an Idea: Memoirs of Public Relations Counsel Edward L. Bernays (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965), pp. 287ff. It is worth noting that, like Creel before him, he ascribes the word’s sudden pejorative connotation not to the Allies’ own constant claim that “propaganda” was an enemy activity, but to the enemies themselves: “I did not hesitate to call myself a propagandist [in 1918-1919], even though the word had been tarnished by by the German propaganda of the Kaiser and by the Communists.”

9 Lippmann, Public Opinion, p. 251. “The democratic El Dorado” appears on p. 195.

10 Ewen interviewed the elderly Bernays at length. On the latter’s hierarchical world-view, see PR! The Social History of Spin, pp. 9-10.

11 Frederick E. Venn, “The Demagogue, in W. Brooke Graves, ed., Readings in Public Opinion: Its Formation and Control (New York and London: D. Appleton, 1928).

12 Marcel Bleustein-Blanchet, The Rage to Persuade: Memoirs of a Frrench Advertising Man, trans. Jean Boddewyn (New York and London: Chelsea House, 1982), p. 98.

13 Shirley Polykoff, Does She…. Or Doesn’t She?: And How She Did It (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1975), p. 38.

14 On Bernays’s anti-tobacco lobbying efforts, see John Stauber and Sheldon Rampton, Toxic Sludge Is Good for You: Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p. 32.

15 And yet it was debated, once that mammoth propaganda campaign was exposed by the Federal Trade Commission in a harrowing report of many volumes. Several books were written on the scandal, which has evidently been forgotten. See, for example, Ernest Henry Gruening, The Public Pays: A Study of Power Propaganda (New York: The Vanguard Press, 1931), and Jack Levin, Power Ethics (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1931).

16 Bernays tells the story of his work on Guatemala in Biography of an Idea, pp. 744-75. For a clearer and more comprehensive treatment of the coup in Guatemala, and the role played in it by Bernays’s client, the United Fruit Company,, see Stephen C. Schlesinger, Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala, rev. ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999).

17 Arthur Ponsonby, Falsehood in Wartime: Propaganda Lies of the First World War (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1928).

18 It is notable that, within the confraternity of propagandists, propaganda was a word that could, apparently, sometimes be frankly used in its old, neutral sense—even in the Thirties, when U.S. anti-propaganda sentiment was at its height. In one advertising textbook, there is this statement on behalf of “educational pictures” (i.e. propaganda films): “In the field of propagandism there is hardly a more powerful method of arousing and controlling public opinion” (Carl Richard Greer, Advertising and Its Mechanical Reproduction [New York: Tudor Publishing, 1931], p. 68). Such casual professional use of the forbidden term is commonplace today within the U.S. intelligence community, notwithstanding the routine pejorative use of “propaganda” in the propaganda works deployed by that community.