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[1] See Julius Schwarez On the Failure of Geological Attempts made by the Greeks. (Edition 1888.)

[2]

"Vidi ego, quod fuerat quondam solidissima tellus,

Esse fretum. Vidi factas ex æquore terras:

Et procul à pelago conchæ jacuere marinæ;

Et vetus inventa est in montibus anchora sumnis.

Quodque fuit campus, vallem de cursus aquarum

Fecit; et eluvie mons est deductus in æquor:

Eque paludosa siccis humus aret arenis;

Quæque sitim tulerant, stagnata paludibus hument.

Hic fontes Natura novos emissit, at illuc

Clausit: et antiquis concussa tremoribus orbis

Fulmina prosiliunt. … "

—Lib. xv. 262.

[3]

"Nec, quæ sulfureis ardet fornacibus, Ætne

Ignea semper erit; neque enim fuit ignea semper.

Nam, sive est animal tellus, et vivit, habetque

Spiramenta locis flammam exhalantia multis;

Spirandi mutare vias, quotiesque movetur,

Has finire potest, illas aperire cavernas:

Sive leves imis venti cohibentur in antris;

Saxaque cum saxis. … "

—Ibid., 340.

[4] Strabo, lib. vi.

[5] Tacitus, lib. vi. 16, 20.

[6] Principles of Geology, 11th edition, vol. i., ch. 3.

[7] 2 vols., Edin. (1795).

[8] Edin. (1802).

[9] A more extended list of early works will be found in Daubeny's Volcanoes (1848).

[10] 11th edition (1872).

[11] 4th edition (1888).

[12] "The History of Volcanic Action during the Tertiary Period in the British Isles," Trans. Roy. Soc., Edin. Vol. xxxv, (1888).