Читать книгу Statistical Methods and Modeling of Seismogenesis - Eleftheria Papadimitriou - Страница 23

The “Standard Physical Earth Model” (SPEM) was initially introduced by Ward (1992) and applied in characteristic earthquakes associated with subduction at the Middle American trench. This model was further developed and applied to the entire San Andreas fault system by Goes and Ward (1994), to the San Andreas system in Southern California by Ward (1996) and to the San Francisco Bay area by Ward (2000). SPEM also includes, besides velocity-dependent and displacement-dependent friction, stress propagation delay. Based on SPEM, Ward (2012) developed an earthquake simulator for all of California (ALLCAL), expanding the geometry of the fault elements in scope (number of faults included) and scale (number of elements) up to 15,000 nearly square (3 × 3 km) fault elements, for a better representation of moderate earthquakes (M 5.5).

Figure 2.1. Three examples of slider-block models of the earthquake process, from the simplest constituted by only one block (Reid 2010) to a somewhat more complicated model containing seven blocks (from A. Helmstetter). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/limnios/statistical.zip