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19 19. Maron DJ, Hochman JS, Reynolds HR, et al. Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:1395-1407. ISCHEMIA trial.

20 20. Bangalore S, Maron DJ, O’Brien SM, et al. Management of coronary disease in patients with advanced kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 1608-1618. ISCHEMIA-CKD trial.

21 21. SCOT-HEART Investigators, Newby DE, Adamson PD, et al. Coronary CT angiography and 5-year risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:924–33.

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23 23. Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Kiat H, et al. Exercise myocardial perfusion SPECT in patients without known coronary artery disease: incremental prognostic value and use in risk stratification. Circulation 1996; 93: 905–14.

24 24. Bouzas-Mosquera A, Peteiro J, Álvarez-García N. Prediction of mortality and major cardiac events by exercise echocardiography in patients with normal exercise electrocardiographic testing. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 1981–90.

25 25. Bouzas-Mosquera A, Peteiro J, Alvarez-Garcia N, et al. Prognostic value of exercise echocardiography in patients with left bundle branch block. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 2: 251–9.

26 26. Hachamovitch R, Hayes S, Friedman JD, et al. Determinants of risk and its temporal variation in patients with normal stress myocardial perfusion scans. What is the warranty period of a normal scan? J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1329–40.

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28 28. Xaplanteris P, Fournier S, Pijls NHJ, et al. Five-Year Outcomes with PCI Guided by Fractional Flow Reserve. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379(3):250–259.

29 29. Geh AK, Ali S, Na B, et al. Inducible ischemia and the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events in outpatients with stable coronary heart disease: the heart and soul study. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 1423–8.

30 30. Young LH, Wackers FJT, Chyun DA, et al. Cardiac outcomes after screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA 2009; 301: 1547–55. DIAD study

31 31. Muhlestein JB, Lappe DL, Lima JA, et al. Effect of screening for coronary artery disease using CT angiography on mortality and cardiac events in high-risk patients with diabetes. The Factor-64 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014; 312: 2234–43.

32 32. Chang HJ, Lin FY, Lee SU, et al. Coronary atherosclerotic precursors of acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71: 2511-2522. +Also: Ferencik M, Mayrhofer T, Bittner DO, et al. Use of high-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaque detection for risk stratification of patients with stable chest pain: a secondary analysis of the PROMISE randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol 2018; 3:144–152.

33 33. Mortensen MB, Dzaye O, Steffensen FH, et al. Impact of Plaque Burden Versus Stenosis on Ischemic Events in Patients With Coronary Atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Dec 15;76(24):2803-2813. +Also: Cho I, Chang HJ, Sung JM, et al; CONFIRM Investigators. Coronary computed tomographic angiography and risk of all-cause mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction in subjects without chest pain syndrome from the CONFIRM Registry. Circulation. 2012 Jul 17; 126(3):304-13.

34 34. McHenry PL, O'Donnell J, Morris SN, Jordan JJ. The abnormal exercise electrocardiogram in apparently healthy men: a predictor of angina pectoris as an initial coronary event during long-term follow-up. Circulation 1984; 70:547–51: The first symptomatic presentation is usually angina in patients with silent ischemia (MI ~33% of the time), vs MI in patients with no ischemia (~75% of the time, 13 year follow-up). +Another study: Ambrose JA, Tannenbaum MA, Alexopoulos D, et al. Angiographic progression of coronary artery disease and the development of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 12:56–62: patients with coronary occlusion occurring between 2 coronary angiogram were analyzed: those who had intercurrent MI had milder stenosis at baseline (48% stenosis, and only 22% had stenosis>70%) vs. those who did not develop MI (73% stenosis).

35 35. Uchida T, Popma J, Stone GW, et al. The clinical impact of routine angiographic follow-up in randomized trials of drug-eluting stents: a critical assessment of “oculostenotic” reintervention in patients with intermediate lesions. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3(4):403-411: compared to angiography driven by symptoms, routine post-PCI angiography increases detection of restenosis and increases repeat PCI, but does not improve clinical outcomes, such as death, MI, or the long-term target vessel revascularization. +Another study: Zellweger MJ, Weinbacher M, Zutter AW. Long-term outcome of patients with silent versus symptomatic ischemia six months after percutaneous coronary intervention and stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 33–40. Ischemia 6 months post-PCI predicts more revascularization, but not more death or MI at 4 years.

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41 41. Sorbets E, Steg PG, Young R, et al, for the CLARIFY investigators, ß-blockers, calcium antagonists, and mortality in stable coronary artery disease: an international cohort study, Eur Heart J 2019; 40:1399–1407.

42 42. Bangalore S, Sawhney S, Messerli FH. Relation of beta-blocker-induced heart rate lowering and cardioprotection in hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 1482–9.

43 43. Fox K, Ford I, steg PG, et al. Ivabradine in stable coronary artery disease without clinical heart failure. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:1091–1099

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45 45. Narins CR, Zareba W, Moss AJ, et al. Relationship between intermittent claudication, inflammation, thrombosis, and recurrent cardiac events among survivors of myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 440–6.

46 46. Bakris GL, Fonseca V, Katholi RE, et al. Metabolic effects of carvedilol vs. metoprolol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: a rand- omized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 292: 2227–36.

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50 50. Watanabe, H, Kahihana, M, Ohtsuka, S, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of carvedilol on the prevention of nitrate tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 1194–200.

51 51. Chaitman BR, Skettino SL, Parker JO, et al. Anti-ischemic effects and long-term survival during ranolazine monotherapy in patients with chronic severe angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1375–82.

52 52. Chaitman BR, Pepine CJ, Parker JO, et al. Effects of ranolazine with atenolol, amlodipine, or diltiazem on exercise tolerance and angina frequency in patients with severe chronic angina. JAMA 2004; 291: 309–16.

53 53. Morrow DA, Scirica BM, Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E, for the MERLIN-TIMI 36 Trial Investigators. Effects of ranolazine on recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: the MERLIN-TIMI 36 randomized trial. JAMA 2007; 297: 1775–83.

54 54. Mega JL, Hochman JS, Scirica BM, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of women with unstable ischemic heart disease: observations from metabolic efficiency with ranolazine for less ischemia in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes-thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 36 (MERLIN-TIMI 36). Circulation 2010; 121: 1809–17.

55 55. Morrow DA, Scirica BM, Sabatine MS, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide and the effect of ranolazine in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: observations from the MERLIN–TIMI 36 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 1189–96.

56 56. Scirica BM, Braunwald E, Belardinelli L, et al. Relationship between nonsustained ventricular tachycardia after non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome and sudden cardiac death: observations from MERLIN-TIMI 36 randomized controlled trial. Circulation 2010; 122: 455–62.

57 57. SPRINT Research Group. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood pressure control. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 2103–16.

58 58. HOPE Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 145–53. HOPE study.

59 59. PEACE Trial Investigators. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2058–68.

60 60. Rouleau J, Warnica WJ, Baillot R, et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in low-risk patients early after coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation 2008; 117: 24–31.