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1 For more on the identification of the Anthropocene, see Chapter 11. 2 Ernst Haeckel went as far as, like Darwin before him, talking about the economy of nature. 3 “Anthropos” is Greek for human and “kainos” means recent. 4 Vitousek et al. (1997). 5 Ecosystems are “natural units that include living and non-living parts interacting to produce a stable system in which the exchange of materials between the living and non-living parts follows circular paths,” Odum (1953). 6 Ellis et al. (2010). 7 Not just plants but also animals. For instance, bears enter dormant state when food is scarce (hibernation), which is of tremendous value for medicine to investigate and possibly find a cure to osteoporosis and type-2 diabetes (see Chivian and Bernstein, 2008). 8 See Hamilton (1964) and (1970) and Bourke (2011). 9 There is a fundamental difference between the human species and the others in the capacity we have not only to reproduce cooperative behaviors observed among our elders, but to build sustainable and flexible institutions that allow cooperation of every human with every other, beyond the bonds of blood. The lionesses teach their offspring very early, through play, to hunt in packs. But it’s still the same way that lion cubs learn and that, becoming lions, they will hunt. And they will never hunt with strangers. Humans can change the rules of the social game for each generation.10 Domestic material consumption (DMC) represents the total amount of materials directly used by an economy (the annual quantity of raw materials extracted from the domestic territory, plus all physical imports minus all physical exports) and metabolic rates of the economy stands for the amount of natural resources consumed per capita per year (or DMC per capita). See Chapter 7 for additional considerations and data on material flow accounting.11 IRP (2017).12 Kathiresan and Rajendran (2005).