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Essays can be organized in a variety of ways. Some examples of organizational patterns are: comparing/contrasting, problem/solution, chronological, description, exemplifying, classifying, themes, definition, process, cause/effect, advantages/disadvantages, strengths/weaknesses/opportunities/threats (SWOT).

Glossary

chronological ADJ If things are described or shown in chronological order, they are described or shown in the order in which they happened

In shorter essays, it is more likely that a pattern is used throughout the whole essay. In longer essays, you are more likely to use a combination. For example, if you are writing an essay about the Cadbury Company, you could use a chronological pattern, in which you write events in the order in which they occurred. Within the different periods, you might use cause and effect, you could include extended definitions of different business models, you could recount a SWOT analysis that was carried out, etc.

Exercise 3

Match the language on the left with the functions on the right.

1 A good illustration of this is the study carried out by De Carvalho (2012).	listing/classifying
2 There are three factors that can explain why the practice has not become more widespread. Firstly, …	giving cause/effect
3 This demonstrated that a different perspective on the problem can give rise to alternative decisions being taken.	exemplifying
4 Whereas in Western societies this is the most important factor in deciding attractiveness, in Eastern societies this is less so.	comparing/contrasting

Glossary

figure (figures) N-COUNT In books, journal articles, and essays, the diagrams which help to show or explain information are referred to as figures.