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CONTENTS

List of Figures ix

Acknowledgments xi

Introduction xiii

I HISTORY 1

1 Music Industry, Media, and Technology 3

Copyright 3

The Recording Industry 6

Radio and Television 10

Magazines, Charts, and Industry Awards 14

Technology 15

2 1920s–1950s 23

Tin Pan Alley 23

Blues 25

Rhythm and Blues 30

R&B Music and Society 33

Gospel 34

Country 37

3 1954–1959: Early Rock and Roll 41

The Media 43

Youth Culture 45

Naming a Style 45

Crossovers 46

Covers 47

Five Primary Styles 50

Northern Band Rock and Roll 50

New Orleans Dance Blues 50

Memphis Rockabilly 52

Chicago Rhythm and Blues 58

Vocal Groups (Doo Wop) 59

Payola 60

Social Impact 61

4 1960–1964 63

Independent Producers, the Brill Building, and Teen Idols 63

Girl Groups 66

Motown 67

Urban Folk Revival 69

The Beach Boys and Surf Rock 72

The Beatles and the British Invasion 74

Soul 78

5 1965–1969 83

Cross-Fertilization 84

Folk Rock 89

Psychedelic Rock 91

Experimental, Underground, and Protopunk 92

Women and 1960s Rock 94

Funk 96

Rock Guitar 98

Rock Festivals, 1967–1969 100

Rock Journalism 101

End-of-Decade Trends 102

6 1970s 104

Funk in the 1970s 105

Progressive Rock 107

Glam Rock 109

Hard Rock 112

Singer-Songwriters 113

Country Rock 117

Stevie Wonder 126

Disco 127

Punk 135

New Wave 139

Women and 1970s Rock 141

Jazz Rock 142

End-of-Decade Moment 142

7 1980s 144

Hip Hop 144

Misogynist Lyrics in Hip Hop 150

Epidemic, Economics, and Incarceration 154

Heavy Metal 156

Second British Invasion 159

Superstars: Michael Jackson, Prince, and Madonna 161

Band Aid, “We Are the World,” and Live Aid 164

Parents Music Resource Center 166

Alternative, Indie Rock, and Hardcore 168

Electronic Dance Music 171

Into the 1990s 181

II FIGURES 183

III INTERPRETIVE FRAMEWORKS 257

8 Identities 261

Youth 262

Gender and Sexuality 267

Race and Ethnicity 272

Blackness 276

Whiteness 278

Latino, Chicano, and Native American 283

Demographics 287

9 Aesthetic Preferences and Sonic Markers 289

European and European American Music 291

African and African American Music 299

Latin American Music 306

10 When Cultures Cross 308

Marian Anderson and Bob Dylan 308

A Spectrum: Four Examples 312

Cultural Appropriation 316

11 Researching and Studying Rock and R&B 320

Sources 320

Themes 322

Glossary 325

Melody, Chord, Harmony, Tonality, and Overtones 325

Rhythm, Beat, Tempo, Meter, Measure and Bar, and Repertory 325

Verse and Chorus 326

References 327

Bibliography (Print, Online Articles and Websites, Radio Programs) 327

Discography 357

Filmography/Videography 358

Index 365