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LIST OF FIGURES

1. Copyright in the United States 185

2. Copyright timeline 187

3. Growth of the recording industry in the United States to the 1930s 188

4. Growth of radio in the United States 190

5. Music on television, 1940s–1980s 191

6. African Americans in starring roles in television 192

7. Magazines 193

8. Industry popularity charts (Billboard) 194

9. Grammy categories 195

10. Innovations in sound and musical instrument technology, 1948–2001 196

11. “High Water Everywhere, Part 1,” by Charley Patton 197

12. Early blues singers 198

13. Twelve-bar blues form 199

14. Some key independent record labels, 1940s–1950s (date founded and artist’s debut recording) 200

15. “Choo Choo Ch-Boogie,” by Louis Jordan 201

16. Electric blues guitarists, 1950s–1960s (R&B Top 10 single hits and pop LP debuts) 202

17. Women R&B singers, 1940s–1950s (R&B Top 10 single hits and crossovers to pop Top 40) 203

18. Birth years of early rock and roll, soul, and funk leaders 204

19. Elvis Presley Top 10 hits 205

20. Top 40 crossover pop hits by black rock and roll artists 207

21. Five cover comparisons, 1954–1956 208

22. Five styles of early rock and roll, 1954–1956 209

23. Rockabilly artists and their debut recordings 210

24. “Stand by Me” form and arrangement 210

25. Brill Building songwriting teams and select pop hits 211

26. Teen idols: Late 1950s–1960s Top 40 hits 212

27. Motown pop Top 10 singles, 1960–1970 213

28. Birth years of singer-songwriters 215

29. Bob Dylan Top 40 pop singles and LPs in the 1960s 216

30. Beach Boys, Beatles, and Rolling Stones pop Top 40 comparisons, 1962–1971 217

31. Beatles U.S. albums: Pop album chart positions 220

32. British Invasion groups/artists and debuts in U.S. pop singles Top 40 221

33. Birth years of early 1960s groups 222

34. Soul: Naming a genre in song and album titles 223

35. Mid to late 1960s U.S. rock (psychedelic and hard) 224

36. Funk: Naming a genre in song and album titles 225

37. Groups with organ, 1960s 226

38. Integrated groups, 1960s to early 1970s 227

39. Groups with Latin percussion 227

40. Birth and death years of 1960s musicians 228

41. All-time Top 40 hits: Soloists and groups (through 1999) 229

42. Blaxploitation films and the next generation 231

43. Funk bands: Their debut LP year and their first pop Top 10 single 232

44. Progressive, art, experimental, and glam rock 233

45. Early to mid 1970s rock: Top 40 singles and albums 234

46. Folk rock and country rock groups 235

47. Disco singers and groups and their debut disco LPs 236

48. Punk and new wave groups and their debut LPs 237

49. Disco and punk comparisons 238

50. Women rock singers fronting bands, 1970s 239

51. Gendered instruments 240

52. Jazz and jazz rock albums in the pop Top 40 241

53. Rap groups and LPs moving into the mainstream, 1984–1990 243

54. Some key rap record labels 244

55. “Fight the Power” sample and lyric sources 245

56. Early metal groups, new wave of British heavy metal, and American metal 246

57. Hard rock, metal, and punk comparisons 248

58. Second British Invasion groups: Artists and first pop Top 10 singles 249

59. Superstars of the 1980s 250

60. Rock for a cause 251

61. Alternative, indie, and postpunk 252

62. Rap groups entering the pop Top 10 (albums), 1992–1997 253

63. Solo emcees entering the pop Top 10 (albums), 1993–1997 254

64. Women rock singer-songwriters, 1994–1997 255