Читать книгу Introduction to Energy, Renewable Energy and Electrical Engineering - Ewald F. Fuchs - Страница 4
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Оглавление1 PrefaceFigure P.1 Measured temperature anomalies during 2014 referring to the avera...Figure P.2 CO2 variation and increase [2] during the past 800 000 years.Figure P.3 Possible emissions pathways [5], billions of metric tons of CO2....Figure P.4 Divergent scenarios [5] for atmospheric CO2 in parts per million ...Figure P.5 Electric power (generation and consumption) requirements in Germa...Figure P.6 The breakup of China's southern power grid due to the concentrati...
2 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Combined heat and (electric) power (CHP) plant.Figure 1.2 Definition of a (Carnot) cycle. The vertical y‐axis represents th...Figure 1.3 Carnot (piston) machine.Figure 1.4 (a) Summary of (pTV) diagram of Carnot cycle [7]. (b) Heat flow i...Figure E1.1.1 Adiabatic calculations for the determination of input and outp...Figure 1.5 (a) Rankine cycle. (b) (Ts) diagram of Rankine cycle. Below the s...Figure 1.6 (a) Brayton cycle. (b) (pV) diagram of Brayton cycle, where s is ...Figure 1.7 (a) (pV) diagram of Ericsson cycle, where T is parameter. (b) (TsFigure 1.8 (a) Theoretical (th) efficiency characteristics ηth of diese...Figure E1.2.1 Components of the CHP Dobbiaco–San Candido, Italy.Figure 1.9 (a) Schematic of heat pump. (b) Operating principle of a heat pum...Figure 1.10 Representative types of water turbines [20, 23–25].Figure 1.11 Wind power farm.Figure 1.12 (a) Growth of solar‐heating power plants in Germany [32]. (b) Ut...Figure E1.6.1 (a) High‐efficiency, single‐family dwelling with PV system and...Figure E1.6.2 Energy disclosure for single‐family dwelling of Figure E1.6.1a...Figure E1.6.3 Weekly average energy readings per day for EIi, EGi, EHCi, and...Figure E1.6.4 Maximum possible hours of sunshine in Munich in particular on ...Figure E1.6.5 Reduction of generation of PV modules from 2014 to 2018, where...Figure E1.7.1 One smartphone (including its use of transmission towers) can ...Figure E1.7.2 Presently permitted general “electro‐smog” limit values for 2....Figure E1.7.3 Recommended precautionary “electro‐smog” limit values for 2100...Figure 1.13 Capacity factors for assorted energy systems.Figure 1.14 (a) Charged capacitor with electrons endowed [49] with voltage vFigure E1.8.1 Arrangement of three charges along the x‐axis.Figure E1.8.2 Calculation of force applied to q1.Figure E1.8.3 Calculation of force applied to q2.Figure E1.8.4 Calculation of force applied to q3.Figure E1.8.5 Force distribution so that the resultant force acting on q2 is...Figure 1.15 Negative (e.g. electrons) and positive (e.g. atoms stripped of e...Figure 1.16 Voltage v causes electrons to move through load resistance R inc...Figure 1.17 Constant unipolar direct current (DC).Figure 1.18 Alternating current (AC) with frequency f.Figure E1.9.1 Heart pulsations of 12‐year‐old person with 82 bpm.Figure E1.9.2 Heart pulsations of a newborn with 150 bpm.Figure E1.10.1 View of the mountain range Drei Türme at the Swiss‐Austrian b...Figure E1.10.2 Changing bpm of an adult hiking up Drei Türme from minimum al...Figure E1.11.1 Hearing sound intensity as a function of frequency for a youn...Figure E1.11.2 Hearing area intensity as a function of frequency for a young...Figure 1.19 (a) Definition of voltage V1 = VA − VB as a function of voltages...Figure 1.20 Equivalent circuit for time‐dependent instantaneous voltages v(tFigure 1.21 Two equivalent circuits for DC voltage Vbat and current I.Figure 1.22 (a) Ideal passive DC circuit with either resistor R, capacitor CFigure 1.23 (a) Time‐independent DC and time‐dependent voltage sources. (b) ...Figure 1.24 (a) Current flow of a galvanic element consisting of Zn and Cu e...Figure 1.25 Conventional electrolysis.Figure 1.26 High‐temperature [67] electrolysis, where “v/%” stands for “volu...Figure E1.15.1 North–south cross section of Alpine foothills near Munich [73...Figure E1.15.2 Schematic of geothermal district heating plant in Messestadt ...Figure E1.16.1 Global distribution of modern groundwater depth.Figure E1.17.1 Depicts the controlled fusion [80] of hydrogen to helium atom...Figure E1.17.2 Wendelstein [79] fusion reactor, not yet operational.Figure E1.18.1 Illumination of Berlin as viewed from outer space [81].Figure P1.3.1 Block diagram of combustor, compressor, and steam turbine with...Figure P1.11.1 Arrangement of three charges in the x − y plane.Figure P1.19.1 Configuration of PV panels on residence and on garage. The ro...Figure 1.A.1 27 Rooftop 27 solar panels consisting of two independent DC cir...Figure 1.B.1 Basic elements of a power generation, transmission, and distrib...Figure 1.B.2 Generator with transformer inside the power plant fence, step‐u...Figure 1.B.3 Generation of free electrons within a copper (Cu) conductor due...Figure 1.B.4 Process of endowed electron migration within a copper/aluminum ...Figure 1.B.5 Electricity processing along a conductor and employing transfor...Figure 1.B.6 Some water (H2O) molecules exit pipe through drilled hole.Figure 1.B.7 Neither free nor endowed electrons leave the conductor through ...Figure 1.B.8 Reduction of magnetic fields by employing a reverse‐phased, dou...Figure 1.C.1 Electricity charges in cents/kWh expressed in euro (€) for vari...Figure 1.C.2 Increase of monthly electricity bill in euro (€) for a resident...
3 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 (a) Time‐dependent AC voltage vAC(t) and current iAC(t), (b) time...Figure 2.2 Definition of ohmic resistance R measured in Ω.Figure 2.3 Kirchhoff's current law at a node, where N = 4.Figure 2.4 Kirchhoff's voltage law within a mesh or loop, where for N = 4 vo...Figure 2.5 (a) Independent voltage source characterized by a circle with + a...Figure 2.6 Application of KVL to single‐loop circuit.Figure 2.7 Application of voltage divider rule.Figure 2.8 Detailed equivalent circuit for single‐node pair.Figure 2.9 Reduced equivalent circuit for single‐node pair where vA(t) = RpiFigure 2.10 Detailed parallel equivalent circuit illustrating current divisi...Figure 2.11 Reduced parallel equivalent circuit illustrating current divisio...Figure 2.12 Series connection of N resistors.Figure 2.13 Parallel connection of N resistors.Figure E2.1.1 Bridge‐type circuit with nodes a, b, and c, which are instrume...Figure E2.1.2 Replacement of Δ by equivalent Y circuit.Figure E2.2.1 Bridge circuit in series with the resistor Rseries.Figure E2.2.2 Reduced circuit, equivalent to circuit of Figure E2.2.1.Figure E2.3.1 Three‐node network with known currents iA(t) and iB(t).Figure E2.4.1 Two‐mesh circuit.Figure 2.14 (a) Linear and (b) nonlinear voltage–current characteristics v =...Figure E2.5.1 Two independent sources vA(t) and iA(t) within an electric cir...Figure E2.5.2 Reduced electric circuit with vA(t) = 0.Figure E2.5.3 Redrawing of electric circuit of Figure E2.5.2.Figure E2.5.4 Reduced electric circuit with iA(t) = 0.Figure 2.15 Independent current source i(t) with load resistor RL.Figure 2.16 Independent voltage source v(t) with load resistor RL.Figure 2.17 Given electric circuit.Figure 2.18 Network of Figure 2.17 but with removed load resistor RL; defini...Figure 2.19 Calculation of short‐circuit (sc) current Isc flowing from termi...Figure 2.20 Thévenin (TH)‐adjusted equivalent network with load resistor RL ...Figure 2.21 Norton equivalent electric circuit with load resistor RL connect...Figure E2.6.1 Given network.Figure E2.6.2 Calculation of open‐circuit (oc) voltage Voc.Figure E2.6.3 Calculation of Thévenin resistance RTH.Figure E2.6.4 Thévenin equivalent circuit with load consisting of R2 and R3....Figure E2.6.5 Norton equivalent circuit and load.Figure 2.22 (a) Thévenin and (b) Norton equivalent circuits.Figure 2.23 Wheatstone bridge for measuring the resistance R1 = Rx with galv...Figure E2.7.1 Determination of open‐circuit voltage Voc.Figure E2.7.2 Determination of short‐circuit current Isc through galvanomete...Figure E2.7.3 Determination of Thévenin resistance RTH, where R5 is the galv...Figure P2.1.1 Parallel resistive circuit.Figure P2.4.1 Application of Kirchhoff's second law.Figure P2.5.1 Single‐loop circuit.Figure P2.6.1 Single‐node pair circuit.Figure P2.7.1 Current division and summation.Figure P2.8.1 Voltage division and summation.Figure P2.9.1 Series connection of resistors.Figure P2.10.1 Parallel connection of resistors.Figure P2.11.1 Nodal analysis circuit.Figure P2.12.1 Circuit to be solved via loop/mesh analysis.Figure P2.13.1 Circuit to be solved via the principle of superposition.Figure P2.14.1 Circuit to be solved via source transformation.Figure P2.16.1 Circuit to be solved via Thévenin's theorem.Figure P2.17.1 Circuit to be solved via source transformation.
4 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Parallel plate capacitor with capacitance C: (a) three‐dimensiona...Figure 3.2 Derivation of energy storage of capacitor under ideal (lossless) ...Figure E3.1.1 (a) Charging and discharging of a capacitor with the sawtooth ...Figure E3.1.2 Numerically computed steady‐state result ic(t) = I(c) for give...Figure 3.3 Practical capacitor with capacitance C including losses defined b...Figure 3.4 Series connection of capacitors C1, C2, …, CN.Figure 3.5 Parallel connection of capacitors C1, C2, …, CN.Figure 3.6 Inductor with C‐core and air gap g. The open core is called a C‐c...Figure 3.7 Inductor with toroidal C‐core and air gap g. L is the inductance ...Figure 3.8 Symbol for an ideal inductor.Figure 3.9 Practical inductor with inductance L including losses defined by ...Figure E3.2.1 (a) Charging and discharging of an inductor with the triangula...Figure E3.2.2 Numerically computed result for vL(t) = −V(1) as a function iLFigure 3.10 Series connection of inductances L1, L2, …, LN.Figure 3.11 Parallel connection of inductances L1, L2, …, LN.Figure 3.12 RC series circuit, where Vs is a source (s) DC voltage.Figure 3.13 v c(t) as a function of time t, defined by Eq. (3.37), and displ...Figure 3.14 Numerically computed transient solution for vc(t) = V(2) − V(0) ...Figure 3.15 RL series circuit where Vs is a source (s) DC voltage.Figure 3.16 i(t) = iL(t) as a function of time t defined by Eq. (3.46) and d...Figure 3.17 Numerically computed transient solution for i(t) = I(L) based on...Figure 3.18 Two storage elements L and C in parallel with resistor R supplie...Figure E3.4.1 Two storage elements L and C in series with resistor R supplie...Figure E3.4.2 Analytical solution for the slightly underdamped response of vFigure E3.4.3 Numerical PSPICE solution for the underdamped response of vc(tFigure E3.4.4 Numerical PSPICE solution for the overdamped response of vc(t)...Figure P3.1.1 Calculation of capacitor current ic(t) for given capacitor vol...Figure P3.2.1 Calculation of capacitor current ic(t) for given capacitor vol...Figure P3.3.1 Calculation of transient voltage vc(t) for t > 0 and Vs = 120 ...Figure P3.4.1 Calculation of equivalent capacitance CAB.Figure P3.5.1 Calculation of equivalent capacitance CAB.Figure P3.6.1 Calculation of equivalent capacitance CAB.Figure P3.7.1 Calculation of inductor voltage vL(t) for given inductor curre...Figure P3.8.1 Calculation of inductor voltage vL(t) for given inductor curre...Figure P3.9.1 Calculation of transient current i(t) = iL(t) for t > 0.Figure P3.10.1 Calculation of equivalent inductance LAB.Figure P3.11.1 Calculation of equivalent inductance LAB.Figure P3.12.1 Calculation of equivalent inductance LAB.Figure P3.13.1 Calculation of inductor voltage vR3L(t) and current i(t).Figure P3.14.1 Calculation of capacitor voltage vc(t) and current i(t).Figure P3.15.1 Calculation of capacitor voltage vc(t) and current i(t).Figure P3.16.1 Calculation of transient charging current i(t) and resonant/o...
5 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 General form of a sinusoid in time domain.Figure 4.2 RL time domain network.Figure 4.3 RL complex number domain network .Figure 4.4 Complex number depicted in the Gaussian [2] plane relating rectan...Figure E4.1.1 RL circuit response solved in the complex domain for forcing...Figure E4.1.2 Representation of the complex quantities in Eq. (E4.1.7).Figure E4.2.1 RL network with voltage v(t) and current i(t).Figure 4.5 Resistor exposed to complex voltage resulting in complex respon...Figure 4.6 Phasor forcing voltage and phasor response current applied as...Figure 4.7 Graphical representation of forcing voltage and phasor response...Figure 4.8 Inductor exposed to complex voltage resulting in complex respon...Figure 4.9 Phasor forcing voltage and phasor response current applied as...Figure 4.10 Graphical representation of forcing voltage and phasor respons...Figure 4.11 Capacitor exposed to complex voltage resulting in complex resp...Figure 4.12 Phasor forcing voltage and phasor response current applied a...Figure 4.13 Graphical representation of forcing voltage and phasor respons...Figure 4.14 General network in a block diagram.Figure 4.15 Series connection of impedances.Figure 4.16 Parallel connection of impedances.Figure 4.17 Parallel connection of admittances.Figure 4.18 Series connection of admittances.Figure E4.3.1 RLC circuit solved by applying Kirchhoff’s voltage and current...Figure E4.3.2 Phasor diagram in the complex plane of the above calculated vo...Figure E4.4.1 RLC circuit solved by applying nodal analysis.Figure E4.5.1 RLC circuit solved based on mesh/loop analysis.Figure E4.6.1 RLC network solved with the principle of superposition.Figure E4.6.2 RLC circuit without current source (open circuit).Figure E4.6.3 RLC circuit without voltage source (short circuit).Figure E4.7.1 Original RLC network.Figure E4.7.2 First transformation of RLC network.Figure E4.7.3 Second transformation of RLC network.Figure E4.7.4 Final transformed RLC network.Figure E4.8.1 Original RLC circuit.Figure E4.8.2 Desired reduced RLC circuit by applying Thévenin’s theorem.Figure E4.8.3 Circuit for finding the open‐circuit voltage .Figure E4.8.4 Redrawn circuit for finding the open‐circuit voltage Figure E4.8.5 Definition of Thévenin impedance .Figure E4.9.1 Original RLC circuit, where the voltage source is transforme...Figure E4.9.2 Circuit with the short‐circuit current and parallel impedanc...Figure E4.9.3 Circuit where the short‐circuit current is replaced by volta...Figure E4.9.4 Reduced circuit.Figure E4.9.5 Definition of Thévenin impedance.Figure E4.9.6 Circuit with current source in Eq. (E4.9.1) and defined in t...Figure E4.10.1 Asymmetric sawtooth function.Figure E4.11.1 Pulse function.Figure P4.1.1 Capacitor supplied by current is(t).Figure P4.1.2 Impedance calculation .Figure P4.1.3 Equivalent impedance .Figure P4.2.1 Equivalent admittance .Figure P4.3.1 Equivalent admittance and current .Figure P4.4.1 Bridge‐type circuit.Figure P4.5.1 Voltage as a function of given current source.Figure P4.6.1 Current as a function of given current source.Figure P4.7.1 Application of KVL and KCL.Figure P4.8.1 Application of nodal analysis.Figure P4.9.1 Mesh analysis.Figure P4.10.1 Loop/mesh analysis.Figure P4.11.1 Analysis based on the principle of superposition.Figure P4.12.1 Analysis using source transformation/exchange.Figure P4.13.1 Application of Thévenin’s theorem (impressed voltage source)....Figure P4.14.1 Application of Norton’s theorem (impressed current source).Figure P4.15.1 Symmetric waveform, rectangular/trigonometric analysis with p...Figure P4.16.1 Symmetric waveform, exponential analysis with period T.Figure 4.A.1 Complex number in Gaussian plane.Figure 4.A.2 Complex number in Gaussian plane.Figure 4.A.3 Complex number in Gaussian plane.Figure 4.A.4 Complex number in Gaussian plane.
6 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 (a) Lightning instantaneous current i lightning(t). (b) Lighting ...Figure 5.2 (a) Passive R, L, C load network/circuit supplied by source volta...Figure 5.3 Phasor voltage and phasor current for a resistor R.Figure 5.4 Phasor voltage and phasor current for an inductor L or jωL...Figure 5.5 Phasor voltage and phasor current for a capacitor C or 1/jωC...Figure E5.1.1 Circuit for calculating the power balance.Figure 5.6 Single‐phase source–load circuit with line impedance.Figure 5.7 Given load voltage and resulting load current resulting in the im...Figure 5.8 (a) Resistive load R. (b) Phasor diagram for resistive load R.Figure 5.9 (a) Inductive reactive load jωL. (b) Phasor diagram for indu...Figure 5.10 (a) Capacitive reactive load 1/jωC = −j/ωC. (b) Phasor...Figure 5.11 (a) Resistive–inductive load (R + jωL). (b) Phasor diagram ...Figure 5.12 (a) Resistive–capacitive load (R + 1/jωC). (b) Phasor diagr...Figure E5.2.1 Transmission line supplying real power to load with different ...Figure 5.13 is the complex conjugate of .Figure 5.14 and in complex plane.Figure 5.15 (a) Resistive load (R) with and and dissipated power P R (b)...Figure 5.16 Real (average, resistive) power phasor in complex plane.Figure 5.17 Inductive load jωL with and .Figure 5.18 Voltage and current phasors for inductive load.Figure 5.19 Reactive inductive power phasor in complex plane.Figure 5.20 Capacitive load 1/jωC = −j/ωC with and .Figure 5.21 Voltage and current phasors for capacitive load.Figure 5.22 Reactive capacitive power phasor in complex plane.Figure 5.23 Resistive–inductive load (R + jωL) with and .Figure 5.24 Voltage and current phasors for resistive–inductive load.Figure 5.25 Reactive resistive–inductive power phasor in complex plane.Figure 5.26 Capacitive load (R + 1/jωC) = (R−j/ωC) with and .Figure 5.27 Voltage and current phasors for resistive–capacitive load.Figure 5.28 Reactive resistive–capacitive power phasor in complex plane.Figure E5.3.1 Transmission/distribution line feeder.Figure E5.3.2 Load voltage and load current.Figure E5.3.3 Load real and reactive powers P load and Q load, respectively,...Figure E5.3.4 Phasor rms voltages of the load and the source as well as the ...Figure 5.29 Circuit for power factor correction.Figure 5.30 Power relationships before the capacitor C is connected. Note P Figure 5.31 Power phasors for old (uncompensated) and new (compensated) cond...Figure E5.4.1 Power factor increase of a (R + jωL) load with parallel c...Figure E5.4.2 Real power (P load old) and inductive reactive power (Q Figure 5.32 Residential power circuit consisting of a center‐tapped S pole =...Figure 5.33 Residential Δ‐Y‐connected substation transformer, allowing for l...Figure E5.6.1 Typical three‐branch circuit of a residence.Figure 5.34 Two three‐phase systems suspended on transmission tower.Figure 5.35 Reduction of magnetic fields on the ground by employing a revers...Figure 5.36 Time‐domain representation of balanced voltages v an(t), v bn(t)...Figure 5.37 Three‐phase Y‐connected voltage sources, for example, in an elec...Figure 5.38 Three‐phase Y‐connected phasor voltages , , in the complex p...Figure 5.39 Y‐Y configuration.Figure 5.40 Y‐Δ configuration.Figure 5.41 Δ‐Y configuration.Figure 5.42 Δ‐Δ configuration.Figure 5.43 (a) Balanced Y‐Y connections at source and at load, respectively...Figure 5.44 Balanced Y‐Δ connections at source and at load, respectively.Figure 5.45 (a) Line‐to‐line (L‐L) voltage definition for Δ‐connected balanc...Figure 5.46 (a) Balanced Y‐connection (either source or load) definition of ...Figure 5.47 (a) Balanced Δ connection (either source or load). (b) Phasor di...Figure P5.1.1 Calculation of instantaneous current i s(t) and instantaneous ...Figure P5.2.1 Calculation of average power P and reactive power Q absorbed b...Figure P5.3.1 Computation of average power P and reactive power Q absorbed b...Figure P5.4.1 Conservation of real (P) power.Figure P5.5.1 (a) Root‐mean‐square value of (asymmetric) sawtooth voltage. (...Figure P5.6.1 Transmission line with load and source.Figure P5.7.1 Voltage and power factor to be computed at the sending end (so...Figure P5.8.1 Calculation of the complex powers at the source and at the loa...Figure P5.9.1 Single‐phase transmission line with impedance .Figure P5.10.1 Fundamental power factor correction as applied to a bank of s...Figure P5.12.1 Y‐Y configuration with given transmission line and load data....Figure P5.13.1 Y‐Δ configuration with given line current and load data.Figure P5.14.1 Δ‐Y configuration with given source voltages, load, and line ...Figure P5.15.1 Δ‐Δ configuration with given source voltages, load, and line ...Figure P5.16.1 (a) Lightning instantaneous current i lightning(t). (b) Light...
7 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Single permanent magnet and associated magnetic flux Φ, magnetic ...Figure 6.2 Pair of permanent magnets and associated magnetic fields resultin...Figure 6.3 Pair of permanent magnets and associated magnetic fields resultin...Figure 6.4 (a) Application of Ampere's law to a uniform long wire located in...Figure 6.5 Right‐hand rule [3], where current I generates HΦ, which is ...Figure E6.1.1 Infinitely long single wire conducting a DC current of I = 50 ...Figure E6.1.2 Magnetic field densities inside and outside of a single conduc...Figure 6.6 C‐type iron core with one winding/coil having N turns and an air ...Figure 6.7 Equivalent circuit for Figure 6.6 with mmf = ℱ = N i(t), flux Φ, ...Figure E6.2.1 C‐type iron‐core magnetic circuit with gap g = 0.02 m and rela...Figure 6.8 Magnetically coupled circuit with two windings. The dot (•) conve...Figure 6.9 Magnetic arrangement of two coupled windings residing on iron cor...Figure 6.10 Electric equivalent circuit of a coupled two‐winding system resi...Figure 6.11 Detailed electric equivalent circuit with zero leakage fluxes; LFigure 6.12 Single‐phase transformer with voltage source , load impedance Figure 6.13 Magnetic circuit of ideal transformer.Figure 6.14 Circuit symbol for ideal (single‐phase) transformer. The two par...Figure E6.4.1 Electric circuit with two coupled inductors supplied by curren...Figure E6.5.1 Electric circuit with ideal single‐phase transformer and given...Figure E6.6.1 Ideal transformer fed by current source supplying resistive–...Figure E6.7.1 Electric circuit with ideal single‐phase transformer and given...Figure 6.15 Single‐phase transformer with input power Pin, output power PoutFigure 6.16 Shell‐form, single‐phase transformer with interleaved primary an...Figure 6.17 (a) Butt‐to‐butt, (b) wound, and (c) mitered iron cores: for eit...Figure 6.18 Winding arrangement of one‐eighth of an S = 25 kVA oil‐cooled si...Figure 6.19 Linear T‐equivalent circuit of two‐winding, single‐phase transfo...Figure 6.20 Phasor diagram of two‐winding single‐phase transformer derived f...Figure E6.8.1 Linear single‐phase transformer at resistive load Rload = 1.15...Figure E6.8.2 Not‐to‐scale phasor diagram for the linear transformer equival...Figure E6.9.1 Linear single‐phase transformer at resistive–inductive load ...Figure E6.9.2 Not‐to‐scale phasor diagram for the linear transformer equival...Figure E6.10.1 Linear single‐phase transformer at resistive–inductive load w...Figure E6.10.2 Not‐to‐scale phasor diagram for the linear transformer equiva...Figure 6.21 (a) Grid structure for numerical field calculation [9] (see Chap...Figure 6.22 Magnetostatic flux distribution in (x–y) plane [9]. The flux tub...Figure 6.23 Magnetostatic flux distribution in y–z plane [9]. Flux tubes do ...Figure 6.24 Measured and calculated nonlinear (λ–i) characteristics [9]...Figure 6.25 (a) Balanced instantaneous three‐phase voltages leading the ...Figure E6.11.1 Y‐Y three‐phase transformer at Y‐connected resistive load, re...Figure E6.11.2 Not‐to‐scale phasor diagram of primary and secondary phase vo...Figure E6.11.3 Single‐phase equivalent circuit of Figure E6.11.1. In the fol...Figure E6.12.1 Y‐Y three‐phase transformer at Δ‐connected resistive–inductiv...Figure E6.12.2 Not‐to‐scale phasor diagram of primary and secondary phase vo...Figure E6.12.3 Single‐phase equivalent circuit of Figure E6.12.1. In the fol...Figure E6.13.1 Δ‐Y three‐phase transformer at Y‐connected resistive–inductiv...Figure E6.13.2 Not‐to‐scale phasor diagram of primary line‐to‐line and secon...Figure E6.13.3 Single‐phase equivalent circuit of Figure E6.13.1.Figure E6.14.1 Δ‐Y three‐phase transformer at Y‐connected resistive–inductiv...Figure E6.14.2 Not‐to‐scale phasor diagram of primary line‐to‐line and secon...Figure E6.14.3 Single‐phase equivalent circuit of Figure E6.14.1.Figure P6.1.1 Network with two coupled linear (without any iron core) induct...Figure P6.2.1 Network with two coupled linear (without any iron core) induct...Figure P6.3.1 Network with two coupled linear (without any iron core) induct...Figure P6.4.1 Network with two coupled linear (without any iron core) induct...Figure P6.5.1 Network with two coupled linear (without any iron core) induct...Figure P6.6.1 Network with two coupled linear (without any iron core) induct...Figure P6.7.1 Network with ideal (step‐up) transformer with N1 : N2 winding ...Figure P6.8.1 Network with ideal (step‐up) transformer with N1 : N2 winding ...Figure P6.9.1 Network with ideal (step‐down) transformer with N1 : N2 windin...Figure P6.10.1 Network with ideal (step‐down) transformer with N1 : N2 windi...Figure P6.11.1 Network with ideal (step‐down) transformer with N1 : N2 windi...Figure P6.12.1 Circuit with Y‐Δ three‐phase distribution transformer with tw...Figure P6.13.1 Circuit with Y‐Δ three‐phase distribution transformer with Δ‐...Figure P6.14.1 Circuit with Δ–Δ three‐phase, sub‐transmission transformer wi...Figure P6.15.1 Circuit with Δ–Δ three‐phase sub‐transmission transformer wit...Figure P6.16.1 Circuit with Δ–Δ three‐phase transmission transformer with tw...
8 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Definition of general transfer function G(jω) = M(ω)ejϕ...Figure E7.1.1 First‐order RC low‐pass filter circuit.Figure E7.1.2 Magnitude M(ω) and the phase angle Φ(ω) for first‐or...Figure E7.2.1 First‐order RC high‐pass filter circuit.Figure E7.2.2 Magnitude M(ω) and the phase angle Φ(ω) for first‐or...Figure E7.3.1 Band‐pass (second‐order) RLC filter circuit.Figure E7.3.2 Magnitude M(ω) and phase angle Φ(ω) for (second‐orde...Figure E7.4.1 Band‐rejection (second‐order) RLC filter circuit.Figure E7.4.2 Magnitude M(ω) and phase angle Φ(ω) for (second‐orde...Figure E7.5.1 Series RLC (second‐order) resonant circuit.Figure E7.5.2 Magnitude and phase angle ΦIs(ω) of the source current Figure E7.5.3 Phasors and . For 7.5 krad/s < ω0 the current leads Figure E7.6.1 Parallel GLC (second‐order) resonant circuit, where G = 1/R.Figure E7.6.2 Magnitude and phase angle ΦIs(ω) of the source current Figure E7.6.3 Phasors and . For 5 krad/s < ω0 the current lags , ...Figure E7.7.1 RLC series network.Figure P7.1.1 Network R1, R2, and C.Figure P7.2.1 Network R, L, and C.Figure P7.3.1 Network R1, R2, L, and C.Figure P7.4.1 RC network.Figure P7.5.1 Network R1, R2, and C.Figure P7.6.1 Series network R, L, and C.Figure P7.7.1 Series network R, L, and C with vs(t) = 169.68 V cos ωt o...Figure P7.11.1 Parallel network.Figure P7.12.1 Parallel network R, L, and C.Figure P7.13.1 Network R1, R2, L, and C.
9 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Linear ideal operational amplifier with input (v in1,v in2) and o...Figure 8.2 Linear ideal operational amplifier with input voltages v in2,v in...Figure 8.3 Power supply voltages V DD and V SS of linear, ideal operational ...Figure 8.4 Noninverting OP amplifier with resistor R 2 as negative feedback ...Figure E8.1.1 (a) Input and (b) output voltage of noninverting linear OP amp...Figure 8.5 Unity‐gain OP amplifier with zero (short‐circuited) negative feed...Figure E8.2.1 Unity‐gain (UG) linear OP amplifier with power supply voltages...Figure 8.6 Inverting OP linear amplifier with resistor R 2 as negative feedb...Figure E8.3.1 Inverting linear OP amplifier with power supply voltages of V Figure 8.7 Linear ideal differential amplifier with input voltages v in1 and...Figure 8.8 Summing network with two inputs.Figure 8.9 Integrating circuit.Figure 8.10 Differentiating circuit.Figure E8.6.1 (a) Definition of input step voltage v in(t) via the functions...Figure E8.7.1 (a) Definition of input voltage v in(t) via linear functions f...Figure 8.11 Low‐pass (LP) active filter.Figure 8.12 Low‐pass (LP) active filter frequency response.Figure 8.13 Frequency‐selective high‐pass (HP) active filter.Figure 8.14 High‐pass (HP) active filter frequency response (pu).Figure 8.15 Current–voltage converter.Figure 8.16 (a) P‐controller network with closed‐loop voltage gain G v = v o...Figure E8.9.1 Block diagram of separately excited DC machine drive where the...Figure E8.9.2 Definition of the parameter i outmax of the current limiter.Figure E8.9.3 DC machine armature I a (A) with current limiter of Figure E8....Figure E8.9.4 DC machine angular velocity ω m (rad/s) with current limi...Figure E8.9.5 DC machine torque T (Nm) with current limiter of Figure E8.9.2...Figure E8.9.6 DC machine output power P (W) with current limiter of Figure E...Figure E8.9.7 DC machine armature I anew (A) with current limiter of Figure ...Figure E8.9.8 DC machine angular velocity ω m (rad/s) with current limi...Figure E8.9.9 DC machine torque T (Nm) with current limiter of Figure E8.9.2...Figure E8.9.10 DC machine output power P (W) with current limiter of Figure ...Figure E8.9.11 DC machine armature I a (A) with current limiter of Figure E8...Figure E8.9.12 DC machine angular velocity ω m (rad/s) with current lim...Figure E8.9.13 DC machine torque T (Nm) with current limiter of Figure E8.9....Figure E8.9.14 DC machine output power P (W) with current limiter of Figure ...Figure E8.9.15 DC machine armature I anew (A) with current limiter of Figure...Figure E8.9.16 DC machine angular velocity ω m (rad/s) with current lim...Figure E8.9.17 DC machine torque T (Nm) with current limiter of Figure E8.9....Figure E8.9.18 DC machine output power P (W) with current limiter of Figure ...Figure E8.9.19 Steady‐state error ε ωm = − ω m)/ = 1/(1 +...Figure 8.17 (a) I‐controller network with time constant T = R 1 C and closed...Figure 8.18 (a) PI‐controller network with proportional–integral control con...Figure 8.19 (a) D controller. (b) Symbolic representation of D controller of...Figure 8.20 (a) PID controller with P, I, and D circuits connected in parall...Figure E8.10.1 PID control of current through load resistor R L with seven i...Figure E8.10.2 Controlled voltage response v Rload = V(17) across R L = R l...Figure E8.10.3 Controlled voltage v Rload = V(17) response through R L = R Figure E8.10.4 Controlled voltage v Rload = V(17) response through R L = R Figure E8.10.5 Controlled voltage v Rload = V(17) response through R L = R Figure 8.21 (a) PD controller with P and D circuits connected in parallel us...Figure P8.1.1 Noninverting (NI) OP amplifier.Figure P8.2.1 (a–c) Determination of closed‐loop voltage gain for various ...Figure P8.3.1 Determination of closed‐loop voltage gain of noninverting (N...Figure P8.4.1 Noninverting (NI) OP amplifier supplying ohmic load R L with A...Figure P8.5.1 Calculation of load resistor R 2 of noninverting (NI) OP ampli...Figure P8.6.1 Unity‐gain (UG) buffer network.Figure P8.7.1 Inverting (IN) OP amplifier circuit.Figure P8.8.1 Inverting (IN) OP amplifier with DC voltages V DC1 = 10 V and Figure P8.9.1 Differential amplifier with equal input resistances R 1.Figure P8.10.1 Differential amplifier with unequal input resistances R 1 and...Figure P8.11.1 OP amplifier with positive and negative feedback paths.Figure P8.12.1 Summing circuit.Figure P8.13.1 Temperature sensing network consisting of Wheatstone bridge a...Figure P8.14.1 (a) Integrating network. (b) Given output voltage.Figure P8.15.1 (a) Differentiating network. (b) Given input voltage.Figure P8.16.1 Low‐pass filter circuit or proportional–integral (PI) control...Figure P8.17.1 Band‐pass filter circuit or proportional–integral–differentia...Figure P8.18.1 Small photovoltaic power plant with DC transmission network s...
10 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Quasi‐three‐dimensional representation of materials with (a) 4 (e...Figure 9.2 (a) Quasi‐three‐dimensional representation of material with 4 val...Figure 9.3 (a) Silicon‐based pn junction [19] doped/implanted into the silic...Figure 9.4 Characteristic of pn junction diode (d), LED [20, 21], photodiode...Figure 9.5 (a) Circuit symbol of a pn junction diode. (b) Circuit for a ligh...Figure 9.6 (a) Circuit symbol of a Zener (Z) diode; note that VZ is positive...Figure 9.7 (a) Varistor symbol. (b) Varistor characteristic (ivaristor − vva...Figure 9.8 (a) pnp bipolar junction transistor (BJT). (b) Amplifier/switch c...Figure 9.9 (a) Enhancement‐type NMOSFET with a positive voltage applied to t...Figure 9.10 (a) Circuit symbol of a thyristor or SCR. (b) Current–voltage (IFigure 9.11 (a) Two anti‐parallel‐connected thyristors or SCRs, which are tw...Figure 9.12 (a) Simplified equivalent circuit of IGBT consisting of Darlingt...Figure 9.13 (a) Circuit symbol of GTO with anode (A), cathode (C), and gate ...
11 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase AC vo...Figure 10.2 Common approximations [1] for diode characteristics: (a) ideal c...Figure E10.1.1 (a) Source voltage vs(t), load output voltage vout(t) = vs(t)...Figure E10.2.1 Source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0), diode voltage vd(t) = V(2...Figure E10.3.1 Source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0), diode voltage vd(t) = V(1...Figure E10.4.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase vo...Figure E10.4.2 Source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0), output load voltage vout(Figure E10.4.3 Source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0), output voltage vout(t) = Figure E10.4.4 Source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0), output load voltage vout(Figure E10.5.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase vo...Figure E10.5.2 Top plot: source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0); source current Figure E10.5.3 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase vo...Figure E10.5.4 Top plot: source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0) and source curre...Figure E10.6.1 Source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0) as well as the output volt...Figure E10.6.2 Source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0) as well as the output volt...Figure E10.7.1 (a, b) A Zener diode with the voltage Vz can be applied to a ...Figure E10.8.1 (a, b) Single‐phase Zener diode applied to a circuit to limit...Figure E10.9.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase vo...Figure E10.9.2 Source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0), output load voltage vout(Figure E10.10.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase v...Figure E10.10.2 Top plot: source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0) and input sourc...Figure E10.11.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase v...Figure E10.11.2 Source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0), output load voltage voutFigure E10.12.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase v...Figure E10.12.2 Top plot: source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0) and output load...Figure E10.13.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase v...Figure E10.13.2 Source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0), output load voltage voutFigure E10.14.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase v...Figure E10.14.2 Source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0), output load voltage voutFigure E10.15.1 Full‐wave, single‐phase half‐controlled diode/thyristor brid...Figure E10.15.2 Top plot: source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0) and source curr...Figure E10.15.3 Full‐wave, single‐phase half‐controlled diode/thyristor brid...Figure E10.15.4 Top plot: source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0) and source curr...Figure E10.16.1 Full‐wave, single‐phase rectifier with a diode bridge, MOSFE...Figure E10.16.2 Top plot: source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0) and input or so...Figure E10.17.1 Controller supplying AC current with variable magnitude from...Figure E10.17.2 Source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0), output load voltage voutFigure E10.18.1 Controller supplying AC current from single‐phase voltage so...Figure E10.18.2 Source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0), source current is(t) = iFigure E10.19.1 Controller supplying variable AC current from single‐phase v...Figure E10.19.2 Top plot: source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0) and input or so...Figure E10.19.3 Top plot: source voltage vs(t) = V(1) − V(0) and input sourc...Figure E10.20.1 Clipping circuit limiting the positive and negative excursio...Figure E10.20.2 Input vin(t) = V(1) − V(0) and output vout(t) = V(2) − V(0) ...Figure E10.20.3 Positive clamping circuit maintaining at the output voltage ...Figure E10.20.4 Top plot: rectangular input vin(t) = V(1) − V(0). Bottom plo...Figure E10.20.5 Negative clamping circuit maintaining at the output voltage ...Figure E10.20.6 Top plot: input vin(t) = V(1) − V(0). Bottom plot: rectangul...Figure E10.21.1 Full‐wave, three‐phase rectifier employing a diode bridge fe...Figure E10.21.2 Top plot: source voltages van(t) = V(1) − V(0), vbn(t) = V(2...Figure E10.22.1 Full‐wave, three‐phase thyristor rectifier supplying power t...Figure E10.22.2 Top plot: source voltages van(t) = V(1) − V(0), vbn(t) = V(2...Figure E10.22.3 Top plot: source voltages van(t) = V(1) − V(0), vbn(t) = V(2...Figure E10.23.1 Full‐wave, three‐phase rectifier with diode bridge employing...Figure E10.23.2 Top plot: source voltages van(t) = V(1) − V(0), vbn(t) = V(2...Figure E10.23.3 Full‐wave, three‐phase MOSFET rectifier employing six self‐c...Figure E10.23.4 Top plot: source voltages van(t) = V(1) − V(0), vbn(t) = V(2...Figure E10.24.1 Three‐phase ∆/(ungrounded Y) step‐down transformer supplying...Figure E10.24.2 Top plot: line‐to‐line voltages vAB(t) = V(1) − V(2), vBC(t)...Figure E10.24.3 Top plot: line‐to‐line voltages vAB(t) = V(1) − V(2), vBC(t)...Figure E10.25.1 Brushless DC machine consisting of battery, inverter, and th...Figure E10.25.2 Sequence of gating signals for brushless DC motor/machine in...Figure E10.25.3 Top plot: motor (stator) current iMA(t) = I(R1) and applied ...Figure E10.25.4 Top plot: reverse conducting current of diode iDau(t) = I(Da...Figure E10.26.1 Full‐wave, three‐phase current‐controlled voltage source inv...Figure E10.26.2 Battery voltage Vbat = V(2) − V(0) and battery current or in...Figure E10.26.3 Reference currents of inverter vref1(t) = V(12) − V(0), vref...Figure E10.26.4 Power system phase voltages van(t) = V(19) − V(123), vbn(t) ...Figure E10.27.1 Equivalent circuit of a solar cell.Figure E10.27.2 Nonlinear convex (Vc − Ic) characteristic of a solar cell.Figure E10.27.3 Equivalent circuit of a solar PV array or panel with bypass ...Figure E10.27.4 Battery voltage Vbat = V(2) − V(0) and battery current or in...Figure E10.27.5 Reference currents of inverter vref1(t) = V(12) − V(0), vref...Figure E10.27.6 Power system phase voltages van(t) = V(19) − V(123), vbn(t) ...Figure E10.28.1 Block diagram of direct‐drive, variable‐speed wind power pla...Figure E10.28.2 Direct‐drive (without mechanical gear), variable‐speed three...Figure E10.28.3 Three‐phase ∆/(ungrounded Y) step‐up transformer supplying t...Figure E10.28.4 Three‐phase current‐controlled voltage source inverter suppl...Figure E10.28.5 Top plot: steady‐state line‐to‐neutral voltages van(t) = V(1...Figure E10.28.6 Top plot: required (given) rectifier output unipolar voltage...Figure E10.28.7 Reference line currents vref1(t) = V(12) − V(0), vref2(t) = Figure E10.28.8 Top plot: required (given) rectifier output unipolar voltage...Figure E10.28.9 Top plot: secondary phase transformer currents iaph(t) = I(LFigure E10.28.10 Top plot: primary line transformer currents igenA(t) = I(Rg...Figure E10.28.11 Design dimensions of tower of wind power plant.Figure 10.3 Voltage–current (v‐i) diagram of motoring and regeneration modes...Figure 10.4 Block diagram of motoring mode converting electric energy of con...Figure 10.5 Block diagram of regeneration mode converting mechanical braking...Figure E10.29.1 Input transformer (N1 : N2) with diode bridge PWM MOSFET swi...Figure E10.29.2 Current‐controlled PWM voltage source inverter [7, 8, 17] fe...Figure E10.29.3 Top plot: input DC voltage to inverter vout(t) = Vbat(t) ≈ VFigure E10.29.4 Harmonic current through DC input source of inverter ibat(t)...Figure E10.29.5 Top plot: induced voltages of induction machine ea(t) = vout...Figure E10.29.6 Comparison of reference currents vref1(t) = V(12) − V(0), vr...Figure E10.29.7 Input AC voltage to primary of step‐up transformer vsyst(t) ...Figure E10.29.8 Secondary transformer voltage vsec(t) = V(10) − V(11) and cu...Figure E10.29.9 Top plot: unipolar output voltage of diode bridge vCbridge(tFigure E10.29.10 Current through MOSFET switch iDMosfet(t) = ID(mosfet) oper...Figure E10.29.11 Top plot: unipolar (or DC) output voltage vout(t) ≈ Vbat =
12 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Assembled DC machine [1].Figure 11.2 Disassembled DC machine [1] of Figure 11.1.Figure 11.3 Rotor lamination with rectangular slots to house the rotor windi...Figure 11.4 Types of rotor slots housing different winding coils: (a) single...Figure 11.5 Double‐layer lap winding with p = 4 poles and N = 24 full‐pitch ...Figure 11.6 Developed (straightened out) four‐pole rotor/armature winding of...Figure 11.7a Two‐pole direct‐current (DC) machine with slip rings consists o...Figure 11.7b Instantaneous magnetomotive forces (mmfs) Fs and Fr; flux densi...Figure 11.8a Two‐pole DC machine consisting of stationary stator (s) with an...Figure 11.8b Instantaneous magnetomotive forces (mmfs) Ff and Fa; flux densi...Figure 11.8c Application of the right‐hand‐side rule producing the mechanica...Figure 11.9a Schematic cross section of one pole pitch (half a period) of a ...Figure 11.9b Two‐dimensional magnetic field distribution of one pole pitch o...Figure 11.9c Air‐gap flux density of Figure 11.9, expanded rotor position 1 ...Figure 11.10 (a) Ward Leonard system [30] or generator/motor set applied to ...Figure 11.11 (a) Separately excited DC motor with armature reaction compensa...Figure 11.12 (a) Separately excited generator with cumulatively/differential...Figure 11.13 Self‐excited generator used when no independent voltage source ...Figure 11.14 (a) Series excited motor with one independent voltage source VaFigure E11.1.1 Equivalent circuit of a separately excited DC motor. For stea...Figure E11.2.1 Equivalent circuit of DC machine with (cumulative) flux addit...Figure E11.2.2 Applied terminal armature voltage Va(t) as a function of time...Figure E11.2.3 Applied mechanical shaft torque Tm(t) as a function of time....Figure E11.2.4 Calculated armature current Ia(t) as a function of time.Figure E11.2.5 Calculated angular velocity ωm(t) as a function of time....Figure E11.2.6 Calculated electrical torque Te(t) as a function of time.Figure E11.2.7 Calculated output power P(t) as a function of time.Figure E11.2.8 Calculated armature current Ia(t) as a function of time.Figure E11.2.9 Calculated angular velocity ωm(t) as a function of time....Figure E11.2.10 Calculated electrical torque Te(t) as a function of time.Figure E11.2.11 Calculated output power P(t) as a function of time.Figure E11.2.12 Calculated armature current Ia(t) as a function of time.Figure E11.2.13 Calculated angular velocity ωm(t) as a function of time...Figure E11.2.14 Calculated electrical torque Te(t) as a function of time.Figure E11.2.15 Calculated output power P(t) as a function of time.Figure P11.1.1 Circuit [39] for measuring the armature resistance Ra.Figure P11.1.2 Starting circuit [39] of separately excited DC motor includin...Figure P11.1.3 Separately excited DC motor with automatic starting box consi...Figure P11.1.4 Transient armature current ia(t) in ampere (A) and transient ...Figure P11.3.1 Equivalent circuit of separately excited DC generator supplyi...Figure 11.A.1 Vector equipotential lines (specified by potential ϕi) fo...Figure 11.A.2a Vectors used for flux calculation [3]. The potential Ao is a ...Figure 11.A.2b Vectors used for flux calculation based on triangular first‐o...Figure 11.A.2c Equidistant vector potential (Aℓ) solution [2] for a si...Figure 11.A.3 Relations used for flux calculation [2] based on rectangular (...Figure 11.A.3d Equidistant vector potential (Ao) solution [2] for a simple o...Figure 11.A.4a Definition of vertex coordinates used for flux calculation ba...Figure 11.A.4b Equidistant vector potential (Aℓ) solution [2] for a si...Figure 11.B.1 Grid or node system for the numerical analysis of a 16‐pole DC...Figure 11.B.2 Magnetic field or vector potential distribution based on numer...
13 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Two‐phase, two‐pole stator winding consisting of concentrated wi...Figure 12.2 Radial fundamental cosinusoidal magnetic field intensity Hg of c...Figure 12.3a Instantaneous magnetic field intensity Hg(ωt = 0) or F1(ωt...Figure 12.3b Instantaneous magnetic field intensity Hg(ωt = π/2) or F2(Figure 12.3c Instantaneous magnetic field intensity Hg(ωt = π) or F3(ωt...Figure 12.4a Three‐phase stator winding and rotating DC winding on rotor. Th...Figure 12.4b Three‐phase stator winding and rotating DC winding on rotor. Th...Figure 12.5 Four‐pole configuration with concentrated two-phase windings. Th...Figure 12.6 Magnetic field intensity Hg in the air gap around the circumfere...Figure 12.7 Magnetic field intensity Hg in the air gap around the circumfere...Figure 12.8 Three‐phase, two‐pole distributed winding located in 18 stator s...Figure 12.9 Three‐phase, four‐pole distributed winding located in 24 stator ...Figure 12.10 Various permanent‐magnet material characteristics [8], where Ne...Figure 12.11 Typical demagnetization curves and temperature dependency of Nd...Figure 12.12 Load line 1: load line for small air‐gap and large flux density...Figure 12.13a Partial cross section of a 12‐pole wind power generator [13–18...Figure E12.2.1 Graphical interpretation of Ampere's law in three‐dimensional...Figure E12.2.2 Application of Ampere's law to a single wire in two‐dimension...Figure E12.2.3 Application of Ampere's law in two dimensions to permanent‐ma...Figure 12.13b No‐load magnetic field B(r, φ) of the 12‐pole generator o...Figure E12.3.1 Application of Ampere's law and specifications of geometrical...Figure E12.3.2 Measured (see figure 9 of Fingersh [18]) nonsinusoidal no‐loa...Figure E12.4.1a Symmetric no‐load field of 50 kW machine [10].Figure E12.4.1b Asymmetric rated full‐load field of 50 kW machine [10].Figure E12.5.1a Symmetric no‐load field of 20 kW PMM [16].Figure E12.5.1b Asymmetric rated‐load field of 20 kW PMM [16].Figure E12.5.1c Calculation of direct‐axis Xd and stator leakage Xs ℓ r...Figure E12.5.1d Calculation of quadrature‐axis Xq and stator leakage Xsℓ...Figure E12.6.1 PMM with flux distribution at no load with flux‐weakening (FW...Figure 12.14a Brushless DC machine consisting of battery, inverter, and thre...Figure 12.14b Motor (stator) current waveshape based on full‐on motoring mod...Figure 12.14c Motor (stator) current waveshape based on PWM motoring mode [1...Figure 12.14d Current supplied during regeneration to battery, whereby the a...Figure E12.7.1a Sequence of gating signals for brushless DC motor in six‐ste...Figure E12.7.1b Upper graph, drain (D) current of upper MOSFET of phase a ID...Figure E12.7.1c Upper graph, drain current of upper MOSFET of phase a ID(Mau...Figure E12.7.1d Upper graph, drain current of upper MOSFET of phase a ID(Mau...Figure E12.7.1e Upper graph, drain current of upper MOSFET of phase a ID(Mau...Figure E12.7.1f Upper graph, drain current of upper MOSFET of phase a ID(Mau...Figure E12.7.1g Upper graph, drain current of upper MOSFET of phase a ID(Mau...Figure E12.7.1h Upper graph, drain current of upper MOSFET of phase a ID(Mau...Figure E12.7.1i Phase sequence of full‐on gating signals is not the same as ...Figure 12.15 Single inner magnet external fin‐cooled motor [11].Figure E12.8.1 Block diagram of 20 kW/30 kVA direct‐drive, variable‐speed wi...Figure E12.8.2 Phasor diagram of permanent‐magnet generator [18].Figure E12.8.3 Transient current during synchronization of inverter with pow...Figure 12.16 Cross section of three‐phase IM with three stator windings and ...Figure 12.17 Wye equivalent circuit of IM.Figure 12.18a Alternative wye equivalent circuit of IM.Figure 12.18b Phasor diagram (not to scale) at rated‐load operation based on...Figure 12.19 Power and loss distribution within a three‐phase IM, whereby th...Figure E12.9.1 Definition of phasor voltages and currents of stator for slip...Figure E12.9.2 Phasor diagram in the (j, 1) complex number Gaussian plane (n...Figure E12.9.3 Saturated no‐load magnetic field of three‐phase squirrel‐cage...Figure E12.10.1 Saturated no‐load magnetic field [30–35] of a three‐phase IM...Figure E12.11.1 (a) The original stator circuit is replaced by (b) Thévenin ...Figure E12.11.1c Simplified equivalent circuit employing Thévenin equivalent...Figure E12.11.1d Phasor diagram (not to scale) for rated operation based on ...Figure E12.12.1a Magnetic field for the calculation of unsaturated (linear) ...Figure E12.12.1b Magnetic field for the calculation of unsaturated (linear) ...Figure E12.12.1c Magnetic field for the calculation of starting torque at ra...Figure E12.12.1d Starting current per phase and total (three‐phase) torque...Figure 12.20a Current‐controlled PWM voltage source inverter [41] feeding a ...Figure 12.20b Phase input load voltage a(t) = vout1(t) = V(19) − V(123) and...Figure 12.20c Phase input load voltage a(t) = vout1(t) = V(19) − V(123) and...Figure 12.20d Phase input load voltage a(t) = vout1(t) = V(19) − V(123) and...Figure 12.20e Phase input load voltage a(t) = vout1(t) = V(19) − V(123) and...Figure 12.21 (a) Equivalent circuit based on consumer (motor) reference fram...Figure 12.22 (a) Equivalent circuit based on generator reference frame ( la...Figure 12.23 (a) d‐Axis equivalent circuit, (b) q‐axis equivalent circuit, a...Figure 12.24 Magnetic field distribution of two pole pitches or one period o...Figure 12.25 Six‐pole, three‐phase 250 kVA, 120/240 V, 400 Hz, and 8000 rpm ...Figure 12.26 Six-pole, three-phase 250 kVA, 120/240 V, 400 Hz, and 8000 rpm ...Figure 12.27a Two‐dimensional no‐load field of a rotating machine with a nor...Figure 12.27b Two‐dimensional no‐load field of a rotating machine with a lar...Figure 12.27c Two‐dimensional no‐load field of a rotating machine with a sma...Figure 12.28 Two‐dimensional flux distribution of synchronous machine at ful...Figure 12.29a Two‐dimensional flux distribution for the calculation of the d...Figure 12.29b Two‐dimensional flux distribution for the calculation of the q...Figure E12.13.1 Phasor diagram for non‐salient pole synchronous motor at lag...Figure E12.14.1 Input induced phase voltage ea(t) = V(19) − V(123) and input...Figure E12.14.2 Input induced phase voltage ea(t) = V(19) − V(123) and input...Figure E12.14.3 Phase input induced voltage ea(t) = V(19) − V(123) and phase...Figure E12.15.1 Phasor diagram for generator operation with lagging (overexc...Figure E12.16.1 Non‐salient pole, three‐phase f = 400 Hz synchronous generat...Figure E12.16.2 DC load voltage Vout = V(0) − V(b4) = 1.65 kV of three‐phase...Figure E12.16.3 DC load voltage Vout = V(0) − V(b4) of three‐phase rectifier...
