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In most industrial applications, the focus is on the reliability observed on the ground, which must take into account the maintenance actions carried out. Maintenance can take several forms, depending on the level at which it is being performed (components, products, etc.). At the component level, maintenance is generally referred to as “perfect”, also known as “corrective maintenance”, since defective components are replaced with new ones.

At the product level, maintenance may be referred to as “preventive”. This is the case with cars, for example, where engine oil, various filters, etc., are changed on a regular basis without any failures having been observed. More generally, there is “minimal” maintenance at the product level, as replacing the defective component effectively restores the reliability of the product to the level it had before the failure.

Therefore, maintenance has an important effect on product reliability, as illustrated by the following figure.

Figure 1.4. Example of a car that has not been maintained. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/bayle/maturity1.zip

For further details on the effect of maintenance on reliability and its (rather difficult) modeling, the reader is invited to refer to Rigdon and Basu (2000), Gaudoin and Ledoux (2007) and Bayle (2019).