Читать книгу Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies - Frede Blaabjerg - Страница 28

ES is an essential technology for obtaining effective utilization of renewable energy while ensuring continuous energy supply and grid support. Therefore, the storage provides a way to settle the peaks and valleys of supply and end disruptive electricity supply. Storage technologies needs more advances to accomplishing higher power and energy capacities to enabling large‐scale deployment. ES systems are combined with advanced power electronics as the interface with the electrical grid. The technical benefits of ES are various forms of grid support [22]. Distributed storage systems may have enormous potential to provide various services to the grid such as supporting the grid's voltage and frequency, providing spinning reserves, enhancing national grid security, and improving grid resiliency. Distributed ES systems are installed at a number of locations on and off the grid. Such systems have two main elements for charging and bi‐directional energy flow as shown in Figure 1.9. Most of the existing large‐ and utility‐scale storage resources are hydro and pumped storage. ES can also provide many financial benefits [24].

Effective storage relies on storing and discharging electricity at the required time, and in a way that relies on clear and automatic pricing signals transmitted to smart storage systems. Such storage can give a solution to some challenges, for example, the power congestion at the distribution level, hence avoid/defer potential upgrades in grid infrastructure. However, there are many storage related challenges that must be taken into consideration such as [25]:

 Policies enhancement on net metering, DR, grid reliability standards, generation‐based incentives vs hybrid solutions, and the need to consider energy efficiency policies at equipment level vs efficiency at the systemic level.

 Distortion of price signals due to subsidies or lack of real‐time pricing signals for consumers.

 Need to consider life‐cycle vs capital costs for the selection of government‐funded projects.Figure 1.9 The distributed energy storage system.

 Awareness of available technologies and opportunities in various sectors.

 Cost of technology role for the localization and system integration.

 Need for innovative business models.

 Need for financing mechanisms.