Читать книгу Manual of Equine Lameness - Gary M. Baxter - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Chronic hindlimb lameness that has resulted in a wide flat foot o...Figure 1.2 Lateral view (a) and dorsopalmar (b) views of both front feet in ...Figure 1.3 Partial thickness dorsal hoof crack associated with a long toe an...Figure 1.4 Example of atrophy of the inner and outer thigh muscles of the le...Figure 1.5 Rear view of the pelvis of a horse with a history of an acute ons...Figure 1.6 Normal forefoot with structures labeled.Figure 1.7 A hoof is considered to be in Medial‐Lateral (ML) balance when an...Figure 1.8 Concavity of the left front foot in a horse with chronic laminiti...Figure 1.9 A front foot with severely overgrown heels that have resulted in ...Figure 1.10 Examples of several types of hoof testers. Left, GE Forge and To...Figure 1.11 Hoof testers are applied over the central third of the frog of t...Figure 1.12 Palpation of the heel bulbs to identify heat, pain, and swelling...Figure 1.13 Palpation of the pastern. Thickening in this region may suggest ...Figure 1.14 Palpation of the distal sesamoidean ligaments, branches of the S...Figure 1.15 Tension is applied to the collateral ligaments supporting the fe...Figure 1.16 The finger marks the palmar recesses of the fetlock joint capsul...Figure 1.17 Palpation of the digital flexor synovial sheath around the super...Figure 1.18 Digital pressure applied to the apical sesamoid region to detect...Figure 1.19 The fetlock flexion test is performed by extending the carpus an...Figure 1.20 Palpation over the dorsal middle third of the metacarpus to iden...Figure 1.21 Palpation of the medial (axial) surfaces of the small metacarpal...Figure 1.22 Palpation of the origin of the suspensory ligament in the proxim...Figure 1.23 Method that can be used to apply digital pressure to the suspens...Figure 1.24 Method that can be used to apply digital pressure to the suspens...Figure 1.25 Palpation of the flexor tendons with the fetlock flexed to permi...Figure 1.26 Effusion of the extensor carpi radialis tendon sheath is usually...Figure 1.27 Effusion of the radiocarpal joint was visible and easily palpabl...Figure 1.28 Flexion of the carpus to identify a painful response. In the nor...Figure 1.29 The dorsal articular margins of the carpal bones can be palpated...Figure 1.30 Palpation of the accessory carpal bone is best done with the car...Figure 1.31 Elevating the limb into extension to flex the elbow joint extend...Figure 1.32 Atrophy of the shoulder muscles in young horses is often seen wi...Figure 1.33 Thumb pressure applied just cranial to the infraspinatus tendon ...Figure 1.34 Young horse with effusion of the TC joint that is easily compres...Figure 1.35 Effusion of the tarsal sheath on the medial aspect of the tarsus...Figure 1.36 Effusion within the calcaneal bursa often can be palpated as flu...Figure 1.37 Enlargement of the medial aspect of the distal tarsus (arrow).Figure 1.38 Limb and hand positioning to perform the “Churchill” test to det...Figure 1.39 Tendinitis of the SDFT in the proximal metatarsal region, which ...Figure 1.40 Lateral displacement of the superficial digital flexor tendon fr...Figure 1.41 Horse with fibrotic myopathy of the left hindlimb. There is atro...Figure 1.42 Reciprocal apparatus, lateral view of left hindlimb. Please note...Figure 1.43 Deep dissection of medial aspect of left stifle. The tendon of a...Figure 1.44 Effusion can be seen and palpated within the FP joint cranial to...Figure 1.45 Visible and palpable effusion within the MFT joint is present ju...Figure 1.46 The horse is experiencing upward fixation of the patella. The li...Figure 1.47 Positioning to check for problems with the cranial cruciate liga...Figure 1.48 Test to stress the medial collateral ligaments of the hock and s...Figure 1.49 Typical toe‐out, hock‐in stance that often accompanies problems ...Figure 1.50 Severe atrophy of the left gluteal muscles secondary to a pelvic...Figure 1.51 (a) Palpation of the summits of the dorsal spinous processes to ...Figure 1.52 Firm pressure applied to the back musculature from the withers t...Figure 1.53 Hand and limb positioning to perform distal limb flexion (phalan...Figure 1.54 Upper limb flexion test in which the limb is pulled cranially an...Figure 1.55 Flexion of the upper forelimb can be performed by grasping the a...Figure 1.56 Hock or tarsal flexion (spavin) test. The hindlimb is flexed so ...Figure 1.57 Positioning to perform hock or tarsal flexion of the hindlimb, w...Figure 1.58 Flexion of the stifle is performed by pulling the hindlimb cauda...Figure 1.59 Positioning to perform a full limb flexion of the hindlimb.Figure 1.60 A (10″ × 10″) 15^° wooden wedge block with a nonslip surface...Figure 1.61 Overall vertical head trajectory pattern for horse with impact‐t...Figure 1.62 Two methods of hindlimb lameness detection and evaluation. Verti...Figure 1.63 (A) Fetlock extension and (B) coffin flexion angles during full ...Figure 1.64 Hindlimb protraction is easily seen when viewing from the side o...Figure 1.65 Stationary force plate set for evaluation of lameness in horses....Figure 1.66 Stationary force plate data (from a single hoof strike) of relev...Figure 1.67 The Q™ (hardware) with Lameness Locator^® (software) on stan...Figure 1.68 Output of Lameness Locator^® indicating right forelimb impac...Figure 1.69 Output of Lameness Locator^® indicating right hindlimb pusho...Figure 1.70 Known compensatory lameness patterns. (a) First part of the law ...Figure 1.71 This image illustrates the positioning to perform a PD nerve blo...Figure 1.72 Injection sites for a PD nerve block. In (A), the needle is inse...Figure 1.73 Injection sites for local anesthesia. A1 and A2. Sites for the p...Figure 1.74 Location of needle insertion to perform a high PD nerve block in...Figure 1.75 Needle location to perform an abaxial sesamoid nerve block in th...Figure 1.76 Low palmar or 4‐point block. a. Site for palmar nerve block; it ...Figure 1.77 Contrast material within the DFTS after a low palmar nerve block...Figure 1.78 Neuroanatomy of the palmar aspect of the carpus illustrating the...Figure 1.79 Needle positioning to perform the lateral approach to block the ...Figure 1.80 The medial approach to desensitize the lateral palmar nerve is l...Figure 1.81 Upper forelimb blocks. A. Site for median nerve block. B. Site f...Figure 1.82 Innervation of the proximal suspensory ligament in the hindlimb ...Figures 1.83 The deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve (DBLPN) can be des...Figure 1.84 Cradling the hindlimb and pulling the flexor tendons medially ca...Figure 1.85 Image illustrating the locations to block the tibial and peronea...Figure 1.86 Dorsolateral approach to the coffin joint.Figure 1.87 The dorsal perpendicular approach to the DIP joint.Figure 1.88 Dorsal parallel approach to the DIP joint.Figure 1.89 Lateral approach to the DIP joint.Figure 1.90 Dorsolateral approach to the PIP joint.Figure 1.91 Palmar/plantar approach to the PIP joint.Figure 1.92 Proximal palmar/plantar approach to the fetlock joint in the sta...Figure 1.93 Injection of the proximal palmar/plantar pouch of the fetlock jo...Figure 1.94 Lateral view of the injection site through the collateral sesamo...Figure 1.95 Distal palmar/plantar approach to the fetlock joint.Figure 1.96 Dorsal injection site for the fetlock joint in the standing hors...Figure 1.97 Dorsal flexed (a) and palmarolateral standing (b) approaches to ...Figure 1.98 Dorsal flexed (a) and palmarolateral standing (b) approaches to ...Figure 1.99 Lateral approaches cranial or caudal to the collateral ligament ...Figure 1.100 Caudolateral approach to the humeral‐ulnar joint.Figure 1.101 The approach to the large caudal outpouching of the elbow joint...Figure 1.102 Craniolateral (left needle) and lateral (right needle) approach...Figure 1.103 Lateral approach to the TMT joint.Figure 1.104 Medial (a) and dorsolateral (b) approaches to the DIT joint. Th...Figure 1.105 Dorsomedial (a), dorsolateral (b), and plantarolateral (b) appr...Figure 1.106 Medial approaches (a and b) to the MFT joint.Figure 1.107 Cranial (a) and lateral (b) approaches to the femoropatellar jo...Figure 1.108 Injection sites for the lateral femorotibial joint just proxima...Figure 1.109 Lateral view of the injection site for the coxofemoral joint. T...Figure 1.110 The proximal approach to the DFTS can be performed with the lim...Figure 1.111 Distal approaches to the DFTS.Figure 1.112 Injection site for the DFTS on the axial surface of the proxima...Figure 1.113 Injection site for the tarsal sheath.Figure 1.114 Lateral view of the foot demonstrating the correct angulation o...Figure 1.115 Lateral (abaxial) approach to the navicular bursa that avoids p...Figure 1.116 Injection sites for the calcaneal bursa are located either abov...Figure 1.117 Distal (a) and proximal (b) approaches to the bicipital bursa f...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Sagittal section of equine fetlock and digit.Figure 2.2 Attachments of deep digital flexor tendon and collateral sesamoid...Figure 2.3 Front foot (a) and lateral radiograph (b) of a horse with a rever...Figure 2.4 Cross sections of the navicular bone at necropsy demonstrating cy...Figure 2.5 Single, large cystic lesion (a; arrow) and multiple cystic lesion...Figure 2.6 Skyline radiographs of the same horse as in Figure 2.9 (a) demons...Figure 2.7 Multiple abnormalities within the navicular bone as seen on an ob...Figure 2.8 Fracture fragment from the distal border of the navicular bone (a...Figure 2.9 (a) Lateral STIR MR image demonstrating abnormal signal within th...Figure 2.10 Heel elevation may be helpful in treating select horses with nav...Figure 2.11 Distal sesamoid (navicular) bone. (a) Proximal view. (b) Distal ...Figure 2.12 Bipartite navicular bone as seen on a skyline radiograph in a yo...Figure 2.13 A wing fracture of the navicular bone (arrows) as seen on the ob...Figure 2.14 This oblique radiograph of the navicular bone was taken 23 month...Figure 2.15 MRI images demonstrating a single, large DDFT lesion (a; arrow) ...Figure 2.16 Transverse T1‐weighted fast low angle shot (FLASH) image with fa...Figure 2.17 Transverse fast low angle shot (FLASH) image with fat saturation...Figure 2.18 Sagittal proton density image of the central part of the foot of...Figure 2.19 The medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the DIP joint ari...Figure 2.20 Transverse proton density image with fat saturation oriented par...Figure 2.21 Bony proliferation on the dorsomedial aspect of P2 on this obliq...Figure 2.22 Effusion within the DIP joint can be seen and palpated as swelli...Figure 2.23 The calcification of the extensor tendon seen on this lateral ra...Figure 2.24 Classification of P3 fractures in horses.Figure 2.25 Two variable sized Type II “wing” fractures of the P3. These are...Figure 2.26 Small (a) and large (b) Type IV P3 fractures involving the exten...Figure 2.27 CT image of a Type V, comminuted fracture of P3. Fracture lines ...Figure 2.28 Lateral radiograph of the same horse in Figure 2.26b following a...Figure 2.29 Standing dorsopalmar radiograph demonstrating a large uniaxial s...Figure 2.30 Type II articular fracture that was associated with a large side...Figure 2.31 Normal solar surface of the forefoot showing anatomic structures...Figure 2.32 This horse was non‐weight‐bearing lame with no evidence of a hoo...Figure 2.33 This horse had what was thought to be a routine abscess at the t...Figure 2.34 Type VI fractures are also referred to as solar margin fractures...Figure 2.35 Dorsopalmar radiographs of the distal phalanx in two adult horse...Figure 2.36 This horse had a draining tract at the dorsal coronet, but no ab...Figure 2.37 This horse presented for an acute onset hindlimb lameness. A nai...Figure 2.38 Taking radiographs of the foot prior to removing the foreign bod...Figure 2.39 This horse had a history of stepping on a farriery nail with its...Figure 2.40 Lateromedial (LM) projection of the distal limb after injection ...Figure 2.41 Three‐dimensional dissection of the coronary region of the hoof ...Figure 2.42 Dorsopalmar radiograph of P3 demonstrating a smooth margined lyt...Figure 2.43 Single CT image of a foot (a) demonstrating a defect within the ...Figure 2.44 Hoof wall removal directly over the keratoma that was located wi...Figure 2.45 Extensive separation under lateral hoof wall causing a shift of ...Figure 2.46 Dorsal hoof wall resection to treat a horse with WLD. Note the s...Figure 2.47 A is thrush. Note the deterioration of the frog that is recessed...Figure 2.48 Topography of the solar surface of the hoof. The right half has ...Figure 2.49 Small, pale, demarcated growth along the caudal aspect of the fr...Figure 2.50 In symmetrical distal displacement, the distal phalanx descends ...Figure 2.51 In medial or lateral asymmetrical displacement (a), one side of ...Figure 2.52 (a and b) In horses with early chronic laminitis, the surface of...Figure 2.53 Photomicrograph of laminae of the equine hoof. In the top image,...Figure 2.54 Several measurements obtained from lateral radiographs of the di...Figure 2.55 For assessment of rotation of the distal phalanx, the clinician ...Figure 2.56 (a) At rest, the foot is stable with respect to the ground. The ...Figure 2.57 This horse has medial asymmetrical distal displacement, evidence...Figure 2.58 Tenotomy of the DDFT is most commonly performed while standing a...Figure 2.59 Schematic drawings showing the ideal hoof‐pastern axis (a), exte...Figure 2.60 (a) Lateral radiograph demonstrating the center of rotation that...Figure 2.61 Heels of the hoof capsule trimmed to the base of the frog. Note ...Figure 2.62 (a) Lateral radiograph that illustrates hoof‐pastern axis (yello...Figure 2.63 Long‐toe low heel foot conformation. Note the broken back hoof‐p...Figure 2.64 Example of a moderate club foot. Note the disparity of the growt...Figure 2.65 (a) Dorsopalmar view of a foot with sheared heels. Note the disp...Figure 2.66 Weanling quarter horses with typical club foot appearances. The ...Figure 2.67 Corrective trimming and shoeing of a horse affected with sheared...Figure 2.68 A partial‐thickness toe crack that developed in a horse with a c...Figure 2.69 A full‐thickness quarter crack just after debridement down to th...Figure 2.70 (a) Acute quarter crack with hemorrhage. Note the tightly packed...Figure 2.71 Straight‐bar shoe (a) with the medial heel unloaded (b). Note th...Figure 2.72 Placement of wires for a quarter crack repair.

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Typical enlargement of the pastern that may be visible in horses ...Figure 3.2 Lateral (a) and dorsopalmar (b) radiographs of the pastern region...Figure 3.3 Lateral (a) and dorsopalmar (b) proton density (pd) MRI images of...Figure 3.4 Lateral (a) and DP radiographs (b) of the pastern following place...Figure 3.5 (a) Lateral radiograph of a horse with a dorsal OC fragment (arro...Figure 3.6 Dorsoplantar radiographs of two different young horses demonstrat...Figure 3.7 Lateral radiographic view (a) and postmortem specimen (b) from a ...Figure 3.8 Visual (a) and radiographic (b) lateral views of a young horse wi...Figure 3.9 Sesamoidean ligaments. Dashed lines indicate positions of the pro...Figure 3.10 Oblique radiograph of the pastern region demonstrating a medial ...Figure 3.11 Lateral radiograph of the pastern demonstrating biaxial eminence...Figure 3.12 Lateral (a), dorsoplantar (b), and two oblique (c and d) radiogr...Figure 3.13 CT images of a comminuted P2 fracture that demonstrate the numer...Figure 3.14 Lateral radiograph one year after the biaxial eminence fracture ...Figure 3.15 Dorsopalmar radiographs of the pastern region revealing short (a...Figure 3.16 Lateral radiograph of the fetlock demonstrating a fracture of th...Figure 3.17 Dorsopalmar (a) and lateral (b) radiographs of a horse with a se...Figure 3.18 Lateral radiographs of a nondisplaced, moderately comminuted P1 ...Figure 3.19 Transverse proton density MRI image showing high signal intensit...Figure 3.20 This horse was 4/5 lame in the left hindlimb and had severe effu...Figure 3.21 Images of the same horse in Figure 3.20. (a) Transverse and (b) ...Figure 3.22 (a) Flexed lateral radiograph of the fetlock demonstrating a sma...Figure 3.23 Lateral (a) and oblique (b) radiographs demonstrating a typical ...Figure 3.24 Oblique radiograph of a Quarter horse mare with a large apical s...Figure 3.25 Flexed lateral (a) and DP (b) radiographs demonstrating a small ...Figure 3.26 (a) DP radiograph of a horse with an abaxial sesamoid fracture (...Figure 3.27 Radiographs of the fetlock in two different horses demonstrating...Figure 3.28 DP radiograph (a) and transverse CT image (b) of two different h...Figure 3.29 DLPMO radiograph of the fetlock (a) of a horse with a large peri...Figure 3.30 Sagittal proton density MR image depicting marked cartilage dama...Figure 3.31 (a) The distal aspect of the third metacarpal condyles demonstra...Figure 3.32 Flexed lateral (a) and dorsopalmar (b) radiographs of two differ...Figure 3.33 (a) DP radiograph of a horse with a subchondral cystic lesion in...Figure 3.34 (a) Lateral radiograph of a horse with disruption of the distal ...Figure 3.35 This horse had swelling of the DFTS and evidence of constriction...Figure 3.36 Tenoscopic view within the DFTS following transection of the ann...Figure 3.37 Bones of the left equine thoracic limb (lateral view).Figure 3.38 A racing Quarter horse with the classical metacarpal profile of ...Figure 3.39 Lateromedial radiograph showing a dorsal cortical fracture of MC...Figure 3.40 Condylar fractures. (a) Incomplete, (b) complete nondisplaced, (...Figure 3.41 Radiographs of a spiraling medial condylar fracture in a racing ...Figure 3.42 This oblique radiograph of the tarsus revealed an incomplete pro...Figure 3.43 (a) Open comminuted mid‐diaphyseal fracture of MTIII in a seven‐...Figure 3.44 Visible enlargement of the medial splint area just distal to the...Figure 3.45 This large exostosis of the medial splint contributed to lamenes...Figure 3.46 Fractures of the distal splint bones such as this rarely heal an...Figure 3.47 Proximal fractures of the fourth metatarsal bone are often commi...Figure 3.48 Chronic middle splint fracture with secondary drainage and perio...Figure 3.49 A dorsomedial‐palmarolateral oblique radiograph of the carpus sh...Figure 3.50 The attachments of the suspensory ligament at the proximal palma...Figure 3.51 (a) Nuclear scintigraphy can identify bone injury at the origin ...Figure 3.52 Transverse proton density image of the proximal metatarsal regio...Figure 3.53 Severe dropping of the fetlock together with a straight hock con...Figure 3.54 Classic appearance of mild (a) and more severe (b) SDF tendiniti...Figure 3.55 A “low bow” of the SDFT, as shown in this image, can be associat...Figure 3.56 Ultrasound longitudinal sections through the midportion of a nor...Figure 3.57 Dorsal view of the left carpus.Figure 3.58 Bilateral symmetrical fluid swellings of the lateral aspects of ...Figure 3.59 An adult horse with synovial effusion of the ECR tendon sheath p...Figure 3.60 Carpal ligaments, medial view (a) and lateral view (b).Figure 3.61 (a) A radiographic image showing a subtle fragment on the distal...Figure 3.62 Radiograph demonstrating osteochondral chip fragments off the pr...Figure 3.63 30° degree flexed dorsoproximal dorsodistal oblique radiograph s...Figure 3.64 Lateromedial (a) and flexed lateromedial (b) radiographs of a fr...Figure 3.65 Aged mare with varus deviation of the left forelimb and swelling...Figure 3.66 Radiographs demonstrating mild signs of osteoarthritis, includin...Figure 3.67 A radiograph demonstrating collapse of the medial aspect of the ...Figure 3.68 Palmaromedial view of carpus with flexor retinaculum cut and ref...Figure 3.69 Carpal canal swelling visible (arrow) and palpable on the latera...Figure 3.70 Lateral radiograph of the carpus demonstrating an osteochondroma...Figure 3.71 Flexed lateral radiograph of the carpus of a horse with a chroni...Figure 3.72 A cranial‐caudal view of a distal diaphyseal comminuted fracture...Figure 3.73 Wound on the medial aspect of the antebrachium from a kick injur...Figure 3.74 A transverse complete midshaft fracture of the radius of a foal....Figure 3.75 A nuclear scintigraphic examination of increased uptake of radio...Figure 3.76 Classification of equine ulnar fractures.Figure 3.77 Lateral view of the left elbow. Dashed lines represent the locat...Figure 3.78 Typical dropped elbow appearance and the inability to extend the...Figure 3.79 (a) Type III ulnar fracture. Courtesy of Lorrie Gaschen. (b) Typ...Figure 3.80 Comminuted ulna fracture in a young foal (a) that healed flowing...Figure 3.81 Subchondral cystic lesion located on the axial aspect of the lat...Figure 3.82 A chronic, infected, acquired capped elbow of the left forelimb....Figure 3.83 (a) Oblique lateral view of a spiral nonarticular fracture of th...Figure 3.84 Nuclear scintigraphic examination of the humerus with increased ...Figure 3.85 Core lesion of the medial branch of the biceps tendon just dista...Figure 3.86 Osseous changes on the tubercles of the cranioproximal humerus (...Figure 3.87 Radiographic manifestations of OCD of the shoulder. (a) The defe...Figure 3.88 Postmortem view of a large OCD lesion of the caudal humeral head...Figure 3.89 Radiographs of a subluxated left shoulder in a miniature horse t...Figure 3.90 The suprascapular nerve courses over the cranial edge of the sca...Figure 3.91 Prominent atrophy of the supraspinatus muscle is evident in this...Figure 3.92 Prominent swelling located over the lateral right shoulder regio...Figure 3.93 Fracture of the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula with modera...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Bones of the left pelvic limb, lateral view.Figure 4.2 Dorsal view of the right tarsus.Figure 4.3 Lateromedial radiographic view of the tarsus of a foal showing co...Figure 4.4 (a) Radiographic changes of OA of the distal tarsal joints can va...Figure 4.5 Lateral scintigram (a) and radiograph (b) of the tarsus of a hors...Figure 4.6 Dorsolateral‐plantaromedial radiograph of the tarsus demonstratin...Figure 4.7 Dorsomedial plantarolateral radiographs demonstrating OCD lesions...Figure 4.8 Tarsal radiograph (a; arrow) and CT (b) demonstrating a slab frac...Figure 4.9 A stressed lateromedial radiograph (a) used to help demonstrate o...Figure 4.10 The DP radiographic projection on the left (a) demonstrates disp...Figure 4.11 Oblique radiograph of a horse that had been kicked on the medial...Figure 4.12 This young horse had a history of previous trauma to the tarsus....Figure 4.13 Stay apparatus of the pelvic limb. Please note that the term “fi...Figure 4.14 Well‐circumscribed osteolytic or osseous cyst‐like lesion (arrow...Figure 4.15 Clinical (a) and radiographic (b) appearance of a horse with swe...Figure 4.16 Caudal view of the tarsi in a horse with severe swelling within ...Figure 4.17 Medial view of the left tarsus. The long medial collateral ligam...Figure 4.18 Iodinated contrast material has been injected into the tarsal sh...Figure 4.19 Thoroughpin can involve the lateral (a; arrow) or medial aspect ...Figure 4.20 (a) Oblique radiographs of two different horses demonstrating an...Figure 4.21 Rupture of the peroneus tertius disrupts the reciprocal apparatu...Figure 4.22 Lateral digital extensor myotenectomy illustrating the proximal ...Figure 4.23 Lateral scintigram (a) showing a mild IRU in the distal tibia wi...Figure 4.24 Radiograph demonstrating an incomplete tibial fracture (arrows)....Figure 4.25 Injuries that impart significant energy to the tibia often cause...Figure 4.26 Dorsal view of the right stifle, crus, and tarsus. The long digi...Figure 4.27 Fractures of the tibial tuberosity most often occur in mature sp...Figure 4.28 This small, chronic fracture of the lateral tibial tuberosity wa...Figure 4.29 Line illustration (a) and caudocranial radiograph (b) of the sti...Figure 4.30 Excessive flexion of the hock in a foal with rupture of the left...Figure 4.31 Lateral view of the stifle in a horse with severe femoropatellar...Figure 4.32 Anatomic image of the trochlear ridges of the distal femur. The ...Figure 4.33 Radiographs of three cases of OCD of the lateral trochlear ridge...Figure 4.34 Cranioproximal to craniodistal (skyline) projections showing a t...Figure 4.35 Flexed lateromedial radiograph of the stifle demonstrating fragm...Figure 4.36 Typical stance of a horse with a patella fracture. This horse ha...Figure 4.37 A horse with severe upward fixation of the patella. The limb is ...Figure 4.38 Grades of subchondral cystic lesions (SCLs).Figure 4.39 Deep dissection of the caudal aspect of the right stifle. The jo...Figure 4.40 Caudal‐cranial radiographs of the stifle in a yearling filly (a)...Figure 4.41 Radiograph (a), ultrasound (b), and intraoperative (c) images de...Figure 4.42 A caudal‐cranial radiographic image showing osteophytes on the m...Figure 4.43 (a) Ultrasonographic image of a severe meniscal tear that correl...Figure 4.44 Caudal‐cranial radiographic image of a stifle with a ruptured me...Figure 4.45 (a) Flexed lateromedial radiographic image that demonstrates fra...Figure 4.46 Drawing depicting the muscles in the fibrotic area in the gaskin...Figure 4.47 Images of the adult horse that sustained an acute muscle injury....Figure 4.48 Caudal thigh region where the myotomy procedure is performed to ...Figure 4.49 Caudal view of an adult with severe swelling of the femoral regi...Figure 4.50 (a) Lateromedial oblique view of the stifle of a weanling taken ...Figure 4.51 Lateral radiograph of a weanling with a Type II distal femoral f...Figure 4.52 Recumbent radiographs of the pelvis of two different foals with ...Figure 4.53 Deep dissection of the right hip, ventromedial view.Figure 4.54 Image of the hind end of a pony demonstrating a shorter left hin...Figure 4.55 Ventrodorsal (a) and standing lateral (b) radiographs of the pel...Figure 4.56 Lateral view of an aged pony with the typical toe‐out, hock‐in s...Figure 4.57 An older Quarter horse mare with grade 3/5 hindlimb lameness. Sw...Figure 4.58 Ventrodorsal radiograph of the pelvis of the horse in Figure 4.5...Figure 4.59 Ventrodorsal radiographs of the pelvis of two different three‐mo...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Pelvis and sacroiliac joint, lateral (top) and cranial (bottom) v...Figure 5.2 Young horse with asymmetry of the pelvis, muscle atrophy over the...Figure 5.3 Ultrasonographic image of mildly displaced ilial wing fracture. A...Figure 5.4 (a) Cranial view of the pelvis demonstrating swelling and a wound...Figure 5.5 Ultrasonographic image of an acetabular fracture. At the left is ...Figure 5.6 Ventrodorsal radiograph of the coxofemoral joint demonstrating a ...Figure 5.7 Radiograph of a horse with bone proliferation between the coccyge...Figure 5.8 Schematic drawing of the sacroiliac joint region and the adjacent...Figure 5.9 Caudal view of a horse with asymmetric tuber sacrales. Due to lig...Figure 5.10 Pain provocation test for SI joint pain. The left hand of the ex...Figure 5.11 Vertebrae of the horse illustrating the varied size and shape of...Figure 5.12 Delayed phase LDO view of the mid‐thoracic vertebrae of a horse,...Figure 5.13 Scintigraphic image showing mild focal IRU at the summit of T18;...Figure 5.14 Delayed phase LDO view of the withers of a horse, showing a foca...Figure 5.15 Parasagittal (a) and transverse (b) CT images illustrating a cra...Figure 5.16 Radiographic image of the thoracic spine of a horse with severe ...Figure 5.17 Anatomical specimen of the lumbar spine with the facet joints vi...Figure 5.18 Radiographic image of the thoracic spine (oblique lateral view) ...Figure 5.19 (a) Radiographic image of the cervical spine with C5, C6, and C7...Figure 5.20 Delayed phase left lateral view of the caudal cervical region of...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Thoracolumbar spinal extension mobilization. A gentle rhythmic fo...Figure 6.2 Manual therapy mobilization technique. A combination of passive p...Figure 6.3 Manual therapy mobilization with movement technique. A combined r...Figure 6.4 Baited mobilization with movement exercises; lateral bending coup...Figure 6.5 Horse standing with all four limbs on firm textured balance pads....Figure 6.6 Sensory integration technique. A lightweight (55‐g) tactile stimu...Figure 6.7 Sensory integration. In this example of a taping technique of the...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Horse with a closed luxation of the fetlock joint with deviation ...Figure 7.2 Horse with a puncture wound and established infection within the ...Figure 7.3 This wound, on the dorsal aspect of the fetlock healed by second ...Figure 7.4 (a) Standing and (b) stressed radiographs of a horse with subluxa...Figure 7.5 Incomplete, non‐displaced fracture of the radius that was not ide...Figure 7.6 Functional divisions of the horse’s limbs that can be used as a g...Figure 7.7 Dorsal cortical alignment is represented by the white line on the...Figure 7.8 The Kimzey Leg Saver splint is a commercially available device us...Figure 7.9 Placement for a caudal and lateral splint for a mid‐forelimb frac...Figure 7.10 Stabilization for middle and proximal radius fractures. The tall...Figure 7.11 Caudal splint used to lock the carpus in extension and restore t...Figure 7.12 Use of a board as a plantar splint for stabilization of a distal...Figure 7.13 An aluminum rod has been shaped to extend from the ground up ove...Figure 7.14 This relatively minor wound on the medial aspect of the tarsus w...Figure 7.15 Intravenous regional limb perfusions using a pneumatic tournique...Figure 7.16 The dorsal metatarsus is a common location for extensor tendon l...Figure 7.17 Avulsion injuries on the dorsal aspect of the metacarpus/metatar...Figure 7.18 Illustration of the biomechanical effects of lacerations of both...Figure 7.19 Characteristic elevation of the toe during weight‐bearing follow...Figure 7.20 Typical location and appearance of a laceration of the flexor te...