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1.The ignoring of mass victimisation by positivist Victimology is quite surprising if we consider two factors. First, Victimology emerges in the context of the pre– and post-war periods when evident massive victimisation occurred. Second, the two so-called fathers of Victimology, the Rumanian lawyer Mendelsohn and the German jurist and psychologist von Hentig (1919) suffered, in one way or another, the consequences of the First World War and the Nazi persecution. Von Hentig, even though he was in favour of certain eugenic practices, suffered Nazi persecution because of his sympathy towards Bolshevik ideas that obliged him to leave his university position and migrate to the United States in 1935. Later, after the Second World War, he returned to Germany. With regard to Mendelsohn, the fact that he belonged to a family of Jewish-French origin determined his later links with Israel.

The lack of consideration of the mass victimisations produced in the first half of the 20th century by the first victimologists contrasts with the observation made by some abolitionists. Among those abolitionists, Louk Hulsman grew up observing the Nazi concentration camps established in The Netherlands during World War II (Postay, 2012) and Nils Christie started his research interviewing guards of Norwegian concentration camps and thinking about the factors promoting dehumanisation (vid. Christie, N. 1972. Fangevoktere i konsentrasjonsleire (Prison guards in concentration camps). Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. Originally published in 1952). However, the victimological impact of these aboltionists’ writings came also much later. Thus even though criminal law and Victimology academicians themselves faced the evident qualitative and quantitative violence in processes that we can call macro-victimisation and abuse of power, an early and complete theorisation by the two disciplines supposedly specialised in that sort of violence (internal criminal law and Victimology) is missing. To redress these blind spots, a reframing of the interdisciplinary meaning of violence, macro-victimisation, and abuse of power is needed.

2.See the International Crime Survey (Kesteren et al., 2017) and the European Social Survey. See the UNODC-UNECE Manual on Victimisation Surveys (2010) (Aromaa, 2012). In Spain, together with the European Social Surveys and local surveys, mainly by local police, see the Catalonian safety surveys by the Generalitat (the Catalonian government). See also thematic surveys carried out by specific organisations or groups, for example, on women’s victimisation or sexual victimisation, nowadays more and more online-based (https://www.devermut.com/que-se-sepa). Depending on their objective or scope, surveys try to measure the victimisation produced, reported or unreported, the reasons for not reporting, the socio-demographical profile of victims (and offenders), the victim risk, the trust in police and courts, the satisfaction with the treatment received by police and courts, the fear of crime, the prevention measures, the punitive attitudes, etc.

3.Today with an advisory status at the United Nations. See at http://www.worldsocietyofVictimology.org/. This Society collaborated in the draft of the 1985 Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (General Assembly resolution 40/34). See chapter 5.

4.According to their legal professional status in Spain, prosecutors should take care for victims’ rights.

5.Following the proposal of the Director of the IVAC-KREI, Prof. José Luis de la Cuesta, the Institute´s Board created the “Antonio Beristain Prize”, awarded by the Chair in his honour. Since 2010, this prize recognizes the best research in the field of Victimology and is awarded during that victimological encounter in November. The Basque Institute of Criminology, during more than a decade, is the only Spanish University institutions offering post-graduate studies specifically covering Victimology as a discipline (Varona, 208). Moreoever, professors of the Basque Society of Victimology, and members of the Basque Society of Vicimology, participate in the only MOOC (Massive On Line Open Course) in Victimology in Spanish, with more than 500 students inscribed annually and have published an open access handbook on Victimology.

6.In 2015, the Basque Society of Victimology, together with the Catalonian Society of Victimology and Huygens editorial, start editing the Revista de Victimología/Journal of Victimology, indexed in the main databases of social sciences in Spanish. It is the only international review on Victimology in Spanish and English. Its scientific committee has members of the Executive Committee of the WSV and prestigious victimologists have written articles for the Journal. See http://www.huygens.es/journals/index.php/revista-de-victimologia.

7.See at https://www.sociedadvascavictimologia.org/.

8.See in https://www.ehu.eus/es/web/ivac/hiztegia.

9.See in https://www.ehu.eus/es/web/ivac/sarrera.

10.See in https://www.sansebastianturismo.com/en/to-do/culture-art-architecture/donostia-2016.