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It will be useful to give here a table of Egyptian Dynasties, so that when we come to speak of Israel in Egypt the reader may have some idea of the long antecedent history of the Empire, and the political circumstances of the time. Unfortunately we must be content at present with approximate dates, for the records of the Egyptians are not dated, and the chronology is but very imperfectly known.

Table of the Egyptian Dynasties. [1]

Dynasty.	Capital.	Modern Name.	Approximate Date, according to Mariette.	Approximate Date, according to Wiedemann.
The Old Empire.
I.	Thinite	This	Girgeh	5004	5650
II.	Thinite	This	Girgeh	4751	5400
III.	Memphite	Memphis	Mitrahenny	4449	5100
IV.	Memphite	Memphis	Mitrahenny	4235	4875
V.	Memphite	Memphis	Mitrahenny	3951	4600
VI.	Elephantine	Elephantinê	Geziret-Assouan	3703	4450
VII.	Memphite	Memphis	Mitrahenny	3500	4250
VIII.	Memphite	Memphis	Mitrahenny	3500	4250
IX.	Heracleopolite	Heracleopolis	Ahnas el-Medineh	3358	4000
X.	Heracleopolite	Heracleopolis	Ahnas el-Medineh	3249	3700
XI.	Diospolitan	Thebes	Luxor, &c.	3064	3510
The Middle Empire.
XII.	Diospolitan	Thebes	Luxor, &c.	2851	3450
XIII.	Diospolitan	Thebes	Luxor, &c.	—	3250
XIV.	Xoite	Xois	Sakha	2398	2800
The Shepherd Kings.
XV.	Hyksos	Tanis (Zoan)	San	2214	2325
XVI.	Hyksos	Tanis	San	—	2050
Diospolitan	Thebes	Luxor, &c.	—	—
XVII.	Hyksos	Tanis	San	—	1800
Diospolitan	Thebes	Luxor, &c.	—	—
The New Empire.
XVIII.	Diospolitan	Thebes	Luxor, &c.	1700	1750
XIX.	Diospolitan	Thebes	Luxor, &c.	1400	1490
XX.	Diospolitan	Thebes	Luxor, &c.	1200	1280
XXI.	Tanite	Tanis	San	1100	1100
XXII.	Bubastite	Bubastis	Tel Bast	960	975
XXIII.	Tanite	Tanis	San	766	810
XXIV.	Saite	Sais	Sa el-Hagar	753	720
XXV.	Ethiopian	Napata	Mount Barkal	700	715
XXVI.	Saite	Sais	Sa el-Hagar	666	664
XXVII.	Persian	Persepolis	—	527	525
XXVIII.	Saite	Sais	Sa el-Hagar	—	415
XXIX.	Mendesian	Mendes	Eshmun er-Român	399	408
XXX.	Sebennyte	Sebennytos	Semenhûd	378	387

In the time of Moses the Egyptian power had already passed its zenith and begun to decay. There had been an Old Empire, with the City of This for its first capital and Menes as its first king. Dynasty had succeeded dynasty, during perhaps two thousand years, and the capital had been changed several times, when the Middle Empire came in, and the kings ruled from Thebes and afterwards from Xois. There had now been fourteen dynasties altogether; and the power of the kingdom was so far weakened that it was unable to keep out the invader. The Shepherd Kings, coming from Midian, or perhaps from Mesopotamia, established themselves in the Delta, and held possession for several centuries. Their conquest, however, did not extend to Upper Egypt, and so the native dynasties reigned contemporaneously, enthroned at Thebes, while the Hyksos kings were seated at Zoan.

It was probably towards the close of the Hyksos period that Joseph was made governor of Egypt, under the latest of the Shepherd Kings. The seventeenth dynasty saw the last of these foreigners, and after their expulsion the New Empire began, near the end of the eighteenth century before Christ. The eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties included several monarchs of great renown; and as the Israelitish sojourn falls chiefly within this period, it will be useful to give here a chronological list.

Monarchs of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Dynasties, with approximate dates, according to Brugsch.

Eighteenth Dynasty.	B.C.
Aahmes, Amosis; its founder	1700
Amenhotep I. (Amenophis)	1666
Thothmes I. (Thotmosis)	1633
Thothmes II. and his sister-wife Hatshepsu	1600
Thothmes III.
Amenhotep II., Son of Thothmes III.	1566
Thothmes IV.	1533
Amenhotep III., Son of Queen Mutemna	1500
Amenhotep IV., afterwards called Khuenaten	1466
Nineteenth Dynasty.
Rameses I.	1400
Seti I. (Sethos) Menephtah	1366
Rameses II. (Sesostris) Miamun	1333
Menephtah II. (Menepthes)	1300
Seti II. Menephtah III., son of Menephtah II.	1266
Setnakht-Merer-Miamun II.	1233

Rameses II. was the Pharaoh of the Oppression; and the Israelites left Egypt in the reign of his successor, Menephtah.